CIC-3 chloride channel blockade protects mouse photoreceptorderived 661W cells against ischemia-reperfusion-induced injury in vitro

Shi Wei Huang,Yuan Yin,Ya Juan Zheng,Ya Ru Dong 대한독성 유전단백체 학회 2015 Molecular & cellular toxicology Vol.11 No.1

Exposure to ischemia/reperfusion leads to the development and progression of retinal degenerative diseases. However, the exact mechanisms are not fully understood. In this article, the role of CIC-3 chloride channel in OGD-R (oxygen-glucose deprivation followed by reperfusion)-induced retinal damage was examined. Mouse photoreceptor-derived 661W cells were treated with the CIC-3 antisense oligonucleotide before exposure to OGD-R. Cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome-c level, DNA fragmentation, caspase activity and protein expression were detected. Pretreatment of 661W cells with CIC- 3 antisense oligonucleotide significantly decreased OGD-R-mediated toxicity. In addition, apoptosis-related biochemical indicators showed that pre-incubation of CIC-3 antisense oligonucleotide would elevate the mitochondrial membrane potential, decrease the release of cytochrome-c as well as formation of DNA fragmentation, and inhibit activities of caspase-3 and caspase- 9 in exogenous OGD-R-treated 661W cells. Moreover, treatment with CIC-3 antisense oligonucleotide changed the expression of apoptosis-related protein. These results suggest that CIC-3 chloride channel mediates OGD-R-induced apoptosis, at least partially through mitochondrial membrane potential pathway and increasing the levels of proapoptotic molecules in 661W cells. CIC-3 chloride channel blockade may provide a new therapeutic approach for preventing ischemia/reperfusion- induced retinal neural damage.

한국전쟁 전후 육군 방첩대(CIC)의 조직과 활동

김득중 ( Deug Joong Kim ) 수선사학회 2010 史林 Vol.0 No.36

This paper focus on the organization building and activities of Korea Army Counter Intelligence Corps(CIC). Republic of Korea Army CIC inherited experience of the U. S. Army CIC. On 9 September 1945, the first agents of the 224th CIC detachment arrived in Korea. The 224th CIC detachment was changed by the 971st CIC detachment. During the American military occupation period, U. S. Army CIC`s major task is investigating activities of left-wing organization. U. S. Army CIC helped set-up of Korean Army CIC. In July 1948, Syngman Rhee and U. S. Army G-2 officers decided that a South Korean organization modeled after CIC should be established. Syngman Rhee has ambitions to establish civil intelligence agency as a official government organization. But this project whicj is called Korean Research Bureau was failed by National Assembly rejection. On May, 1948, the organization which was later to became the Republic of Korea Army unit most closely corresponding to the U. S. Army CIC was founded. The original mission of this unit was to conduct background investigations of government personnel, to maintain surveillance of communist activity in South Korea. This unit which is named Special Investigation Section redesigned Special Investigation Service in November 1948. Most important task of Special Investigation Service is purge of pro-communist elements among the military unit. Special Investigation Service changed its name to CIC. During The Korean War, ROKA CIC engaged many kinds of civilian massacre cases like prisoner massacre. On October 1950, ROKA CIC changed its name Special Operation Unit(Teuk Mu Tae).

간헐적 도뇨의 장기추적

이성호,양대열,김하영 大韓泌尿器科學會 2000 Korean Journal of Urology Vol.41 No.4

Diagnostic Significance of the Ratio of Plasma CYFRA 21-1 Autoantibody Immune Complex to Free CYFRA 21-1 in Patients with Colon Cancer

Hong Woo Choi,Heyjin Kim,Ae-chin Oh,Jin Kyung Lee,Young Jun Hong 대한임상검사정도관리협회 2020 Journal of Laboratory Medicine And Quality Assuran Vol.42 No.4

Background: The use of plasma autoantibodies associated with cancer as tumor biomarkers has been studied for several decades. We investigated the diagnostic significance of the ratio of CYFRA 21-1-anti-CYFRA 21-1 autoantibody immune complex (CIC), an autoantibody-binding form of CYFRA 21-1, to free CYFRA 21-1 in patients with colon cancer. Methods: Overall, 50 patients with colon cancer and 120 healthy control subjects were included. Plasma CIC and CYFRA 21-1 levels were measured using a 9G DNA chip (Biometrix Technology Inc., Korea), and the CIC/CYFRA 21-1 ratios were calculated. Data were compared using the Student t -test or Mann-Whitney U -test. P -values <0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. We performed receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to determine the optimal CIC/CYFRA 21-1 cutoff ratio for detecting colon cancer. Results: The CIC/CYFRA 21-1 ratio was significantly higher in the colon cancer group than in the healthy control group (mean±standard deviation, 1.81±0.75 vs. 1.23±0.37; P <0.001). The optimal cutoff ratio of CIC/CYFRA 21-1 for detecting colon cancer was 1.40 (area under curve [AUC], 0.749; 95% confidence interval, 0.658–0.839; P <0.001), with a sensitivity of 68.0% and specificity of 74.2%. The CIC/CYFRA 21-1 ratio showed higher AUC, sensitivity, and specificity than CYFRA 21-1 or CIC alone. Conclusions: The plasma CIC/CYFRA 21-1 ratio can be a useful tumor marker in colon cancer.

반(反)성폭력 관점에서 본 친고죄

박선희,채종민,Park, Sun-Hee,Chae, Jong-Min 대한수사과학회 2006 대한수사과학회지 Vol.1 No.1

The definition of Crime Indictable Upon Complaint (CIC) is crimes which can be prosecuted only with complaints from the victim or his/her direct parents. Sex crimes are the representative examples, rapes and indecent assaults. According to the research referenced in this paper, 74% of sex crimes which had been penalized based on Republic of Korea (ROK) Criminal Code amounts rape and indecent assault are CIC. However, only 20% of perpetrators were confined, and the rest received non-confinement or non-prosecution determination. The review of criminal history checks reveals that 67% of the perpetrators had criminal histories and 39% of them had more than three documented offenses. The CIC was established in order to protect the victim's rights and dignity, respecting the victim's opinion regarding the incident. All kinds of sex crimes then should have been the CIC, but those crimes such as Injury Resulting from Rape, Special Rape, Rape by Special Modus Operandi, Sexual Assault among Relatives and Domestic Violence which have to guarantee the opinion of the victims are prescribed as non-CIC. We therefore conclude that the CIC should be abolished. The abolition of CIC will play an important role in crime prevention because severe penalties for sex crimes will be imposed on the perpetrators. In addition, it will help the sex crime victims retrieve their dignity by spreading recognition widely through the community that sexual assault is not only a social assault but an infringement against human rights.

정부수립 전후 국가정보체계 형성 과정

정주진 한국국가정보학회 2019 국가정보연구 Vol.12 No.2

US Army Counter Intelligence Corps led the South Korean intelligence during the occupation of Korea. This agency had a mix of investigation and intelligence functions. At that time, Anti-Soviet and Anticommunist groups also had its own secret organization. When the government of the Republic of Korea is established, Syngman Rhee agreed to make the Korean Research Bureau newly, as the heir of US CIC. Accordingly, the 971st CIC procured, trained, assigned personnel for K.R.B.. The deployment was completed in early October 1948. At the same time, Korean CIC were also organized in preparation for the withdrawal of the US military. The position of the intelligence police in the intelligence community has been weakened due to the shrinking of organizations. Syngman Rhee made a lot of efforts to obtain parliamentary approval for K.R.B.. However, it failed to obtain parliamentary approval. For that reason, there was also the clandestine activities of North Korea. As a result, K.R.B. has been suspended since March 1949. Subsequently, the plan to create another national intelligence agency under prime minister failed against the National Assembly. The US CIC withdrew from Korea in May 1949. In the process of the withdrawal, the US CIC function was briefly transferred to K.R.B. and returned to the Korean CIC. Early in government establishment, failure to create a national intelligence organization composed of civilians, with the frequent treason and subversive activities, strengthened the influence of the ROKA G-2. Until the day of the Korean War, ROKA G-2 was the de facto national intelligence service of the Republic of Korea. For this reason, the characteristics of Korean national intelligence of government launch time such as combination of intelligence and investigation, relative comparative advantage of military intelligence, and political intelligence collection were formed. 미군정기 정보활동은 미 방첩대가 주도했다. 미 방첩대는 방첩수사이외 정치정보까지 수집했다. 수사와 정보가 융합된 구조였다. 미군정기 반소·반공단체와 정치지도자들도 사설정보조직을 만들어 독자적 정보활동을 전개했다. 정수수립 시기 이승만과 미 정보기관은 민간기구인 대한관찰부를 만들어 미 방첩대 업무를 인계하기로 합의했다. 이에 따라 미군측에서 대한관찰부 직원을 선발해서 교육한 후 1948년 10월초 미 방첩대에 배치했다. 미 정보기관은 철수에 대비해서 한국군내에 방첩대도 신설했다. 한국군 방첩대는 육군본부 정보국 산하조직으로 설치됐다. 경찰이 독립부처가 아닌 내무부 산하 국으로 축소되면서 정보경찰의 위상은 약화됐다. 이승만은 국회의 대한관찰부 승인을 끌어내려고 많은 노력을 기울였으나 실패했다. 거기에는 북한의 대남공작도 개입되어 있었다. 그 결과 대한관찰부는 1949년 3월 이후 활동을 중단했다. 대한관찰부 해체 후 국무총리 직속으로 사정국을 만들려는 계획도 국회반대로 무산됐다. 미 방첩대는 1949년 5월 한국에서 완전 철수했다. 철수 과정에서 미 방첩대의 기능은 일시적으로 대한관찰부로 넘어갔다가 최종적으로 한국군 방첩대로 이관됐다. 정수수립 초기 민간인으로 구성된 국가정보기구 설립에 실패한데다 군내 반란사건이 연이어 일어남에 따라, 비상계엄이 수시 발동되면서 육본 정보국의 위상이 강화됐다. 6.25전쟁이 일어날 때까지 육본 정보국은 실질적인 국가정보기구였다. 그에 따라 정보와 수사의 융합, 군사정보의 상대적 우위, 정치정보수집이라는 정부수립 시기 한국적 국가정보기구의 특성이 형성됐다.

CIC형 보청기용 범용 이어쉘 제작을 위한 파라미터 추출 및 시뮬레이션

에르덴바야르,전유용,박규석,송영록,이상민,U, Erdenebayar.,Jeon, Y.Y.,Park, G.S.,Song, Y.R.,Lee, S.M. 대한의용생체공학회 2010 의공학회지 Vol.31 No.4

Most of the ear shells of hearing aids are manufactured manually, and it is one of the reasons that the cost of the custom-made hearing aids can be increased. Thus it is required to manufacture the ready-made ear shell for the purpose of easy manufacturing and decrease in cost. In this study, we extract parameters in order to manufacture the ready-made ear shell for CIC type hearing aids and simulate to reconstruct the ear shell using the extracted parameters. To parameter extraction, we set up the eleven parameters for the ready-made ear shell based on anatomical characteristics of the ear canal, and we found values of the parameters from twenty-one impressions in their 20s and twelve impressions in their 60s using aperture detection and feature detection algorithms. Classifying the parameters by size, we also determine the parameters of ready-made ear shell into three types for people in their 20s and two types for people in their 60s. Each ready-made ear shell was simulated to reconstruct using figured parameters, and evaluated the rate of agreement with unused impressions for setting parameters. To evaluate the ready-made ear shell, we calculate the volume ratio and intersection between of the each impression and ready-made ear shell, and the intersection ratio using the intersection volume and ready-made ear shell volume. As a result, the volume ratio was about 70%, and volume match ratio was also up to 70%. It means that the ready-made ear shell we simulated is the significantly matched to impression.

사회적기업 활성화를 위한 법정책적 과제

지광운 ( Gwang-woon Ji ) 한국법정책학회 2021 법과 정책연구 Vol.21 No.4

이 글은 사회적기업육성을 위한 법정책적 개선방안을 제시하는 것을 주된 연구목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 사회적기업의 일반론을 검토하고, 현행법상 사회적기업 관련 제도와 다른 나라의 입법례를 영국의 CIC규칙, 이탈리아의 사회적기업법, 미국의 오클라호마, 델라웨어주의 베네피트 기업법을 비교법적으로 검토하였다. 이러한 논의를 통해 사회적 기업에 관한 관의 일관성 있는 정책추진과 민간의 창의성과 혁신성을 바탕으로 한 양자의 협력을 통해 우리나라의 사회적기업이 활성화되기 위한 법정책적 개선방안을 제시하였다. 구체적인 개선방안으로는 첫째, 사회적경제기본법의 정비의 필요성, 둘째, 사회적기업법상 공공기관의 우선 구매 규정의 개정, 셋째, 다양한 형태의 법인기업의 인정과 인증요건의 폐지, 넷째, 연계기업에 대한 제한적 이익 인정에 대하여 검토하였다. 이러한 사회적기업 활성화를 위한 법정책적 개선방안의 검토를 통해 그 어느 때보다도 사회적 연대의식이 필요한 현 시점에 다시 한번 사회적기업 육성의 필요성에 대한 관심이 높아지기를 기대해 본다. The main purpose of this article is to review legal policy improvement measures to foster social enterprises. To this end, the general theory of social enterprises was reviewed, and the current law related to social enterprises and legislation in other countries were compared to the CIC regulation of the UK, the social enterprises law of Italy and Benefit corporate laws of Delaware and Oklahoma in the USA. Through these discussions, legal and policy improvement measures were proposed to revitalize Korean social enterprises through consistent policy promotion of social enterprises and cooperation between the two based on private creativity and innovation. Specific improvement measures were reviewed: first, the necessity of reorganization of the Framework Act on Social Economy, second, revision of preferential purchase regulations by public institutions under the Social Enterprise Act, third abolition of various types of corporate recognition and certification requirements, and fourth, limited profits for linked companies. It is desirable that interest in the need to foster social enterprises will once again increase at a time when legal and policy improvement measures to revitalize social enterprises require a sense of social solidarity more than ever through this study.

사례논문 : 회계저널; 사내독립기업제도를 위한 책임회계시스템 구축 - 글로벌 텔레콤 사례

김범준 ( Bum Joon Kim ),신재용 ( Jae Yong Shin ) 한국회계학회 2013 회계저널 Vol.22 No.4

국내 유무선 통신서비스를 제공하는 글로벌 텔레콤은 현장중심, 효율위주, 자율기반의 경영활동을 수행하기 위하여 고객별 사내독립기업제도(Company-in-Company; 이하 CIC)를 도입하였으며, 이러한 조직구조에서 효율적인 경영관리활동을 수행하기 위하여 책임회계시스템을 구축하였다. 글로벌 텔레콤은 조직별 역할과 책임에 따른 자원의 통제가능성과 회계정보의 구분가능성을 기준으로 투자중심점, 이익중심점, 비용중심점의 3가지 유형의 책임중심점을 설정하였다. 또한, 투자(이익)중심점간 서비스 제공관계를 성과평가에 반영하기 위하여 8개 사내거래 유형을 정의하였으며, 지원부서에서 발생한 원가는 인과관계를 고려한 3단계 원가배부를 통하여 최종적으로 고객별 CIC조직에 배부하였다. 특히, 사내거래에서 거래단가는 계획기준으로 설정하여 경영활동의 예측가능성을 높이는 반면 거래물량은 실적기준을 적용하여 자원의 효율적 배분을 유도 하도록 하였다. 또한, 조직별 경영자의 성과평가기준으로는 사내거래 성과 및 원가배부를 반영한 조직별 영업이익을 선택하였다. 본 사례는 성공적으로 책임회계시스템을 도입하기 위하여 첫째, 전략, 조직 및 운영 프로세스 간 연계, 둘째, 조직별 역할과 책임 정립, 셋째, 성과평가결과의 보상과의 연계, 넷째, 사내거래의 단순화를 제시하였으며, 마지막으로 최고경영자의 지속적인 지원이 중요하다는 점을 시사하고 있다. Global Telecom, an incumbent mobile and fixed line telecommunication service provider in Korea, introduced a Company-in-Company organizational structure to perform with a customer focus, efficiency and autonomy. In doing so, it established a responsibility accounting system to support efficient day-to-day and long-term management. Global Telecom sets up three type of responsibility center, including investment center, profit center and cost center according to a unit`s controllability. To evaluate divisional performance, eight type of internal transactions are defined and the costs of supporting divisions incurred are traced to customer-oriented CIC using three-stage cost allocation method. Especially, transfer price is set by budget to improve predictability and the quantity of internal transactions is determined on actual basis to promote efficient resource allocation. Divisional managers are evaluated by operating profit reflecting performance after internal transaction and cost allocation. This case study provides five key success factors regarding the introduction of responsibility accounting system as follows. First, a better alignment among strategy, organizational structure, and operation process. Second, a clearly defined organizational role and responsibility. Third, a pay-for-performance system, Fourth, simplified internal transactions. Final, continuous and strong CEO sponsorship.

이승만 정부 중기 특무대 기능 팽창과 특무대장의 암살

정주진 한국국가정보학회 2021 국가정보연구 Vol.14 No.1

In the middle of the Syngman Rhee government, Korean Counter Intelligence Corps even served as a national intelligence. It wasn't just a military intelligence services. Kim Chang Young, the head of an agency with such a stature, was assassinated on January 30, 1956. As a result, Syngman Rhee's military leadership was damaged, because long-term in Kim was suddenly cut. Until now, many people have diagnosed Kim's self-righteousness and arrogance as the reasons for his assassination. However, there were external factors other than personal matters to his death. Withdrawal of Unite States CIC at the very moment of the Korean War, The continuation of the quasi-war state triggered by the military revolt, Enactment of laws regulating anti-state forces. Investigation of left-wing in the military, Judicial action of those who cooperated with the communist army, These factors have strengthened the role of KCIC. In addition to it, Syngman Rhee relied on CIC for national management intelligence. Syngman Rhee and Kim's private contact was also an important factor that strengthened the position of CIC. At that time, Syngman Rhee used KCIC as an agency to control the military, which grew into the largest social group in Korea. As a result, the military's operational power and intelligence power were divided and conflicting with each other increased. Kim's death was the outcome of such a struggle. It was a result of structural factors caused by the absence of a national intelligence services. This study has historical significance of national intelligence in that it approaches Kim's death from the viewpoint of the national intelligence structure, not from his character. 이승만 정부 중기 특무대는 대통령을 보좌하는 국가정보기관의 기능까지 수행했다. 단순한 군사정보기구가 아니었다. 그러한 위상을 지닌 특무대의 김창룡 대장이 1956년 1월 30일 암살됐다. 장기간 특무대장으로 재임한 그의 갑작스런 사망으로 이승만의 군부통치에 차질이 생겼다. 그의 죽음에 대해서는 그동안 김창룡 개인의 독선과 전횡으로 보는 시각이 우세했다. 하지만 그의 죽음에는 그의 권한을 확대시켜준 외재적 요인이 있었다. 한국전쟁 직전 미 방첩대의 철수, 군사반란의 다발로 인한 준전시 상태의 지속, 국가보안법 제정 등 반국가사범에 대한 규제 강화, 군내 좌익색출 수사, 한국전쟁 시기 부역자 처리 등이 특무대의 기능을 강화시켰다. 그와 함께 이승만은 특무대를 통해 통치정보를 수집하고 통치권 위협사건에 대해 조사시키는 한편 특무대장을 수시 독대함으로써 특무대의 입지가 더욱 강화됐다. 또한, 이승만은 한국전쟁을 겪으며 한국 최대 사회집단으로 성장한 군부를 통제하는 방법으로 특무대를 활용했다. 그 결과 군 통수체계가 작전권한과 정보권한으로 이원화되어 양 권한이 충돌하는 사례가 많아졌다. 이러한 마찰은 결국 김창룡 특무대장의 암살로 귀결됐다. 국가정보기관이 존재하지 않아 국가정보기능이 원활하게 수행되지 못한 국가정보구조적 결함이 특무대장 암살의 중요한 요인으로 작용했던 것이다. 이 연구는 이승만 정부를 지탱하던 핵심정보기관이었던 특무대의 수장이 암살된 사건의 원인과 배경을 김창룡 개인의 캐릭터 이외 국가정보구조적 관점에서 해부했다는 점에서 국가정보사적 의의가 있다.