국제법학과 국제관계학의 학제 간 연구에 관한 고찰

임예준 경상국립대학교 법학연구소 2021 法學硏究 Vol.29 No.2

International law is an academic discipline that studies the legal order of the international community and is concerned with the process of formation of institutions and norms. International relations is an academic discipline that studies the interactions and processes of various actors in the international community focused on explanation and predictions. Although international law and international relationships essentially share the intellectual exploration of international dynamics and order, they have developed into separate academic divisions, and have formed ‘two cultures’ due to differences in terminology as well as agenda and methodologies. * Assistant Professor, College of Public Policy, Korea University This article examines the development of interdisciplinary research in international law and international relations, as well as the interdisciplinary research field, and theoretically considers the interdisciplinary contacts and the possibility of interdisciplinary research. To this end, it examines the development process of interdisciplinary research in international law and international relations and finds elective affinity with international law by reviewing major theories of international relations. This article specifically introduces Anne-Marie Slaughter's liberal theory of international law to gauge the new methodologies in international law. From the perspective of international law, the theory of international relations allows us to consider the political factors involved in forming laws and better understand the meaning of norms and systems by contextualizing them. Thus, interdisciplinary research in international law and international relations would help effectively apprehend legal norms and institutions, overcoming the limitations of the international law approach that assumed or presupposed an idealistic normative system. It also allows us to deviate from a norm-centric approach and an alternative to the excessive ideologically vaporized international law. 국제법학은 국가 간의 관계를 규율하는 법을 포함하여 오늘날에는 국제공동체 전체의 관계와 질서 그리고 관련 제도와 규범의 형성과정을 주로 연구하는 학문 분야를 일컫는다. 국제관계학은 국가 간의 정치와 정치형태, 그리고 국제사회에서의 다양한 행위자의 상호작용과 과정을 연구하는 학문 분야를 일컫는다. 국제법학과 국제관계학은 기본적으로 국제사회의 역학관계 및 질서라는 지적 탐구 영역을 공유하고 있다. 그렇지만 국제법학과 국제관계학은 별개의 학문 분과로 발전했으며, 의제와 방법론뿐만 아니라, 용어 사용의 차이로 인하여 ‘두 개의 문화’를 형성해 왔다. 이 글은 국제법학과 국제관계학의 학제 간 연구의 발전과정과 학제적 연구영역을 살펴보고, 두 학문의 접점과 학제 간 연구의 확장 가능성을 고찰함을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위하여 국제관계이론을 개괄적으로 검토함으로써 국제법과의 선택적 친화성을 검토하였다. 다음으로 국제법학과 국제관계학의 학제 간 연구의 발전과정을 살펴보고, 활성화 요인과 학제 간 연구의 의의를 분석하였다. 마지막으로 학제 간 연구방법과 주요 연구영역을 살펴보고, 자유주의 이론을 국제법학에 연계하는 방법론을 취하고 있는 Anne-Marie Slaughter의 주요 이론을 통해 학제 간 연구의 방향을 가늠해보았다. 국제법의 관점에서 국제관계이론은 법제도를 설명하는데에 있어 법 형성에 관여하는 정치적 요소를 고려할 수 있게 하며, 규범과 제도의 의미를 규범과 제도가 위치한 맥락을 통해 더욱 잘 이해할 수 있게 해준다는 의의가 있다. 따라서 국제법학에 있어 국제관계학과의 학제 간 연구는 법규범과 제도를 정치적 맥락에서 설명함으로써, 이상주의적 규범 체제를 상정한 국제법학의 한계를 극복하여, 법규범과 제도를 효과적으로 이해하는 데 도움을 준다. 또한, 단순히 규범 중심적인 접근에서 벗어날 수 있게 하며, 국제법이 지나치게 이데올로기화되는 것에 대한 대안이 되기도 한다.

FIDIC 조건을 사용하는 국제건설계약의 준거법 결정과 그 실익

석광현 사법발전재단 2014 사법 Vol.1 No.29

It is widely known that many Korean construction companies have won numerous overseas construction projects since the 1960’s, and it has been reported that the accumulated contract amount of the Korean construction companies all together reached 600 billion US Dollars in December, 2013. If Korea is truly a decent constitutional state, there should have been Korean lawyers whose prestige and reputation are widely acknowledged in the international construction community, which is apparently not the case at the moment. This is probably because the governing laws of the international construction contracts entered into by the Korean construction companies are frequently foreign laws, such as the laws of the state of construction site or English law. It is evident that in order to properly understand the rights and obligations of the parties and accurately assess the legal risks that either party bears, one must first know the contents of the relevant construction contract. In addition, one should know the law applicable to the construction contract and the contents of the applicable law. In this article, I explain principal terms and condition of the standard construction contract conditions drafted by the FIDIC (The International Federation of Consulting Engineers) and discusses various issues resulting from the determination of the law applicable to international construction contracts. In doing so, I will distinguish litigation on the one hand and arbitration on the other, because different choice of law rules are prevailing in litigation and arbitration. The most important principle is the principle of party autonomy in both litigation and arbitration; however, it should be remembered that in certain countries party autonomy is not allowed and parties are mandatorily required to apply the law of the country where the construction site is located. More concretely, I will discuss the following issues: first, the determination of the law applicable to international construction contracts in international litigation (Chapter Ⅱ); secondly, the determination of the law applicable to international construction contracts in international arbitration (Chapter Ⅲ); thirdly, the practical consequences from the determination of the law applicable to international construction contracts (Chapter Ⅳ); fourthly, the limit to party autonomy in international construction contracts; and finally, the internationally mandatory rules (Chapter Ⅴ). I hope that in the future Korean lawyers and practitioners will pay more attention to the various issues of international construction contracts and thereby will be able to accumulate more expertise on the international construction contracts. In this regard, I hope that the sub-committee on the international construction law established in September 2013 under the Korea International Trade Law Association could contribute to the future development of the international construction law in Korea. 주지하는 바와 같이 1960년대 이래 우리 건설사들은 중동 기타 전 세계에 진출하여 수많은 건설공사를 수주하였고 마침내 2013년에는 “대한민국 해외건설 누적수주액 6,000억 달러”를 달성하였다고 한다. 따라서 우리나라가 제대로 된 법치국가라면 지금쯤은 국제건설업계에서 저명한 국제건설계약법의 한국인 전문 법률가도 나왔어야 하나 현실은 그렇지 않다. 이는 아마도 우리 건설사들이 체결하는 국제건설계약의 준거법이 공사지국법 또는 영국법 등 외국법인 경우가 많기 때문일 수도 있다. 그러나 국제건설계약에 따른 당사자들의 권리와 의무, 나아가 각 당사자가 부담하는 법적 위험을 정확히 평가하자면 우선 관련 계약의 내용을 정확히 파악하여야 한다는 점은 명백하다. 그와 함께 당해 계약의 준거법과 그 내용을 정확히 알아야 한다. 여기에서는 국제적으로 널리 이용되는 FIDIC(국제엔지니어링컨설팅연맹, The International Federation of Consulting Engineers)이 작성한 표준계약조건을 중심으로 국제건설계약의 몇 가지 주요 논점을 소개하고, 그와 관련된 준거법의 결정방법과 그에 따른 실익을 검토한다. 그 과정에서 소송과 중재를 나누어 검토하는데 그 이유는 양 영역에서 상이한 준거법 결정원칙이 지배하고 있기 때문이다. 소송이든 중재든 간에 국제계약의 준거법 결정에 있어 가장 중요한 원칙은 당사자자치의 원칙이나, 일부 국가에서는 특히 소송의 경우 당사자자치가 허용되지 않고 공사지국을 반드시 적용해야 한다는 점도 잊지 말아야 한다. 보다 구체적으로 여기에서는 국제소송에서 국제건설계약의 준거법의 결정(Ⅱ.), 국제상사중재에서 국제건설계약의 준거법의 결정(Ⅲ.), 국제건설과 관련된 준거법 결정의 실익(Ⅳ.)과 국제건설계약에서 당사자자치의 한계, 국제적 강행법규의 문제(Ⅴ.)를 차례대로 논의한다. 앞으로는 우리 법률가들과 실무가들도 국제건설계약의 제문제에 대해 좀 더 관심을 가지고 전문성을 축적해 나아가기를 기대해 본다. 2013년 9월 국제거래법학회 산하에 설립된 국제건설법연구회가 그러한 개선에 기여할 수 있기를 희망한다.

한국의 국제법 연구동향과 과제: 국제공법 분야 * 1) - 최근 10년간 신진학자 국내학위 취득현황-

박언경(Park, Eon-kyung),김태길(KIM, Tae Gil) 국제법평론회 2018 국제법평론 Vol.0 No.51

This paper analyzed the doctoral theses on international law published in Korea from January 2007 to August 2017. Since a doctoral thesis is a completion of in-depth academic research for many years and the start of the researcher as a professional researcher, theses have been thought to predict research trends, to understand the current state of international legal capacity in Korea, and to deduce the activities of future generations of scholars. The purposes of this study are to understand the theories and practical trends of modern international law, to predict changes in domestic perception and categorization of international law, and to analyze the interests of domestic researchers to forecast future supply and demand of experts. This study is based on quantitative statistics. The basic data of statistics are doctoral theses upon international law granted by graduate schools and law schools in Korea from the first semester of 2007 to the first semester of 2017. In this paper, the primary data is the deposit date of the National Library of Korea and supplemental data is from ‘dCollection’, ‘RISS’, and websites of central libraries of the graduate schools and law schools. A total of 76 international law papers were collected through the above sources. As the framework of the analysis, the quantity or ratio of the year, the research field, nationality, the language, the region, and schools were used. The field of research has been classified into the fields of international law (international treaty law), international maritime law, international environmental law, international human rights law, international criminal law and other fields in consideration of the titles, abstracts, main subject and major of advisors of each thesis. The results of this study are as follows: First, the number of doctors majored in international law has increased since the introduction of the law school. However, in order to find a meaningful relationship between the launch of a law school and the subsequent generation of scholar, it is necessary to examine the duration of new doctoral degree holders and the degree of doctoral studies and degrees obtained from law school graduates. Second, Korea s international legal capacity is concentrated on the maritime law, environmental law and human right law. In the current situation where the conditions for the education of international law are limited, the concentration of the human resources in a few specific fields means that other fields of international law are getting more vulnerable and we need prepare for this. Lastly, many international law doctors are emanating not only from the metropolitan area, but also from the provinces. It is necessary to think about ways to diversify academic activities for academic exchange with them. There are concerns among scholars about the possibility of international law collapsing unlike the figures that are visually revealed in this study. In order to overcome this reality, the role of senior scholars is essential such as the proposal of a new research field, academic guidance for strengthening research capacity, collaborative researches, and careers through the opening of related courses.

국제환경법의 제원칙: 그 진화과 과제

이재곤(Lee, Jae Gon) 국제법평론회 2012 국제법평론 Vol.0 No.38

International environmental law, which began to be developed substantially only after 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment, became a vast international legal system with more than 2,000 related treaties and customary law. In the course of the development, a couple of general principles of international environmental law has been formulated. The principles has been reflected in international environmental rules, applied in the resolution of international environmental disputes or influenced on the interpretation of related international environmental norms. The writer tried to see what kind of principles of international environmental law has been formulated, what are their contents and what kind of roles did they play in the operation of the system of international environmental law. The author also attempted to find out the extent of evolution of the principles, their status as international legal norms, and the scope of application of the principles. He also made an endeavor to seek problems and possible solutions for the improvement of functioning of the principles. The writer suggested the following principles as the general principles of international environmental law: the responsibility not to cause environmental damage, the principle of co-operation, the principle of sustainable development, the precautionary principle, the polluter pays principle and the principle of common but differentiated responsibility. Among the principles, the responsibility not to cause environmental damage, principle of notification and cooperation, especially in relation to emergencies, and the environmental impact assessment are evolved into established customary international law. The precautionary principle has now reached the threshold of customary international law. The content of some principles of international environmental law has been concretized and the scope of the application of the principles has been substantially extended. However, for the improvement of functioning of the principles as a guide in the solution of international environmental problems and harmonious development of international environmental law with other area of international law, the content of principles has to be more substantialized and the problem of fragmentation of international law has to be solved.

국제사법 제2조상의 국제재판관할 관련 우리나라 판례의 검토

최성수(Choi Sung-Soo) 동아대학교 법학연구소 2010 東亞法學 Vol.- No.48

International jurisdiction depends on what court of specific country as a whole should try legal contestation or what specific country as a whole responsibility for trial should be distributed to. When international private law was totally revised on April 7, 2001, the general principle of international jurisdiction out of international private law (article 2) was newly established transitionally. Although it was regulations in a general form of ‘substantial connection’, it will be an important ground to judge international jurisdiction in the future Although the parties to a suit may not be secured predictability or legal stability because of the abstract standard of ‘substantial connection’ in international private law (article2), it is expected that a distinct standard will appear since cases are being created reflecting revised contents after revising international private law. More distinct trend will be disclosed through more accumulated cases in the future. However, Cases in the present have become a trend which judges international jurisdiction in proper application of indications such as ‘ideals of allocation in international jurisdiction’, ‘jurisdiction of domestic law’ and ‘uniqueness of international jurisdiction’ suggested in international private law (article 2) including the indication of ‘substantial connection’. At least, it is being escaped from a trend which judges international jurisdiction in the category of regulations and sound reasoning in land jurisdiction as the past cases. International private law (article 2) is not simple reflection of the existing cases of Supreme Court. In international private law (article 2), a new standard of judgment is established. However, Supreme Court from the above regulation is still in the process of setting up its position. As partial cases are seen, an attitude of inclusive judgment after arranging conditions without establishment of reasonable logic by being inclined to only the abstract standard of substantial connection should be sublated. In the future, inclusive cases integrating laws, regulations and theories in the present in the position of Supreme Court should be created. Based on relatively distinct cases as above, it is expected that the parties to a suit including practical officers will have predictability in instituting a lawsuit. In addition, it is necessary to watch over in what direction international treaty and legislation and international jurisdiction related cases of major countries including South Korea are developed in the side of comparative law to get more information for setting up Korean cases.

국제사회의 국제법과 지구시민사회의 만민법: 유럽인권협약을 중심으로

장준호 한국정치외교사학회 2008 한국정치외교사논총 Vol.29 No.2

이 논문의 기본테제는 지구시민의 법인 만민법은 결국 국제사회의 법인국제법을 통해 실현될 수밖에 없다는 것이다. 이는 만민법(law of peoples)과 국제법(international law)의 형식적 구분을 전제하고 있다. 형식적 의미에서 만민법은 모든 사람들에게 유효한 법으로, 국제법은 국가 간에 유효한 법으로 이해된다. 위의 기본테제는“유럽인권협약(EuropeanConvention for the Protection of Human Rights and FundamentalFreedom)”의 사례에서 입증된다. 유럽인권협약이 위의 테제를 입증할 사례연구로 유효한 근거는 다음과 같다. 유럽인권협약은 국가 간의 협약이라는 측면에서 국제법적 성격을 지니고 있지만, 그 협약의 내용이 보편적 인권이라는 점에서 만민법적인 특성을 보이고 있다. 유럽인권협약은 국제법과 만민법이 서로 겹치면서 공존하는 영역에서 구현되고 있기 때문에 국제법에 의하여 만민법이 어떻게 효력을 지닐 수 있는지 포착할 수 있는 좋은사례가 되는 것이다. 고찰의 순서는 다음과 같다. 우선 국제사회, 국제법,지구시민사회, 만민법이 무엇인지 그 개념을 살펴본 후에 이러한 개념을기초로 해서 유럽인권협약을 분석하고 그 협약에 담겨 있는 국제법적 요소와 만민법적 요소를 다루어 볼 것이다. 이러한 과정에서 보편적 인권으로이해되는 만민법은 결국 국제사회의 국제법을 통하여 법적 효력을 지니게된다는 것을 알 수 있다. According to the basic thesis of this article, law of people could be realized after all by international law of international society. This argument is based on the assumption of a formal differentiation between law of peoples and international law, by which law of peoples is understood as the law that is valid for all peoples, and international law as valid norms between states. The basic thesis will be justified by a case study of ECHR (European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedom). ECHR shows us the both sides of law of peoples and international law. The procedure of inquiry is here as follows. First, we deal with the question of “what is”, that is, the definition of international society, international law, global civil society, law of peoples. Second, on the basis of these definitions we will study the case of ECHR. In this way we would understand that law of people could be valid after all by international law of international society.

국제인도법상 통제 기준에 관한 소고

홍진형 국민대학교 법학연구소 2022 법학논총 Vol.34 No.3

This article reviews control tests under international humanitarian law. First of all, it reviews the effective control standard under the law of state responsibility and overall control standard under international humanitarian law, and how they two are related but different. It also finds that the two tests do not conflict, and their applications should be flexible depending on the context they are used. In determining the existence of an international armed conflict under international humanitarian law, the overall control standard seems to have established its solid status and there is even a possibility of it being used in the area of state responsibility. In addition, the effective overall test has been formed by ECtHR to impute responsibility to a state which exercises effective control outside of its territory indirectly through a third party there. Next, the article examined the effective control test under occupation law, which is an important specific area of international humanitarian law. The early origin of the test is found in the Hague Regulations and the Geneva Conventions and the Article 42 of the Hague Regulation is recognized to form customary international law. Cumulative criteria for the effective control test have been developed through international precedents and state practice. The indirect effective control test has been proposed regarding occupation. According to the test, occupation occurs if a state controls the territory through a local proxy without exerting direct influence over a territory. The subject of ‘control’ in international law is sometimes associated with the fragmentation of international law. However, the author believe that the segmentation is inevitable considering the diversification of entities of and behaviors in international law. The control tests in international law, including the law of state responsibility and international humanitarian law, are interrelated and often cross-examined regardless of the area of international law they are applied. In addition, the new control tests were derived by combining the traditional control tests. The new control standards would help eliminate the blind areas of international humanitarian law, embracing new actors and behaviors. 일반적 맥락에서 통제는 방향성을 가지고 일방 당사자가 타방 당사자의행위에 제약을 가하는 제반 행위를 의미한다. 국제법상 통제는 국제책임법, 국제인도법, 국제인권법, 영토 권한의 확인 등 다양한 맥락에서 사용되는데 이 논문에서는 그 중 국제인도법상 통제 기준들에 대해 논한다. 국제인도법에서도 통제는 복수의 목적으로 활용되는 바 이들을 함께 검토한다. 먼저 조직된 무장집단의 행위가 특정 국가의 행위로 귀속될 수 있는지를 판단하는 데 사용되는 통제 기준을 검토한다. 우선 국가책임법상 비국가행위자의 행위를 특정 국가의 행위로 귀속시키기 위한 통제 기준인 실효적 통제 기준과, 비국제적 무력충돌을 국제적 무력충돌로 변환시킴에 있어 조직된 무장집단의 행위가 특정 국가의 행위로 귀속될 수 있는지를 판단하는 데 사용되는 전반적 통제 기준의 등장배경과 구성요소를 각각 살펴본다. 특히 국제법상 양 기준의 관계와 유효성 및 한계를 다룬 판례와학설들을 중심으로 검토하였다. 그 결과 전반적 통제 기준이 실효적 기준이 아닌 엄격한 통제를 대체하기 위해 등장한 기준이며 전반적 통제와 실효적 통제 기준이 양립할 수 있음을 논하였다. 한편 유럽인권재판소는 간접적인 외부 세력의 존재나 비국가행위자 행위의 다변화를 반영할 수 있는 ‘전반적 실효적 통제 기준’을 고안하였다. 이 기준은 특정 지역에 실효적 통제를 가하고 있는 외부의 국가가 존재할 경우, 지역 내에서 발생하는개별 행위에는 실효적 통제가 없더라도 행위 귀속을 가능케 한다. 이후 점령법상 점령의 존재를 확인하는 데 사용되는 실효적 통제 기준에 대해 논의한다. 점령의 법적 근거와 외국 군대의 주둔, 점령 영토에서권한의 행사, 그리고 군사 점령에 대한 비동의라는 세가지의 누적적 요건을 확인하였다. 비교적 최근에 제시되고 있는 ‘간접적 실효적 통제 기준에대해 논의한다. 이 기준은 특정 국가가 전반적 통제를 가하고 있는 현지권한 당국을 통해 이루어지더라도 점령이 인정될 수 있음을 시사한다. 기존의 엄격한 통제, 실효적 통제, 전반적 통제를 기반으로 하면서도 새로이제시되는 통제 기준을 통해 국제인도법은 보완되며 발전할 것이다.

한국의 국제법 연구동향과 과제 : 국제경제법 분야 - 최근 10년간 신진학자 국내학위 취득현황 -

박언경 (사)한국국제경제법학회 2019 국제경제법연구 Vol.17 No.1

본 연구는 국제법 분야 중 국제경제법 분야에서 최근 10년(2007~2017)간 신진학자가 국내대학에서 박사학위를 취득한 박사논문의 특징을 통계수치로 도출하여, 국제경제법 분야의 연구주제, 연구방법론 등의 후속연구를 도출하는 기초자료로 기여하는 것과 함께, 법학전문대학원 도입 이후 제기되고 있는 국제법학의 학문후속세대의 감소현상에 대한 우려를 실체적인 통계를 통해 파악하고자 하였다. 동 연구수행을 위한 자료의 수집은 선행연구와 동일하게 국립중앙도서관 웹사이트, 디지털 학술정보 유통시스템(dCollection), 학술연구정보서비스(RISS), 각 대학의 중앙도서관 검색시스템을 활용하여 진행하였다. 국제경제법 분야의 최근 10년간 신규박사학위 취득자는 47명으로 확인되었다. 동 논문들의 분석은 연도별 현황, 언어 및 국적별 현황, 연구분야별 현황, 지역 및 대학별 현황 등을 기준으로 실시하였다. 연구분야별 통계를 도출하는 기준이 된 연구분야는 국내 전문학술서의 공통된 편제를 토대로 분류하였다. 동 연구를 통해 다음과 같은 결과를 도출할 수 있다. 첫째, 학문후속세대의 감소 우려에 대해서는 예상과 달리 매년 고정적인 숫자의 학위취득자가 배출되고 있다는 점이다. 그러나 법학전문대학원의 출범 이후 학문후속세대와의 유의미성을 발견하기 위해서는 신규박사학위취득자들이 학위취득에 소요된 기간의 도출, 2012년 이후 법학전문대학원 출신들의 박사과정 진학여부 및 학위취득 여부 등이 연구가 필요하다는 점을 확인하였다. 둘째 국제경제법 분야에서 국제화 역량의 강화현상을 확인할 수 있다. 외국인 국적의 박사학위취득자의 증가는 우리나라의 국제경제법 역량이 국제화 수준에 부합하는 것으로 볼 수 있으며, 외국어로 작성된 박사학위논문 수의 증가는 학문후속세대에게 있어서 언어적인 요소가 장애로 작동하지 않음을 의미한다. 셋째 국제경제법 분야는 국제공법에 비해 현안문제에 대한 연구가 신속하게 진행되고 있다. 최근에는 전통적인 연구주제인 WTO법에서 벗어나, 국제금융투자 분야의 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있는 현상을 보인다. 마지막으로 학문후속세대의 서울집중현상이 국제공법 분야에 비해 더욱 두드러지게 나타난다. 조사대상 기간 중 비서울소재 대학에서는 단 7명만이 박사학위를 취득하였으며, 이들 중 외국인을 제외하면 단 3명에 불과하다. 우리나라가 처한 대외통상환경을 고려할 때, 국제경제법 분야의 연구인력의 확대는 중요한 과제이다. 국제경제법 분야의 박사학위취득자 배출현황을 보면 수치적으로는 꾸준히 배출하고 있는 것으로 보여지지만, 확장성의 측면에서는 서울 소재 법학전문대학원에서만 박사학위 취득자가 배출되는 부정적 측면이 나타난다. 법학전문대학원 체제가 도입된 현 시점에서는 경제학, 무역학, 정치외교학 등 인접학문을 전공한 예비법조인을 학문후속세대로 양성하는 방안을 모색할 필요가 있다. 이들 대학을 중심으로 정규교과를 통한 전문지식 교육, 연구역량강화를 위한 개별 학술지도, 공동연구 진행 등의 활동이 필요하다. 궁극적으로는 법학전문대학원 외에도 인접학문인 경제학, 경영학, 무역학, 정치외교학에서 국제경제법을 학습할 수 있는 교육여건과 환경이 조성되어야 할 것이며, 이를 위한 노력이 필요하다. This research analyzed the doctoral theses on international economic law published in Korea from March 2007 to August 2017 based on quantitative statistics. Through the statistic analysis, it checks on the status of the subsequent generation of international economic law scholars, and contributes as a basic data for research theme and methodology of follow-up researches in the field of international economic law. At the same time, the research tries to understand the implicit of the concern about the decline of the subsequent generations of international law, which has been raised since the introduction of the law school. The primary data for the statistics, like precedent research, is the deposit date of the National Library of Korea and supplemental data is from ‘dCollection’, ‘RISS’, and websites of central libraries of the graduate schools and law schools. A total of 47 international economic law papers were collected through the above sources. As the framework of the analysis, the quantity or ratio of the year, the research field, nationality, the language, the region, and schools were used. A common formation of domestic professional journals is used as a criterion for deriving statistics by research field. The research aims to understand the theories and practical trends of current international economic law, to predict changes in domestic perception and categorization of international economic law, and to analyze the interests of domestic researchers to forecast future supply and demand of experts. The results of this study are as follows: First, the number of degree holders in the field of study, unlike the concerns, is constant during the period. For a meaningful implication relating to the subsequent generations after the introduction of the law school system, however, additional research upon the time required for the degree, the number of LL.D. candidates and degree recipients from law schools since 2012 is required. Second, internationalization in the field of study has been fortified. The increase in the number of degree recipients from abroad means that the capacity of Korea in international economic law is enhance enough to meet the international level. The increase in the number of the thesis in foreign languages means that languages do no work as obstacles for subsequent generation any more. Third, the study of international economic law, compared to the other international laws, is proceeding more rapidly. A recent trend is the expansion of the international finance and investment laws, which has shifted away from the traditional WTO law. Finally, the concentration of researchers in Seoul is more prominent in international economic law than international public law. During the survey period, only seven got the degree from the universities not in Seoul, and only 3 of them are Koreans. In terms of the trade environment around Korea, the supply of researchers in international economic law is momentous. Though the number of the degree recipients in international law continues to increase, the concentration in law schools in Seoul seems negative in terms of expandability. Under the law school system, it is necessary to seek ways to foster preliminary law students who majored in related sciences such as economics, trade studies, and political diplomacy as follow-up generations. Centering on the departments, professional training through regular curriculum, individual journals for strengthening research capacity, and joint research activities can be alternatives. Ultimately, in addition to law school, the educational environment that can learn international economic law in the neighboring disciplines such as economics, business administration, trade science, and political diplomacy should be established.

국제인도법상 Erga omnes의 고찰 : 어떠한 경우에도 국제인도법의 존중을 보장할 의무의 성격을 중심으로

최은범(Eun-Bum Choe),박지현(Ji-Hyun Park) 大韓赤十字社 人道法硏究所 2007 人道法論叢 Vol.- No.27

오늘날 국제인도법의 근간을 이루고 있는 제네바법(Law of Geneva) 체계를 보면, 그것의 중요성과 방대성에도 불구하고 보편적인 수락(universal acceptance)의 정도에 있어서는 아직도 갈길이 멀다고 아니할 수 없다. 즉 체약국 수를 보더라도 1949년의 제네바 4개협약은 1947개국 이지만 그것에 추가된 1977년의 제Ⅰ의정서(국제적 무력충돌)가 167개국, 제Ⅱ의정서(비국제적 무력충돌)가 163개국이며 2006년의 제Ⅲ의정서(적수정 식별표장)는 발효 상태이다.(2007. 5. 31현재) 반면에 “일반(general) 국제법이라고 말하는 관습국제법의 규칙들은 모든 국가들을 구속한다고 믿으므로 필요시에는 공식적 가입(비준) 절차 없이도 모든 충돌당사자를 구속하게 된다. 그리고 또 한 가지는 비 국제적 무력충돌에 적용되는 국제인도법규의 경우는 아직도 그러한 충돌상태에서 발생하는 보호(protection)의 욕구를 충족시키지 못하는 취약성을 지니고 있는 실정이다. 그러한 조약들을 채택한 과거 일련의 외교회의에서도 인정되었던바와 같이, 제네바 제협약의 공통 조항 제3조(비국제적 무력충돌)와 동 제협약에 추가된 제Ⅱ의정서는 가장 기본적인 규칙들을 다발로 묶어 제시하고 있다. 또한 국가들의 관행은 동일한 국가들이 외교회의에서 수락한 성문조약의 내용보다 훨씬 넘어서고 있는데, 그것은 대부분의 국가들이 적대행위에 관한 관습적 규칙들의 요체가 국제적인 것이든 비국제적인 것이든 불문하고 “모든” 무력충돌에 적용되는 것이라는데 동의하고 있기 때문이다. 제네바 제협약의 공통 제1조는 관습국제인도법으로 받아들여지고 있다. 제1조는 “모든 경우에...” 협약을 “존중..”해야한다고 규정하고 있다. 따라서 관습국제법과 조약에서 배어나오는 제네바협약상의 의무는 적군뿐만 아니라 모든 체약국에 대해 긴급피난, 상호주의, 복구 등의 변명에 의존하는 것이아닌, 반드시 지켜야 하는 agre omnes인 것이다. 또한 제네바협약 제3조 또한 관습국제법을 형성하는 것으로 최근 정리된 관습인도법 연구에 언급하고 있다. 그중에서도 Chapter 41은 “국제인도법의 강제”에 대한 부분을 정리하고 있는데 1부와 2부로 나누어 1부는 국제인도법 존중보장 의무의 대세성(ensuring respect for international humanitarian law erga omnes)을, 2부는 복구(reprisals)에 대한 국가관행의 증거들을 각각 정리하고 있다. 특히 1부는 위반의 억제의무에 대한 대세성을 살핀 후 의무위반의 경우 복구의 관행을 살피고 있다. 그 관습국제인도법에 있어 국가가 특정의무를 어떻게 인지하고 관행으로 실행하고 있는지를 살펴보는 것은 그 어떤 규칙의 정당성을 주장하는 것보다 우선적으로 다루어져야 할 것으로 본다. 그러한 의미에서 본고는 국제인도법 위반의 억제의무의 대세성(erga omnes)에 관한 “규칙144(Rule 144)”을 살펴보았다. 관습국제법은 전 세계의 모든 국가에 그 효력이 있다. 이것은 일부 국가의 영향력에 의해 형성되는 법원이 아니며, 당연스러운 결과로 전 세계의 무력충돌과 내전에도 그 효력이 적용된다. With respect to Geneva law, it is important to note that common Article 1 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, which reflects customary law, requires that signatories and their nationals "respect and ... ensure respect" for the Conventions "in all circumstances." Thus, customary and treaty-based Geneva law obligations flow erga omnes, that is, not merely to enemies, but also to all other signatories and, as customary obligatio erga omnes, to all of humankind and without putative excuses based on alleged necessity, reciprocity or reprisals. Further, it is widely recognized that common Article 3 of the same Conventions reflect customary international law, as a new study of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) demonstrates. It's Customary Rule 144 writes "States may not encourage violations of international humanitarian law by parties to an armed conflict. They must exert their influence, to the degree possible, to stop violations of international humanitarian law." Customary international law is universal in its reach. It is not subject to control by a few actors in the international legal process, and it binds all parties to international and non-international armed conflicts. This paper seeks to clarify the current status of the customary international humanitarian law focusing on the ensuring respect for the law erga omnes.

국제 지역 또는 특별관습법

류병운 ( Byungwoon Lyou ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2015 홍익법학 Vol.16 No.2

International community does not yet reach at clear and consistent the definition and requirements of local customary or particular customary law. However, for the nature of international conflicts among certain countries, certain local customary law may be more important as the ICJ``s trial standards than (general) customary international law. Also, it is doubtful that the requirements of various local customary or particular customary laws could be discussed in one category. Because of these reasons, it is necessary to summarize and provide the concept and the requisites of local customary or special customary law including the basis of the binding effects and the burden of proof. Under lack of the clearly fixed concept of customary international law, it should be avoided like inordinate dogmatic access to meet the establishing requisites or any theory in black and white, asking for the evidence of a state’s consent as a basis of binding effects on the country. Without demarcation among general, local, or particular customary law, if international community rigorously asks state’s consent to establish customary law as the basis of binding effects like that in a treaty, it could not obtain possible standards for dispute resolution and not develop international law through international courts. Such a local customary, or particular customary law can be conceptualized and objectified in the way of recognizing the diverse practices of countries as well as considering the necessity of standards for dispute resolutions. This article will tidy up the various, uncertain definitions and establishing requisites for local customary or particular customary law and present clearer and more specific criteria. First of all, ‘generality of a practice’ is not a requisite to build up international customary law. According to the article 38 of the ICJ statute (former PCIJ statute), Under the article, which provides that “[t]he Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply… international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law…”, only ‘general’ customary law would be recognized as the rule but local customary law or particular customary law might be excluded. However, ‘generality of a practice’ is not an indispensible requisite when the article was proposed in 1930s. The ICJ asks rather strict requisites for establishment of customary law in some cases but sometimes asks modified requisites for other cases. The opinion requiring more strict requisites for establishment of local customary law does not explain the some cases in which the ICJ found the existence of local customary law by rather modified requisites. Based on these reasons, this article divide the customary law into ① “general local customary law” in which the interests of local disputed parties get influence to that of other countries, ② “particular local customary law” in which the interests of local disputed parties (normally two countries) don’t influence to other countries’ interests. The countries insisting “general local customary law” are on the burden of proof for the establishing requisites of international customary law like customary practice as well as the existence of opinio juris, including belief that the custom exists as law. Thus, the repetition of practice and opinio juris are strictly required in order to recognize the presence of “general local customary law.” Also, the disputed parties should confirm opinio juris that those practices are bound to the customs. Mere frequent repetition of practices or even habitual practice is not enough by itself. In some cases in which the ICJ found “particular local customary law,” the court accepted the country’s argument of the practice existence without requesting clear proof about it. As a relaxing way of proving the presence of opinio juris, if the practice surely exists, the ICJ regards that opinio juris is accompanied with the practice. The relaxed requisites are applied to “particular local customary law” when dispute parties need normative standards to govern their legal relations and to resolve the dispute, or when there are historical practices between them. There is an argument that it is neither necessary nor desirable to increase the showing required to find opinio juris in special custom. Also, where the parties are interacting in a way that indicates the presence of opinio juris, there is no reason that international court should be reluctant to find the presence. This article intends to expand the concept of ‘opinio juris’ as an establishing requisite of “particular local customary law.” ‘Opinio juris’ is opinio juris sive necessitates. So, the concept could be expanded to ‘opinio juris or opinio necessitates.’ Accordingly the necessity of regulatory standards to solve the conflicts or to govern the relationship between disputed parties would be considered as opinio necessitates. Also, as an establishing requisite of “particular local customary law,” practices include a countries’ overlook or absence of persistent objection against the other country’s act. In short, if there are practices between disputed parties, “particular local customary law” is established when regulatory standards are necessary to govern the relationship between the parties or to solve the conflicts, where ‘opinio necessitates,’ exist.