FIDIC 조건을 사용하는 국제건설계약의 준거법 결정과 그 실익

석광현 사법발전재단 2014 사법 Vol.1 No.29

It is widely known that many Korean construction companies have won numerous overseas construction projects since the 1960’s, and it has been reported that the accumulated contract amount of the Korean construction companies all together reached 600 billion US Dollars in December, 2013. If Korea is truly a decent constitutional state, there should have been Korean lawyers whose prestige and reputation are widely acknowledged in the international construction community, which is apparently not the case at the moment. This is probably because the governing laws of the international construction contracts entered into by the Korean construction companies are frequently foreign laws, such as the laws of the state of construction site or English law. It is evident that in order to properly understand the rights and obligations of the parties and accurately assess the legal risks that either party bears, one must first know the contents of the relevant construction contract. In addition, one should know the law applicable to the construction contract and the contents of the applicable law. In this article, I explain principal terms and condition of the standard construction contract conditions drafted by the FIDIC (The International Federation of Consulting Engineers) and discusses various issues resulting from the determination of the law applicable to international construction contracts. In doing so, I will distinguish litigation on the one hand and arbitration on the other, because different choice of law rules are prevailing in litigation and arbitration. The most important principle is the principle of party autonomy in both litigation and arbitration; however, it should be remembered that in certain countries party autonomy is not allowed and parties are mandatorily required to apply the law of the country where the construction site is located. More concretely, I will discuss the following issues: first, the determination of the law applicable to international construction contracts in international litigation (Chapter Ⅱ); secondly, the determination of the law applicable to international construction contracts in international arbitration (Chapter Ⅲ); thirdly, the practical consequences from the determination of the law applicable to international construction contracts (Chapter Ⅳ); fourthly, the limit to party autonomy in international construction contracts; and finally, the internationally mandatory rules (Chapter Ⅴ). I hope that in the future Korean lawyers and practitioners will pay more attention to the various issues of international construction contracts and thereby will be able to accumulate more expertise on the international construction contracts. In this regard, I hope that the sub-committee on the international construction law established in September 2013 under the Korea International Trade Law Association could contribute to the future development of the international construction law in Korea. 주지하는 바와 같이 1960년대 이래 우리 건설사들은 중동 기타 전 세계에 진출하여 수많은 건설공사를 수주하였고 마침내 2013년에는 “대한민국 해외건설 누적수주액 6,000억 달러”를 달성하였다고 한다. 따라서 우리나라가 제대로 된 법치국가라면 지금쯤은 국제건설업계에서 저명한 국제건설계약법의 한국인 전문 법률가도 나왔어야 하나 현실은 그렇지 않다. 이는 아마도 우리 건설사들이 체결하는 국제건설계약의 준거법이 공사지국법 또는 영국법 등 외국법인 경우가 많기 때문일 수도 있다. 그러나 국제건설계약에 따른 당사자들의 권리와 의무, 나아가 각 당사자가 부담하는 법적 위험을 정확히 평가하자면 우선 관련 계약의 내용을 정확히 파악하여야 한다는 점은 명백하다. 그와 함께 당해 계약의 준거법과 그 내용을 정확히 알아야 한다. 여기에서는 국제적으로 널리 이용되는 FIDIC(국제엔지니어링컨설팅연맹, The International Federation of Consulting Engineers)이 작성한 표준계약조건을 중심으로 국제건설계약의 몇 가지 주요 논점을 소개하고, 그와 관련된 준거법의 결정방법과 그에 따른 실익을 검토한다. 그 과정에서 소송과 중재를 나누어 검토하는데 그 이유는 양 영역에서 상이한 준거법 결정원칙이 지배하고 있기 때문이다. 소송이든 중재든 간에 국제계약의 준거법 결정에 있어 가장 중요한 원칙은 당사자자치의 원칙이나, 일부 국가에서는 특히 소송의 경우 당사자자치가 허용되지 않고 공사지국을 반드시 적용해야 한다는 점도 잊지 말아야 한다. 보다 구체적으로 여기에서는 국제소송에서 국제건설계약의 준거법의 결정(Ⅱ.), 국제상사중재에서 국제건설계약의 준거법의 결정(Ⅲ.), 국제건설과 관련된 준거법 결정의 실익(Ⅳ.)과 국제건설계약에서 당사자자치의 한계, 국제적 강행법규의 문제(Ⅴ.)를 차례대로 논의한다. 앞으로는 우리 법률가들과 실무가들도 국제건설계약의 제문제에 대해 좀 더 관심을 가지고 전문성을 축적해 나아가기를 기대해 본다. 2013년 9월 국제거래법학회 산하에 설립된 국제건설법연구회가 그러한 개선에 기여할 수 있기를 희망한다.

국제환경법의 제원칙: 그 진화과 과제

이재곤(Lee, Jae Gon) 국제법평론회 2012 국제법평론 Vol.0 No.38

International environmental law, which began to be developed substantially only after 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment, became a vast international legal system with more than 2,000 related treaties and customary law. In the course of the development, a couple of general principles of international environmental law has been formulated. The principles has been reflected in international environmental rules, applied in the resolution of international environmental disputes or influenced on the interpretation of related international environmental norms. The writer tried to see what kind of principles of international environmental law has been formulated, what are their contents and what kind of roles did they play in the operation of the system of international environmental law. The author also attempted to find out the extent of evolution of the principles, their status as international legal norms, and the scope of application of the principles. He also made an endeavor to seek problems and possible solutions for the improvement of functioning of the principles. The writer suggested the following principles as the general principles of international environmental law: the responsibility not to cause environmental damage, the principle of co-operation, the principle of sustainable development, the precautionary principle, the polluter pays principle and the principle of common but differentiated responsibility. Among the principles, the responsibility not to cause environmental damage, principle of notification and cooperation, especially in relation to emergencies, and the environmental impact assessment are evolved into established customary international law. The precautionary principle has now reached the threshold of customary international law. The content of some principles of international environmental law has been concretized and the scope of the application of the principles has been substantially extended. However, for the improvement of functioning of the principles as a guide in the solution of international environmental problems and harmonious development of international environmental law with other area of international law, the content of principles has to be more substantialized and the problem of fragmentation of international law has to be solved.

판문점 선언 국회 비준 동의의 국제법적 諸문제

김지진 제주대학교 법과정책연구원 2019 法과 政策 Vol.25 No.1

International law issues concerning an approval of ratification of the Panmunjom Declaration are rocketing high these days. In order to analyze the issue, first we should solve a problem whether North Korea is a international legal person who can conclude an agreement having binding forces.(subjects of international law) Customary international laws say a nation state as an international legal person should have four elements; ① a permanent population, ② a defined territory, ③ government, ④ capacity to enter into relations with other states. In this regard, North Korea can be treated as a nation state in international law system. While North Korea is an international legal person, all agreement between South and North divided into treaty or non-treaty such as communique common or gentlemen’s agreement. Treaty means an international agreement concluded between subjects of international law and governed by international law. In this definition, key factors are whether an agreement have binding force and create rights and obligations in international law. In this way, the Panmunjom Declaration should be regarded as a non-binding agreement without rights and obligations in international law, because it has no textual structure like a treaty, no material actions between two parties and no article for ratification and taking in effect. Furthermore, we cannot find any tangible evidence saying the two parties have apparently agreed to conclude a binding accord. When it comes to an approval of ratification of this non-binding agreement, there are two conflicting issues: providing binding force, status in municipal legal system. First, the approval issue can give an inference that the administration is intending to solely give a binding force to the Declaration. However, all concerned parties should agree to give a binding force in order to make a treaty in international law. Therefore, there is no use solely trying to make a binding force by any action. Second, a ratification is completely different from enacting a law in the National Assembly. So if the Assembly gives an approval to ratification of the Declaration, it cannot have a same status as municipal law. 판문점 선언의 국제법적 지위와 이에 대한 국회의 비준 동의와 관련한 논란이 한창이다. 이를 검토하기 위해 우선적으로 필요한 것은 과연 북한이 국제법인격 즉 국제법 주체성을 가지고 있느냐이다. 국제법 주체 중 국가의 구성요소에 대한 일반적 정의에 따른다면 북한은 영토, 국가, 정부, 외교능력을 모두 갖추고 있어 국제법 주체인 국가에 해당한다고 보는 것이 타당하다. 가사 북한을 국가가 아니라고 한다 하더라도 국가적 요소를 모두 가지고 있는 북한은 적어도 국가에 준하는 국제법 주체성을 가진다고 보아야 한다. 따라서 북한과의 어떠한 합의든지 국제합의에 해당한다. 국가든 아니든 국제법 주체간의 합의이기 때문이다. 문제는 이것이 “법적 구속력을 가진 합의인가 아닌가.”이다. 일반국제법상 조약이라 함은 국제법주체간 법적 구속력을 부여하기로 한 합의이다. 따라서 판문점 선언이 조약인지 아닌지는 북한이 국가인지 아닌지가 아니라, 판문점 선언에 대해 남한과 북한이 법적 구속력을 부여했는지 아닌지에 따라 판단해야 한다. 이러한 법적구속력의 부여 여부는 우선적으로 당사자의 명시적인 의사를 따르는 것이 원칙이다. 하지만 이러한 명시적 의사를 알 수 없는 경우, 합의의 전후 상황, 합의의 내용 및 형식 등을 모두 종합해서 그 의사를 추정할 수밖에 없다. 일부 구체적인 합의에도 불구하고 앞서 언급한 모든 내용 등을 종합하여 볼 때 판문점 선언은 법적 구속력이 없는 일종의 공동선언이나 신사협정에 해당하는 것으로 보인다. 그렇다면 이러한 법적 구속력 없는 합의에 대해 국회의 동의를 요구한다면 어떠한 문제점이 발생하며 이를 해결할 방법은 무엇인가. 우선 법적 구속력의 측면에서 이미 법적 구속력이 없는 것으로 판단되는 판문점 선언에 대해 뒤늦게나마 법적 구속력을 부여하기 위한 일방적 의사표시로 국회의 동의를 추진했을 수 있다. 하지만 법적 구속력을 판단하는 기준은 포괄적이기 때문에 국회 동의를 추진한다는 일방적 의사만으로는 법적 구속력이 충족 될 수 없다. 따라서 법적 구속력을 가지는 후속합의를 추진하고 이에 대해 국회의 비준 동의를 요청하는 것이 합당하다. 또한 헌법 조항과 판례 및 학설의 입장에 따라 판문점 선언에 대해 국내 법률과 동일한 효력을 부여하려는 의도가 있을 수 있다. 하지만 처음부터 법적 구속력이 없는 신사협정에 대해 국회가 동의한다고 해서 국내법과 동일한 효력을 가질 수는 없는 것이다. 이행법률 제정 등을 통해 별도로 제도를 정비하는 것이 옮은 방향이다.

국제 지역 또는 특별관습법

류병운 ( Byungwoon Lyou ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2015 홍익법학 Vol.16 No.2

International community does not yet reach at clear and consistent the definition and requirements of local customary or particular customary law. However, for the nature of international conflicts among certain countries, certain local customary law may be more important as the ICJ``s trial standards than (general) customary international law. Also, it is doubtful that the requirements of various local customary or particular customary laws could be discussed in one category. Because of these reasons, it is necessary to summarize and provide the concept and the requisites of local customary or special customary law including the basis of the binding effects and the burden of proof. Under lack of the clearly fixed concept of customary international law, it should be avoided like inordinate dogmatic access to meet the establishing requisites or any theory in black and white, asking for the evidence of a state’s consent as a basis of binding effects on the country. Without demarcation among general, local, or particular customary law, if international community rigorously asks state’s consent to establish customary law as the basis of binding effects like that in a treaty, it could not obtain possible standards for dispute resolution and not develop international law through international courts. Such a local customary, or particular customary law can be conceptualized and objectified in the way of recognizing the diverse practices of countries as well as considering the necessity of standards for dispute resolutions. This article will tidy up the various, uncertain definitions and establishing requisites for local customary or particular customary law and present clearer and more specific criteria. First of all, ‘generality of a practice’ is not a requisite to build up international customary law. According to the article 38 of the ICJ statute (former PCIJ statute), Under the article, which provides that “[t]he Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply… international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law…”, only ‘general’ customary law would be recognized as the rule but local customary law or particular customary law might be excluded. However, ‘generality of a practice’ is not an indispensible requisite when the article was proposed in 1930s. The ICJ asks rather strict requisites for establishment of customary law in some cases but sometimes asks modified requisites for other cases. The opinion requiring more strict requisites for establishment of local customary law does not explain the some cases in which the ICJ found the existence of local customary law by rather modified requisites. Based on these reasons, this article divide the customary law into ① “general local customary law” in which the interests of local disputed parties get influence to that of other countries, ② “particular local customary law” in which the interests of local disputed parties (normally two countries) don’t influence to other countries’ interests. The countries insisting “general local customary law” are on the burden of proof for the establishing requisites of international customary law like customary practice as well as the existence of opinio juris, including belief that the custom exists as law. Thus, the repetition of practice and opinio juris are strictly required in order to recognize the presence of “general local customary law.” Also, the disputed parties should confirm opinio juris that those practices are bound to the customs. Mere frequent repetition of practices or even habitual practice is not enough by itself. In some cases in which the ICJ found “particular local customary law,” the court accepted the country’s argument of the practice existence without requesting clear proof about it. As a relaxing way of proving the presence of opinio juris, if the practice surely exists, the ICJ regards that opinio juris is accompanied with the practice. The relaxed requisites are applied to “particular local customary law” when dispute parties need normative standards to govern their legal relations and to resolve the dispute, or when there are historical practices between them. There is an argument that it is neither necessary nor desirable to increase the showing required to find opinio juris in special custom. Also, where the parties are interacting in a way that indicates the presence of opinio juris, there is no reason that international court should be reluctant to find the presence. This article intends to expand the concept of ‘opinio juris’ as an establishing requisite of “particular local customary law.” ‘Opinio juris’ is opinio juris sive necessitates. So, the concept could be expanded to ‘opinio juris or opinio necessitates.’ Accordingly the necessity of regulatory standards to solve the conflicts or to govern the relationship between disputed parties would be considered as opinio necessitates. Also, as an establishing requisite of “particular local customary law,” practices include a countries’ overlook or absence of persistent objection against the other country’s act. In short, if there are practices between disputed parties, “particular local customary law” is established when regulatory standards are necessary to govern the relationship between the parties or to solve the conflicts, where ‘opinio necessitates,’ exist.

국제사법 제2조상의 국제재판관할 관련 우리나라 판례의 검토

최성수(Choi Sung-Soo) 동아대학교 법학연구소 2010 東亞法學 Vol.- No.48

International jurisdiction depends on what court of specific country as a whole should try legal contestation or what specific country as a whole responsibility for trial should be distributed to. When international private law was totally revised on April 7, 2001, the general principle of international jurisdiction out of international private law (article 2) was newly established transitionally. Although it was regulations in a general form of ‘substantial connection’, it will be an important ground to judge international jurisdiction in the future Although the parties to a suit may not be secured predictability or legal stability because of the abstract standard of ‘substantial connection’ in international private law (article2), it is expected that a distinct standard will appear since cases are being created reflecting revised contents after revising international private law. More distinct trend will be disclosed through more accumulated cases in the future. However, Cases in the present have become a trend which judges international jurisdiction in proper application of indications such as ‘ideals of allocation in international jurisdiction’, ‘jurisdiction of domestic law’ and ‘uniqueness of international jurisdiction’ suggested in international private law (article 2) including the indication of ‘substantial connection’. At least, it is being escaped from a trend which judges international jurisdiction in the category of regulations and sound reasoning in land jurisdiction as the past cases. International private law (article 2) is not simple reflection of the existing cases of Supreme Court. In international private law (article 2), a new standard of judgment is established. However, Supreme Court from the above regulation is still in the process of setting up its position. As partial cases are seen, an attitude of inclusive judgment after arranging conditions without establishment of reasonable logic by being inclined to only the abstract standard of substantial connection should be sublated. In the future, inclusive cases integrating laws, regulations and theories in the present in the position of Supreme Court should be created. Based on relatively distinct cases as above, it is expected that the parties to a suit including practical officers will have predictability in instituting a lawsuit. In addition, it is necessary to watch over in what direction international treaty and legislation and international jurisdiction related cases of major countries including South Korea are developed in the side of comparative law to get more information for setting up Korean cases.

국제인도법상 통제 기준에 관한 소고

홍진형 국민대학교 법학연구소 2022 법학논총 Vol.34 No.3

This article reviews control tests under international humanitarian law. First of all, it reviews the effective control standard under the law of state responsibility and overall control standard under international humanitarian law, and how they two are related but different. It also finds that the two tests do not conflict, and their applications should be flexible depending on the context they are used. In determining the existence of an international armed conflict under international humanitarian law, the overall control standard seems to have established its solid status and there is even a possibility of it being used in the area of state responsibility. In addition, the effective overall test has been formed by ECtHR to impute responsibility to a state which exercises effective control outside of its territory indirectly through a third party there. Next, the article examined the effective control test under occupation law, which is an important specific area of international humanitarian law. The early origin of the test is found in the Hague Regulations and the Geneva Conventions and the Article 42 of the Hague Regulation is recognized to form customary international law. Cumulative criteria for the effective control test have been developed through international precedents and state practice. The indirect effective control test has been proposed regarding occupation. According to the test, occupation occurs if a state controls the territory through a local proxy without exerting direct influence over a territory. The subject of ‘control’ in international law is sometimes associated with the fragmentation of international law. However, the author believe that the segmentation is inevitable considering the diversification of entities of and behaviors in international law. The control tests in international law, including the law of state responsibility and international humanitarian law, are interrelated and often cross-examined regardless of the area of international law they are applied. In addition, the new control tests were derived by combining the traditional control tests. The new control standards would help eliminate the blind areas of international humanitarian law, embracing new actors and behaviors. 일반적 맥락에서 통제는 방향성을 가지고 일방 당사자가 타방 당사자의행위에 제약을 가하는 제반 행위를 의미한다. 국제법상 통제는 국제책임법, 국제인도법, 국제인권법, 영토 권한의 확인 등 다양한 맥락에서 사용되는데 이 논문에서는 그 중 국제인도법상 통제 기준들에 대해 논한다. 국제인도법에서도 통제는 복수의 목적으로 활용되는 바 이들을 함께 검토한다. 먼저 조직된 무장집단의 행위가 특정 국가의 행위로 귀속될 수 있는지를 판단하는 데 사용되는 통제 기준을 검토한다. 우선 국가책임법상 비국가행위자의 행위를 특정 국가의 행위로 귀속시키기 위한 통제 기준인 실효적 통제 기준과, 비국제적 무력충돌을 국제적 무력충돌로 변환시킴에 있어 조직된 무장집단의 행위가 특정 국가의 행위로 귀속될 수 있는지를 판단하는 데 사용되는 전반적 통제 기준의 등장배경과 구성요소를 각각 살펴본다. 특히 국제법상 양 기준의 관계와 유효성 및 한계를 다룬 판례와학설들을 중심으로 검토하였다. 그 결과 전반적 통제 기준이 실효적 기준이 아닌 엄격한 통제를 대체하기 위해 등장한 기준이며 전반적 통제와 실효적 통제 기준이 양립할 수 있음을 논하였다. 한편 유럽인권재판소는 간접적인 외부 세력의 존재나 비국가행위자 행위의 다변화를 반영할 수 있는 ‘전반적 실효적 통제 기준’을 고안하였다. 이 기준은 특정 지역에 실효적 통제를 가하고 있는 외부의 국가가 존재할 경우, 지역 내에서 발생하는개별 행위에는 실효적 통제가 없더라도 행위 귀속을 가능케 한다. 이후 점령법상 점령의 존재를 확인하는 데 사용되는 실효적 통제 기준에 대해 논의한다. 점령의 법적 근거와 외국 군대의 주둔, 점령 영토에서권한의 행사, 그리고 군사 점령에 대한 비동의라는 세가지의 누적적 요건을 확인하였다. 비교적 최근에 제시되고 있는 ‘간접적 실효적 통제 기준에대해 논의한다. 이 기준은 특정 국가가 전반적 통제를 가하고 있는 현지권한 당국을 통해 이루어지더라도 점령이 인정될 수 있음을 시사한다. 기존의 엄격한 통제, 실효적 통제, 전반적 통제를 기반으로 하면서도 새로이제시되는 통제 기준을 통해 국제인도법은 보완되며 발전할 것이다.

국제환경법 관련 법 이론의 발전에 관한 연구 * 1) - 󰡔국제법평론󰡕 제1호부터 제49호까지 논문을 중심으로 -

이창열(Lee, Chang Youl) 국제법평론회 2018 국제법평론 Vol.0 No.51

International Environmental law is a field that has made much progress through a variety of international conventions, resolutions, declarations, guidelines, action plan such as the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1992, the Framework Convention on Climate Change and its protocols in 1992, the Stockholm Declarations in 1972, the World Natural Charter in 1982, and the Rio Declarations in 1992. The common awareness of the international community on the importance of the global environment has brought controversy about the protection of the earth environment and state responsibility. In this regard, international society has introduced a number of legal principles and approaches, which have played a crucial role in the development and proliferation of international environmental law in order to solve the problems of international environmental law. At the same time, however, the legal principles and approaches have been criticized for lack of legal binding force and specificity. Research on the international environmental law has been published consistently in the Korea International Law Review. Therefore, it is very meaningful to look at the development aspect of legal theory in the filed of the international environmental law through the Korea International Law Review for the 20th anniversary of the Korea International Law Review. There is a limit to the facts that results of this study can not be generalized since scope of this research is restricted to the Korea International Law Review. However, many great scholars of the international law academic community have published articles on the Korea International Law Review. Thus, it is worthwhile that this paper can partially infer perspective of the international law academic community in korea. This research attempts to classify the articles of the Korea International Law Review concerning the international environmental law by time and a subject so as to understand advance of law theory and research trends over time.

국제법과 인류학 : 국제사회의 원시성에 대한 비판적 고찰

오시진 대한국제법학회 2022 國際法學會論叢 Vol.67 No.4

Is the anthropological approach meaningful to international law? Contrary to existing common sense, there is a case in which legal scholars studied international law academically by discussing primitive society, which was mainly discussed in anthropology. H.L.A. Hart, in particular, argued that international law was analogous to primitive law as a primary rule. Hart quoted anthropologists when discussing primitive law. This study aims to examine the characteristics of the international society by critically approaching Hart's theory of primitive society and examining primitive society from an anthropological perspective. The premise of Hart's modernist view is the inability to separate the governing state from the law. This study criticizes this from the point of view of legal pluralism in anthropology, and attempts to examine the unique characteristics of the international community. By empirically examining the social structure and legal system of the so-called primitive society and considering the thick description thereof, different types of laws and semantic systems may exist. Although Hart points out three limitations of primitive society, it is difficult to accept Hart's argument when considering the context of that society from a different perspective. In such a society, the uncertainty of the law may be perceived differently. Also the legislative process may not necessarily be static. Furthermore, it cannot be concluded that there is no judiciary at all, and it is difficult to conclude that self-help is necessarily ineffective. When viewed outside of the the modernist perspective, the issue of incomplete international law in the international community can be partially resolved, and there is a possibility that the unique legal character of international law can be accepted as it is according to its context. This study points out that the social structure of the international community is different from that of the municipal law based on the nation-state, and accordingly, the meaning system, the imagined reality in the international community, may be different. Borrowing Geertz’s perspective, the international community can be seen to be composed of different forms of distinction between law and fact. International law can be viewed as its own system of meaning that must be interpreted differently from the point of view of members of the international community. 인류학적 접근이 국제법에 유의미한 부분이 있을까? 기존 상식과 달리 법학자들이 원시사회 개념을 통하여 국제사회의 구조를 고찰한 사례가 있다. 특히, H.L.A. Hart는 인류학자들의 글을 인용하며 국제법이 1차규칙으로 원시법과 유사하다고 주장하였다. Hart의 이러한 시각은 국제법학계에도 지대한 영향을 주어왔다. 이에 본 연구는 Hart의 원시사회에 대한 시각이 근대주의적 시각이라 비판하며, 인류학적인 시각에서 국제사회의 구조와 성격을 재고찰하는 것을 목적으로 한다. Hart의 시각은 근대주의적인 것으로 그 전제에는 통치국가와 법을 분리하지 못하는 사고가 있다. 본 연구는 이를 인류학의 법다원주의적 시각에서 비판하며, 국제사회의 독특한 특성을 고찰하고자 한다. 현실의 원시사회 사회구조와 법체계를 그들의 시각에서 중층기술하여 실증적으로 고찰하여 보았을 때, 다른 형태의 법과 의미체계가 존재할 수 있다. Hart는 원시사회의 문제점 3가지를 지적하지만, 이와 같은 시각에서는 Hart의 주장을 받아들이기 어렵다. 비근대주의적 시각에서는 법의 불확정성이 달리 받아들여질 수 있다. 또한, 원시사회의 입법과정이 정적이라는 것이 당위적으로 받아들여져야 할 필요가 없다. 나아가 원시사회에서 사법부가 아예 없다고 단정할 수도 없고, 자력구제가 반드시 비효율적이라고 단정하기도 어렵다. 근대주의적 시각을 탈피했을 때, 국제법의 구조는 그만의 독특한 법적성격과 그 맥락에 따라 재해석하여 이해될 수 있을 것이다. 필자는 국제사회의 사회구조가 국민국가를 기본으로 하는 국내법의 그것과 차이가 있기에, 다르게 상상된 현실인 그 의미체계의 구성이 국내법과는 다를 수밖에 없다는 점을 지적한다.

한국의 국제법 연구동향과 과제 : 국제경제법 분야 - 최근 10년간 신진학자 국내학위 취득현황 -

박언경 (사)한국국제경제법학회 2019 국제경제법연구 Vol.17 No.1

본 연구는 국제법 분야 중 국제경제법 분야에서 최근 10년(2007~2017)간 신진학자가 국내대학에서 박사학위를 취득한 박사논문의 특징을 통계수치로 도출하여, 국제경제법 분야의 연구주제, 연구방법론 등의 후속연구를 도출하는 기초자료로 기여하는 것과 함께, 법학전문대학원 도입 이후 제기되고 있는 국제법학의 학문후속세대의 감소현상에 대한 우려를 실체적인 통계를 통해 파악하고자 하였다. 동 연구수행을 위한 자료의 수집은 선행연구와 동일하게 국립중앙도서관 웹사이트, 디지털 학술정보 유통시스템(dCollection), 학술연구정보서비스(RISS), 각 대학의 중앙도서관 검색시스템을 활용하여 진행하였다. 국제경제법 분야의 최근 10년간 신규박사학위 취득자는 47명으로 확인되었다. 동 논문들의 분석은 연도별 현황, 언어 및 국적별 현황, 연구분야별 현황, 지역 및 대학별 현황 등을 기준으로 실시하였다. 연구분야별 통계를 도출하는 기준이 된 연구분야는 국내 전문학술서의 공통된 편제를 토대로 분류하였다. 동 연구를 통해 다음과 같은 결과를 도출할 수 있다. 첫째, 학문후속세대의 감소 우려에 대해서는 예상과 달리 매년 고정적인 숫자의 학위취득자가 배출되고 있다는 점이다. 그러나 법학전문대학원의 출범 이후 학문후속세대와의 유의미성을 발견하기 위해서는 신규박사학위취득자들이 학위취득에 소요된 기간의 도출, 2012년 이후 법학전문대학원 출신들의 박사과정 진학여부 및 학위취득 여부 등이 연구가 필요하다는 점을 확인하였다. 둘째 국제경제법 분야에서 국제화 역량의 강화현상을 확인할 수 있다. 외국인 국적의 박사학위취득자의 증가는 우리나라의 국제경제법 역량이 국제화 수준에 부합하는 것으로 볼 수 있으며, 외국어로 작성된 박사학위논문 수의 증가는 학문후속세대에게 있어서 언어적인 요소가 장애로 작동하지 않음을 의미한다. 셋째 국제경제법 분야는 국제공법에 비해 현안문제에 대한 연구가 신속하게 진행되고 있다. 최근에는 전통적인 연구주제인 WTO법에서 벗어나, 국제금융투자 분야의 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있는 현상을 보인다. 마지막으로 학문후속세대의 서울집중현상이 국제공법 분야에 비해 더욱 두드러지게 나타난다. 조사대상 기간 중 비서울소재 대학에서는 단 7명만이 박사학위를 취득하였으며, 이들 중 외국인을 제외하면 단 3명에 불과하다. 우리나라가 처한 대외통상환경을 고려할 때, 국제경제법 분야의 연구인력의 확대는 중요한 과제이다. 국제경제법 분야의 박사학위취득자 배출현황을 보면 수치적으로는 꾸준히 배출하고 있는 것으로 보여지지만, 확장성의 측면에서는 서울 소재 법학전문대학원에서만 박사학위 취득자가 배출되는 부정적 측면이 나타난다. 법학전문대학원 체제가 도입된 현 시점에서는 경제학, 무역학, 정치외교학 등 인접학문을 전공한 예비법조인을 학문후속세대로 양성하는 방안을 모색할 필요가 있다. 이들 대학을 중심으로 정규교과를 통한 전문지식 교육, 연구역량강화를 위한 개별 학술지도, 공동연구 진행 등의 활동이 필요하다. 궁극적으로는 법학전문대학원 외에도 인접학문인 경제학, 경영학, 무역학, 정치외교학에서 국제경제법을 학습할 수 있는 교육여건과 환경이 조성되어야 할 것이며, 이를 위한 노력이 필요하다. This research analyzed the doctoral theses on international economic law published in Korea from March 2007 to August 2017 based on quantitative statistics. Through the statistic analysis, it checks on the status of the subsequent generation of international economic law scholars, and contributes as a basic data for research theme and methodology of follow-up researches in the field of international economic law. At the same time, the research tries to understand the implicit of the concern about the decline of the subsequent generations of international law, which has been raised since the introduction of the law school. The primary data for the statistics, like precedent research, is the deposit date of the National Library of Korea and supplemental data is from ‘dCollection’, ‘RISS’, and websites of central libraries of the graduate schools and law schools. A total of 47 international economic law papers were collected through the above sources. As the framework of the analysis, the quantity or ratio of the year, the research field, nationality, the language, the region, and schools were used. A common formation of domestic professional journals is used as a criterion for deriving statistics by research field. The research aims to understand the theories and practical trends of current international economic law, to predict changes in domestic perception and categorization of international economic law, and to analyze the interests of domestic researchers to forecast future supply and demand of experts. The results of this study are as follows: First, the number of degree holders in the field of study, unlike the concerns, is constant during the period. For a meaningful implication relating to the subsequent generations after the introduction of the law school system, however, additional research upon the time required for the degree, the number of LL.D. candidates and degree recipients from law schools since 2012 is required. Second, internationalization in the field of study has been fortified. The increase in the number of degree recipients from abroad means that the capacity of Korea in international economic law is enhance enough to meet the international level. The increase in the number of the thesis in foreign languages means that languages do no work as obstacles for subsequent generation any more. Third, the study of international economic law, compared to the other international laws, is proceeding more rapidly. A recent trend is the expansion of the international finance and investment laws, which has shifted away from the traditional WTO law. Finally, the concentration of researchers in Seoul is more prominent in international economic law than international public law. During the survey period, only seven got the degree from the universities not in Seoul, and only 3 of them are Koreans. In terms of the trade environment around Korea, the supply of researchers in international economic law is momentous. Though the number of the degree recipients in international law continues to increase, the concentration in law schools in Seoul seems negative in terms of expandability. Under the law school system, it is necessary to seek ways to foster preliminary law students who majored in related sciences such as economics, trade studies, and political diplomacy as follow-up generations. Centering on the departments, professional training through regular curriculum, individual journals for strengthening research capacity, and joint research activities can be alternatives. Ultimately, in addition to law school, the educational environment that can learn international economic law in the neighboring disciplines such as economics, business administration, trade science, and political diplomacy should be established.

한국의 국제법 연구동향과 과제: 국제공법 분야 * 1) - 최근 10년간 신진학자 국내학위 취득현황-

박언경(Park, Eon-kyung),김태길(KIM, Tae Gil) 국제법평론회 2018 국제법평론 Vol.0 No.51

This paper analyzed the doctoral theses on international law published in Korea from January 2007 to August 2017. Since a doctoral thesis is a completion of in-depth academic research for many years and the start of the researcher as a professional researcher, theses have been thought to predict research trends, to understand the current state of international legal capacity in Korea, and to deduce the activities of future generations of scholars. The purposes of this study are to understand the theories and practical trends of modern international law, to predict changes in domestic perception and categorization of international law, and to analyze the interests of domestic researchers to forecast future supply and demand of experts. This study is based on quantitative statistics. The basic data of statistics are doctoral theses upon international law granted by graduate schools and law schools in Korea from the first semester of 2007 to the first semester of 2017. In this paper, the primary data is the deposit date of the National Library of Korea and supplemental data is from ‘dCollection’, ‘RISS’, and websites of central libraries of the graduate schools and law schools. A total of 76 international law papers were collected through the above sources. As the framework of the analysis, the quantity or ratio of the year, the research field, nationality, the language, the region, and schools were used. The field of research has been classified into the fields of international law (international treaty law), international maritime law, international environmental law, international human rights law, international criminal law and other fields in consideration of the titles, abstracts, main subject and major of advisors of each thesis. The results of this study are as follows: First, the number of doctors majored in international law has increased since the introduction of the law school. However, in order to find a meaningful relationship between the launch of a law school and the subsequent generation of scholar, it is necessary to examine the duration of new doctoral degree holders and the degree of doctoral studies and degrees obtained from law school graduates. Second, Korea s international legal capacity is concentrated on the maritime law, environmental law and human right law. In the current situation where the conditions for the education of international law are limited, the concentration of the human resources in a few specific fields means that other fields of international law are getting more vulnerable and we need prepare for this. Lastly, many international law doctors are emanating not only from the metropolitan area, but also from the provinces. It is necessary to think about ways to diversify academic activities for academic exchange with them. There are concerns among scholars about the possibility of international law collapsing unlike the figures that are visually revealed in this study. In order to overcome this reality, the role of senior scholars is essential such as the proposal of a new research field, academic guidance for strengthening research capacity, collaborative researches, and careers through the opening of related courses.