Research on the Expert System of Mathematics Application Question Teaching

Feng Shan,Meng Pan,Wang Yaling 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Vol.11 No.12

In view of the automatic solution process of the elementary school mathematics application question, this article has carried on the research to the mathematics application question teaching expert system. Firstly, this paper introduces the definition and structure of the expert system. Then the system structure and function module of the mathematics application question teaching expert system design, gives a detailed description and design of information extraction module, application of rule base, application type library and application question solving process. In this paper, the application of the problem is divided into an integer one step calculation problem, the integer two steps to calculate the application and fractional scores of three parts of the application. At the same time, according to different types of applications, the structural characteristics of the analysis. According to the information extraction model and mathematical operation rules, the overall framework and function modules of the design mathematics teaching expert system are designed. And the realization process is studied. The research results show that the system can be used to demonstrate the solution of mathematical problems in detail. Help students to understand the application of the problem solving process. Make it better learn to know how to solve the problem. And it is helpful for teachers to easily understand method and carry on the teaching process. This also means that the system has practical application value. As a bridge between mathematical theory and practice, mathematical application problems have become more and more important in the implementation of mathematical quality education. It is necessary to cultivate students' mathematics application consciousness and optimize the students' thinking quality. After leaving school, every student can still think about problems and solve the problem mathematically. In consequence, pay more attention to the teaching of application problems, make the cultivation of the consciousness of "use" of mathematics throughout the whole high school stage, and integrate training students' ability of solving mathematics application question into daily teaching, which is conductive to promote the development of students' mathematical innovation, stimulate mathematics learning interest, and improve internal drive of mathematics learning. In our country, many middle school mathematics teachers have carried on the thorough research on the mathematics application problems teaching, which also has made some progress. However, there are still a lot of mistakes in the application teaching in the daily used system. In particular, the college entrance examination still has its influences, teaching material adjustment is not in place, how to teach the application problems plays a crucial role in the overall implementation of the quality education reform.

프락시 기반 애플리케이션 전자서명 검증 시스템

권상완(Sangwan Kwon),김동욱(Donguk Kim),이경우(Kyoungwoo Lee) 한국정보보호학회 2017 정보보호학회논문지 Vol.27 No.4

스마트폰의 대중화와 더불어 웨어러블 디바이스, 가전제품, 스마트 TV에도 운영체제가 보급되고 있다. 사용자는 운영체제가 설치된 디바이스 상에서 다양한 애플리케이션을 사용할 수 있게 되었지만, 반면에 애플리케이션을 통한 해커의 위협도 증가하고 있다. 이에 따라, 운영체제 내 애플리케이션의 위변조를 탐지하기 위한 기술은 더욱 중요시되고 있으며, 애플리케이션의 위변조를 탐지하기 위한 기술 중 하나로, 전자서명 기술이 널리 사용돼 왔다. W3C의 규격에 따라 애플리케이션은 최소 2회 이상의 서명이 필요하며, 설치 시 각 구성요소에 대한 모든 서명 파일이 검증되어야 한다. 따라서 애플리케이션 전자서명 검증 시스템의 성능은 운영체제의 인스톨러 성능에 큰 비중을 차지한다. W3C 규격을 준수한 운영체제의 애플리케이션 전자서명 검증 시스템은 구성요소에 대한 무결성 검증 과정이 중복되기 때문에 성능저하가 발생한다. 본 연구는 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 무결성 검증 과정 내 프락시 시스템을 도입하여 성능을 향상하는 방법을 제안한다. 제안된 연구는 기존 검증 시스템 대비 효율적으로 성능이 개선됨을 보여준다. As smart phones are becoming popular, an operating system is being used at wearable devices, home appliances and smart TVs. A user is able to use various applications on devices with operating system, but there is an increased threat of hacker. Thus, the technology for detecting the forgery of applications is becoming more important on operating system. To detect the forgery of the application, a digital signature technology is used on the filed of application digital signature. According to W3C recommendation, the signing process of application digital signature must be performed at least twice, and the applications which are signed by the application digital signature have to be validated for all signature files when the application is installed in the operating system. Hence, the performance of the application digital signature validation system is closely related to the installer performance on the operating system. Existing validation system has performance degradation due to redundancy of integrity verification among application components. This research was conducted to improve the performance of the application digital signature validation system. The proposal of validation system which is applied proxy system shows a performance improvement compared to the existing verification system.

산업경쟁력 강화를 위한 특허제도의 개선에 관한 연구

주문영(Moon-young Joo) 세창출판사 2005 창작과 권리 Vol.- No.38

The main purpose of this paper is to grope schemes to improve patent system, which can prevent effusion of high-end technology by reforming the current patent application system, to propertize outputs of corporations' research and development real time, and to consolidate industrial competitiveness in Korea. It has been increasingly emphasized the importance of intellectual property activities, for they are closely related with enhancement of national wealth. But we are recently facing the phenomenon that our advanced technologies are being drained abroad, and greatly damaging our national wealth. Therefore we think it is a better counter plan as patent policy, to loosen formal requisites of the existing patent application and to make it easier to get the priority patent application dates, for the purpose to prevent national harm caused by flow out of pioneering technology, and to promote intellectual property activities in Korea. For those purposes, here we have examined the necessities to invite the provisional application system of U.S.A. into Korea and researched for its inducing programs. We see it is desirable to define the specification's requisites in provisional application system, based on provisional specifications (including claims, and drawings) system of England, so that it can function as fair base to regular (provisional) application. If we introduce this system into our existing patent system, we cannot avoid conflicts and competitions with the current domestic priority system of patent law in Korean. To solve this problem, we are to amend the operative patent law to abolish periodical limit of one year on claiming domestic priority, and to alter the starting dates of patent duration period into the priority patent application date.

다중 계층 웹 필터를 사용하는 웹 애플리케이션 방화벽의 설계 및 구현

장성민(Sung-Min Jang),원유헌(Yoo-Hun Won) 한국컴퓨터정보학회 2009 韓國컴퓨터情報學會論文誌 Vol.14 No.12

최근 인터넷 상에서 빈번하게 발생하는 내부 정보와 개인 정보 유출과 같은 보안 사고들은 보안을 고려하지 않고 개발된 웹 애플리케이션의 취약점을 이용하는 방법으로 빈번하게 발생한다. 웹 애플리케이션의 공격들에 대한 탐지는 기존의 방화벽과 침입 탐지 시스템들의 공격 탐지 방법으로는 탐지가 불가능하며 서명기반의 침입 탐지 방법으로는 새로운 위협과 공격에 대한 탐지에 한계가 있다. 따라서 웹 애플리케이션 공격 탐지 방법에 대한 많은 연구들이 웹 트래픽 분석을 이동하는 비정상행위 기반 탐지 방법을 이용하고 있다. 비정상행위 탐지 방법을 사용하는 최근의 웹 방화벽에 관한 연구들은 웹 트래픽의 정확한 분석 방법, 패킷의 애플리케이션 페이로드 검사로 인한 성능 문제 개선, 그리고 다양한 네트워크 보안장비들의 도입으로 발생하는 통합관리 방법과 비용 문제 해결에 중점을 두고 있다. 이를 해결하기 위한 방법으로 통합 위협 관리 시스템이 등장 하였으나 부족한 웹 보안 기능과 높은 도입 비용으로 최근의 애플리케이션 공격들에 대해 정확한 대응을 하지 못하고 있는 현실이다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 문제점들을 해결하기 위해 웹 클라이언트의 요청에 포함된 파라미터 값의 길이에 대한 실시간 분석을 이용하여 공격 가능성을 탐지하는 비정상행위 탐지방법을 제안하고, 애플리케이션 데이터 검사로 발생하는 성능 저하 문제를 해결할 수 있는 다중 계층 웹 필터를 적용한 웹 애플리케이션 방화벽 시스템을 설계하고 구현하였다. 제안된 시스템은 저가의 시스템이나 레거시 시스템에 적용 가능하도록 설계하여 추가적인 보안장비 도입으로 야기되는 비용 문제를 해결할 수 있도록 하였다. Recently, the leakage of confidential information and personal information is taking place on the Internet more frequently than ever before. Most of such online security incidents are caused by attacks on vulnerabilities in web applications developed carelessly. It is impossible to detect an attack on a web application with existing firewalls and intrusion detection systems. Besides, the signature-based detection has a limited capability in detecting new threats. Therefore, many researches concerning the method to detect attacks on web applications are employing anomaly-based detection methods that use the web traffic analysis. Much research about anomaly-based detection through the normal web traffic analysis focus on three problems - the method to accurately analyze given web traffic, system performance needed for inspecting application payload of the packet required to detect attack on application layer and the maintenance and costs of lots of network security devices newly installed. The UTM(Unified Threat Management) system, a suggested solution for the problem, had a goal of resolving all of security problems at a time, but is not being widely used due to its low efficiency and high costs. Besides, the web filter that performs one of the functions of the UTM system, can not adequately detect a variety of recent sophisticated attacks on web applications. In order to resolve such problems, studies are being carried out on the web application firewall to introduce a new network security system. As such studies focus on speeding up packet processing by depending on high-priced hardware, the costs to deploy a web application firewall are rising. In addition, the current anomaly-based detection technologies that do not take into account the characteristics of the web application is causing lots of false positives and false negatives. In order to reduce false positives and false negatives, this study suggested a realtime anomaly detection method based on the analysis of the length of parameter value contained in the web client's request. In addition, it designed and suggested a WAF(Web Application Firewall) that can be applied to a low-priced system or legacy system to process application data without the help of an exclusive hardware. Furthermore, it suggested a method to resolve sluggish performance attributed to copying packets into application area for application data processing, Consequently, this study provide to deploy an effective web application firewall at a low cost at the moment when the deployment of an additional security system was considered burdened due to lots of network security systems currently used.

등기민원안내제도 개선방안 - 등기신청절차안내를 중심으로 -

신명훈 ( Shin Myeong-hun ),김봉철,김성화 사법정책연구원 2023 연구보고서 Vol.2023 No.4

등기소는 법원에서 민원인이 가장 많이 방문하는 현장부서 중 하나이다. 이러한 등기소에 근무하는 법원공무원의 민원안내에 대한 지속적인 고충 토로가 있어 왔다. 이에 등기민원안내 현장에서 발생하는 문제점 파악 및 그 개선방안을 모색하기 위해 등기소 근무 경력이 있는 직원들에 대한 의견 청취, 대한민국법원 홈페이지 ‘법원에 바란다(www.scourt.go.kr/portal/advice/AdviceList.work)’ 게시판에 접수된 등기 관련 민원, 법원행정처에서 실시한 등기민원상담제도 개선방안을 위한 설문조사 결과 등을 주로 인용하거나 참고하였다. 그 결과 민원인들의 등기업무의 특수성에 대한 이해 부족, 등기신청절차안내의 한계에 대한 민원안내담당자와 민원인 간 인식의 차이, 등기신청절차안내의 한계에 대한 보다 구체적인 기준의 부존재, 민원안내담당자의 자질(친절한 태도, 등기에 관한 지식 등) 부족, 부당한 언동(言動)을 하는 일부 민원인에 대한 법원의 부실한 대처, 직원에 의한 안내를 보완할 수 있는 제도의 미흡 등이 그 원인으로 파악되었다. 이 중 등기신청절차안내의 한계에 대한 보다 구체적인 기준의 부존재는 다른 문제에 대한 선결적 문제로서의 성격을 가지므로 먼저 등기신청절차 안내의 한계를 구체화하는 방안을 제시하였다. 구체화된 기준에 따라 표준화된 안내에도 불구하고 민원인이 기대 불충족으로 다소 불편함을 느끼는 경우, 이는 등기업무의 특수성에 따른 등기신청절차안내의 한계 때문이라는 점을 민원인에게 설명하고 양해를 구하기 위해서는 등기에 관한 전문성을 갖춘 공무원의 친절한 응대가 중요하다. 따라서 등기신청절차 안내담당자의 친절한 응대 및 전문성 제고 방안을 제안하였다. 현재의 민원상담제도에서 직원에 의한 안내를 보완할 수 있는 제도의 미흡, 부당한 언동을 하는 일부 민원인에 대한 법원의 부실한 대처 등의 문제에 대해서는 등기민원상담위원제도 확대 시행, 법무사단체와의 협조를 통한 등기민원상담, 등기신청절차 안내담당자 증원, 등기신청절차안내 사전 예약제 및 등기민원수수료, 챗봇을 활용한 등기신청절차의 안내, 부동산 등기신청서 작성 방식의 개선, 특이심리민원인 대처를 위한 협조 등의 방법을 모색하였다. 장기적으로는 등기소에서 법원공무원이 민원안내를 하지 않아야 한다는 의견도 적지 않다. 이에 ‘바람직한 장래의 등기신청절차안내’란 목차 아래에서 그 구체적 내용으로 제시될 수 있는 것으로는 어떤 것이 있는지 살펴보았다. 다만 등기소에서 등기신청절차안내를 하지않는다면 등기소업무시스템의 변화뿐만 아니라, 현재의 민원안내 방식과 비교하여 민원인의 큰 불편을 초래할 수도 있어 신중한 검토가 필요하다. 따라서 등기소에 등기신청절차안내를 위한 화상회의실(등기신청절차 안내실)을 만들어 (권역별)통합민원상담센터 또는 거점 등기소에 설치된 등기민원상담을 위한 조직의 안내담당자들과 연결될 수 있도록 하는 등, 전자광역등기체계 도입 및 등기소 편제 개편, 전자신청 활성화에 따른 방문신청 사건의 수 감소 등 미래등기시스템의 진척상황과 더불어 대안을 모색해야 할 것이다. A registry office is one of the field departments most visited by civil petitioners in a Korean court. Court officials working at registry offices have continued to complain about civil petition guides. Therefore, in order to identify problems that occur in handling registration- related civil petitions on sites and find ways to improve them, we listened to the opinions of employees who have experience working in registry offices and mainly cited or referenced registration-related petitions received on the ‘Opinions to the Court (www.scourt.go.kr/portal/ advice/AdviceList.work)’ bulletin board of the Korean Court website and the results of a survey conducted by the Ministry of Court Administration for improving the registration- related civil petition counseling system. As a result, the lack of understanding of the specificity of registration work by civil petitioners, difference in perception between civil petition officials and civil petitioners regarding the limitations of registration application procedure guides, the absence of more specific standards for the limitations of registration application procedure guides, the lack of qualifications (kind attitude, knowledge of registration, etc.) of civil petition officials, courts’ poor response to some civil petitioners who make inappropriate words and behavior, and the lack of a system to supplement the guides provided by the staff are identified as common causes of problems. Since among these, the absence of more specific standards for the limitations of registration application procedure guides stands as a prerequisite problem to other problems, we first presented ways to specify the limitations of the registration application procedure guides. In order to explain it to civil petitioners and obtain their understanding that if a civil petitioner feels somewhat uncomfortable due to the unfulfillment of expectations in spite of the standardized guides pursuant to the specified criteria, this is caused from the limitations of the registration application procedure guide due to the specificity of the registration work, it is important for public officials with expertise in registration to kindly respond to petitioners. Therefore, we proposed a “method for friendly response and professionalism of officials for guiding the registration application procedure.” For problems such as the lack of a system to supplement the guides provided by the staff and courts’ poor response to some civil petitioners who make inappropriate words and behavior in the current civil petition counseling system, we searched for methods such as the expansion of the registration-related civil petition counselor system, registration-related civil petition counseling through cooperation with judicial scrivener groups, an increase in the number of registration application procedure guides, an advance reservation system for the registration application procedure guides, registration-related civil petition fees, registration application procedure guides using chatbots, improvement in filling-out the real estate registration application form, and cooperation in dealing with civil petitions by petitioners with psychological disorders. There are many opinions that, in the long term, court officials should not guide civil petitions at registry offices. However, if registry offices do not guide the registration application process, it may cause not only changes in the registry office work system but also great inconvenience to civil petitioners compared to the current civil petition guide method, so careful review is required. Therefore, alternatives should be sought along with the progress of the future registration system, such as the introduction of an electronic wide-area registration system that creates video conference rooms (registration application procedure guide offices) at registry offices to guide registration application procedures so that it can be connected with the integrated civil petition counseling center (by region) or the civil petition officials of the organization for registration-related civil petition counseling installed at base registry offices, the reorganization of registry offices, and a reduction in the number of visit application cases by activating electronic application.

무인항공 영상을 이용한 공간정보 응용 시스템 활용 방안

이근왕,박준규 한국디지털정책학회 2019 디지털융복합연구 Vol.17 No.2

Korea is constructing geospatial information application system for geospatial information utilization, but it is trying to establish a system for joint use of geospatial information system centering on Ministry of Land Transport and Transport due to the problem of sharing. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the geospatial information application system operated by local governments, and to suggest the application of geospatial information application system using unmanned aerial images. As a result of the research, it was found that the functions of existing spatial information application system are concentrated on the public services and it is difficult to share and utilize data between administrative departments. In addition, the utilization of the system using unmanned aerial image has been suggested, and additional functions such as vector display, area calculation, and report generation have been derived to improve the usability of geospatial information application system. If additional functions of spatial information application system are added through further studies in the future, it will be possible to use it as a basic data of field survey and policy decision in related fields. And non-experts will be able to improve the efficiency of work by utilizing highly accurate geospatial information in various fields. 우리나라는 공간정보 활용을 위해 업무별 공간정보 응용 시스템을 구축하고 있으나 정보에 대한 공유 및 활용도가 낮아 국토교통부를 중심으로 공간정보 시스템의 공동활용을 위한 체계 구축에 노력하고 있다. 본 연구는 지방자치단체에서 운영하고 있는 공간정보 응용 시스템 현황을 조사 및 분석하고, 무인항공 영상을 이용한 공간정보 응용 시스템의 공동활용 방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 연구를 통해 기존의 공간정보 응용 시스템의 기능이 대민서비스에 집중되어 있고, 행정부서 간 데이터 공유 및 활용이 어려운 실정임을 파악하였다. 또한, 공간정보 응용 시스템의 공동활용을 위해 무인항공영상 기반의 임차 및 전용면적 차이 산출, 무단 점유지 정보 확인 등 방안을 제시하였으며, 공간정보 응용 시스템 공동활용을 위한 벡터 표시, 면적계산, 보고서 생성 등 추가 기능을 도출하였다. 향후 추가적인 연구를 통해 공간정보 응용 시스템의 기능 추가가 이루어진다면 관련 분야의 현장실태조사 및 정책결정의 기초자료로 활용이 가능할 것이며, 공간정보 분야의 경험이 없는 비전문가도 정확도 높은 공간정보를 다양한 분야에 활용함으로써 업무의 효율성을 높일 수 있을 것이다.

Development of a Nitrogen Application System for Nitrogen Deficiency in Corn

Noh, Hyun Kwon Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery 2017 바이오시스템공학 Vol.42 No.2

Purpose: Precision agriculture includes determining the right amount of nitrogen for a specific location in the field. This work focused on developing and validating a model using variable rate nitrogen application based on the estimated SPAD value from the ground-based image sensor. Methods: A variable rate N application based on the decision making system was performed using a sensor-based variable rate nitrogen application system. To validate the nitrogen application decision making system based on the SPAD values, the developed N recommendation was compared with another conventional N recommendation. Results: Sensor-based variable rate nitrogen application was performed. The nitrogen deficiency level was measured using the image sensor system. Then, a variable rate application was run using the decision model and real-ti me control. Conclusions: These results would be useful for nitrogen management of corn in the field. The developed nitrogen application decision making system worked well, when considering the SPAD value estimation.

Development of a Nitrogen Application System for Nitrogen Deficiency in Corn

( Hyun Kwon Noh ) 한국농업기계학회 2017 바이오시스템공학 Vol.42 No.2

Purpose: Precision agriculture includes determining the right amount of nitrogen for a specific location in the field. This work focused on developing and validating a model using variable rate nitrogen application based on the estimated SPAD value from the ground-based image sensor. Methods: A variable rate N application based on the decision making system was performed using a sensor-based variable rate nitrogen application system. To validate the nitrogen application decision making system based on the SPAD values, the developed N recommendation was compared with another conventional N recommendation. Results: Sensor-based variable rate nitrogen application was performed. The nitrogen deficiency level was measured using the image sensor system. Then, a variable rate application was run using the decision model and real-time control. Conclusions: These results would be useful for nitrogen management of corn in the field. The developed nitrogen application decision making system worked well, when considering the SPAD value estimation.

대도시 지방정부의 GIS 구축, 활용과 문제점에 관한 연구

박욱성(Park Wook-sung) 한국공공관리학회 2005 한국공공관리학보 Vol.19 No.2

이 논문은 서울시와 경기도 도시정부의 지리정보시스템의 구축, 활용실태와 문제점을 분석하고, 효율적 운영을 위한 방안을 제시하는데 있다. 논문의 주요내용은 도시정부 지리정보시스템의 이론적 고찰, 서울시와 경기도 도시 정부 지리정보시스템의 전담조직, 기본계획, 전산화 추진현황을 설명하고, GIS구축ㆍ활용에서의 문제점 분석, GIS의 효율적 구축ㆍ활용을 위한 개선방안으로 구성되어 있다. GIS는 정보화 및 지방화시대에서 도시정부의 다양한 업무영역에 점차 활용도가 증대되고 있다. 한국은 1995년 국가 GIS 기본계획을 수립한 이후에 극가, 지방자치단체를 대상으로 GIS사업영역을 확장 추진하여 왔다. GIS구축ㆍ활용의 기대성과로 들 수 있는 것은 시정업무의 신속성, 효율성, 정확성의 향상기대, 의사결정을 위한 주요한 기초자료로 이용기대, 각종 사고 및 유사시의 초기 대처가능기대, 시민 행정서비스의 향상기대이다. 경기도 도시정부들의 GIS구축의 문제점은 지자체 공간정보 기반구축 미흡, 지자체 GIS정보화 추진체계 구축부재, GIS정보화추진 전문 인력 부족, GIS데이터베이스 체계적 유지관리 미흡, 지자체 공간정보의 갱신전략미흡을 들 수 있다. 활용에서의 문제점은 지자체GIS와 지하시설물 관련 GIS주체가 다른 데에서 오는 시스템 통합 부재, 법, 제도의 미비, 공공참여가 활성화 되어있지 못한 점을 들 수 있다. 도시정부의 GIS를 도시정보시스템(UIS)으로 발전시키기 위한 도시정부 정책결정자의 관심증대와 적극적인 빙안 마련이 요구된다고 하겠다. This article is study on the construction, application and problem analysis of Geographic Information System(GIS) in Seoul city government and municipal local governments of Kyunggi-do, Korea. The main contents of this article are composed of (1) theoretical consideration of municipal local governments GIS, (2) GIS exclusive charge organization, basic plan, promoting present situation of administrative computerizing of Seoul city government and municipal local governments of Kyunggi-do. (3) Problem analysis of GIS construction, application. (4) improvement plan for the GIS's efficient construction, application. GIS application in various services of municipal governments is gradually increasing in the age of information and localization. Since 1995, Korean central government has established a National Geographic Information System (NGIS) basic plan, thereafter Korean central government is extending GIS program to municipal local governments. The expecting outcomes of GIS construction application cite a case such as. (1) Speediness, efficiency, accuracy betterment of municipal government affairs, (2) using as important basic materials in decision-making, (3) prompt disposal expectedness on the accidents of various kinds and in time of emergency. The problems of GIS construction in Kyunggi-do city governments are (1) the lack of foundation construction on space information, (2) the construction absence of GIS information propulsion system, (3) the insufficiency of GIS information prompting special working manpower. (4) The lack of GIS's data base's systematic maintenance administration (5) the discontent of space information renewal strategy. The problem of GIS application in Kyunggi-do city governments are (1) system integration absence deriving from difference of the managing mainbody between municipal local government GIS and underground facilities GIS, (2) insufficiency of law and institution promoting GIS application. It is needed that municipal local government policy-makers take a increasing interest in city government GIS and prepare the active plan.

Development of a Nitrogen Application System for Nitrogen Deficiency in Corn

노현권 한국농업기계학회 2017 바이오시스템공학 Vol.42 No.2

Purpose: Precision agriculture includes determining the right amount of nitrogen for a specific location in the field. This work focused on developing and validating a model using variable rate nitrogen application based on the estimated SPAD value from the ground-based image sensor. Methods: A variable rate N application based on the decision making system was performed using a sensor-based variable rate nitrogen application system. To validate the nitrogen application decision making system based on the SPAD values, the developed N recommendation was compared with another conventional N recommendation. Results: Sensor-based variable rate nitrogen application was performed. The nitrogen deficiency level was measured using the image sensor system. Then, a variable rate application was run using the decision model and real-ti me control. Conclusions: These results would be useful for nitrogen management of corn in the field. The developed nitrogen application decision making system worked well, when considering the SPAD value estimation.