세계사의 맥락에서 본 20세기 초 내륙아시아 조사 활동 : 스벤 헤딘과 오타니 고즈이

시라스 조신 국립중앙박물관 2015 미술자료 Vol.- No.87

The late 19th to early 20th century was the prime time for the expeditions in Inner Asia. Along the routes taken by the expeditions from Europe, America, and Japan, a great amount of new historical and archaeological materials were unearthed. A large part of Inner Asia, such as Eastern Turkestan and Tibet then was within the Qing dynasty’s territory. Even though the Qing was in decline, the foreign expedition teams could not freely choose their expedition routes. The complex international relations ensued from the imperial powers’ pursuit for expansion into Inner Asia and the Qing’s effort to resist them resulted in many restrictions on entering certain regions. In previous scholarship, little attention has been paid to this complex situation behind the Inner Asian expeditions. This essay examines the restrictions on Sven Hedin and Ōani Kozui’s expeditions to Inner Asia based on the newly found materials that had been preserved in Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. The first section of the essay discusses the conflicts between Britain, Russia, and Qing over Tibet. In 1904, the British Empire invaded Tibet and signed the Treaty of Lhasa, and succeeded in preventing Russia’s exertion of power over Tibet. In 1906, in an effort to reconcile with the Qing, Britain signed the Convention between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet. Then in 1907, Anglo-Russian Convention was concluded between Britain and Russia, both agreeing not to intervene with Tibet. The last section looks into the restrictions that Ōani Expedition suffered during their second and third expeditions. In 1909-1910, Ōani requested to the British Indian Government permission to travel through Karakorum Pass and to conduct research in Nepal and Tibet, only to receive a series of rejections. Afterwards, Ōani visited Britain and declared that his expedition team would go to Inner Asia via Russia and would not conduct research in Tibet. However, Ōani later on changed the research plan of one of his members, Aoki Bunkyo, and ordered him to sneak into Tibet without any official authorization from the British Indian Government.

『티베트 원정기』의 지리들

김순배(Sun-Bae Kim) 대한지리학회 2018 대한지리학회지 Vol.53 No.5

본 글의 목적은 19세기 말에서 20세기 초에 활동한 스웨덴의 탐험가이자 지리학자인 스벤 헤딘의 『티베트 원정기』(1934)를 유명과 무명의 관점에서 소개하려는 것이다. 즉 그의 여행기에 숨어 있는 ‘무명’의 지리들을 정복하여 ‘유명’의 지리들을 구축하려 했던 그의 탐험가로서의 호기심과 제국주의적 시선 및 권력을 드러내어 비판적으로 분석하고, 나아가 그가 경험한 티베트 자연과 사람들의 삶과 죽음에 관한 유명과 무명의 지리들을 소개하였다. 첫째, ‘유명의 욕망으로서의 지리와 탐험’이라는 주제를 분석한 결과, 헤딘의 몸과 일대기, 그의 원정기속에는 ‘유명’과 ‘지식’을 갈망하는 인간 본연의 호기심과 제국주의적 모방의 근성이 아비투스로 간직되어 있다. 둘째, ‘유명의 지리들에 정복된 무명의 지리들’을 살펴본 결과, 헤딘이 명명하고 작성한 ‘유명’과 ‘앎’을 추구하는 지명과 지도들에는 ‘무명’의 티베트 자연과 문화를 정복하여 통제 가능하게 만들려는 ‘유명’의 욕망, 권력 관계, 통치성이 내재되어 있다. 마지막으로 티베트의 거대하고 거친 자연 환경은 그곳의 사람들을 ‘유명’과 ‘삶’ 보다는 ‘무명’과 ‘죽음’을 긍정하게 만들었고, 궁극적으로는 ‘삶’과 ‘죽음’, ‘유명’과 ‘무명’의 이항 대립을 허물어 양자 사이의 공존과 화해를 이끌도록 하였다. This article aims to introduce A Conquest of Tibet (1934) written by the Swedish explorer and geographer, Sven Hedin who had been actively engaged during the late 19th century and the early 20th, through the lens of ‘the named’ and ‘the nameless’. I critically examine his profound curiosity as an explorer as well as the imperialistic eyes and power with which he had not only tried to conquer ‘the nameless geographies’, but also to concurrently construct ‘the named geographies’ intrinsic to his travel writing, giving a geographical introduction that is related to ‘the named’ and ‘the nameless geographies’ in terms of ‘the life’ and ‘the death’ of land and people in Tibet which he had experienced. Through the first theme, that is, “Geographies and expedition as insatiable desires of ‘the named’”, I probe into how Hedin’s body, lifelong history, and travel writing conveyed a curious desire of human nature and mimetic imperialism which were reflective of a rigid habitus. In the second theme, “‘The nameless geographies’ conquered by ‘the named one’”, I suggest that his place names and maps sought to establish ‘the named’ and ‘awareness and knowledge’ had connoted the radical desires of ‘the named’, power relations, and governmentality which attempted to make Tibetan nature and culture of ‘the nameless’ legible, calculable, and governable. Lastly, I argue the enormous and harsh natural environment in Tibet had led Tibetans and Hedin to affirm and comprehend ‘the nameless’ and ‘the death’ more than ‘the named’ and ‘the life’. Ultimately, mother nature in Tibet induced the removal of the binarity and dichotomy between ‘the life’ and ‘the death’, also ‘the named’ and ‘the nameless’, and thus allowed both of them to coexist and to be reconciled.

한국 중앙아시아학의 연원

권영필 ( Young Pil Kwon ) 중앙아시아학회 2015 中央아시아硏究 Vol.20 No.2

The purpose of this article is to explain how Central Asian studies, or the study of the Silk Road in its broad meaning, existed and developed in Korea long before “The Association for the Central Asian Studies of Korea (1993)” and “The Korean Association for Central Asian Studies (1996)” were founded. The development of Central Asian studies in Korea has three stages. The first is the stage of making connections (1900s-1945). Notable examples in this stage include a visit of the respected Swedish leader of Central Asian studies, Sven Hedin (1865-1952), to Korea and his lecture on the nineteenth of December in 1908 on the topic of the Silk Road for Koreans. This was the first such lecture in Korea. Another example is Kimm Chung-Se (金重世, 1882-1946) the first Korean scholar who studied in Germany, finished the doctoral course at Berlin University, and published an annotated translation of a Central Asian Buddhist script (a list of Buddhist rules [佛敎戒本: Pratimoksa]) in an international academic journal(Asia Major, vol.2, Leipzig 1925). The second is the germination stage (1946-1979): Korean scholars who studied at the University of Tokyo in Japan, including Koh Byong-ik (高柄翊, 1924-2004) who taught classes on the history of east and west cultural exchange at Seoul National and Yonsei Universities, and Jo Jwa-ho (1917-1991) who first used the concept of ‘The Silk Road,’ in his book. In addition, in 1976 a class of Central Asian Art was first opened in Korea at Hongik University which laid the foundation for the development of Central Asian studies. In 1977 an international symposium about the Silk Road was first held in Korea hosted by the National Academy of Sciences in which Higuchi Takayasu from Japan and Joachim Werner from Germany gave presentations. The third is the transition stage (1980-1993): scholars of Central Asian Studies abroad came back to Korea and made their contributions. In 1986 the Central Asia Room was opened at the National Museum of Korea exhibiting items from the Otani Collection, giving an opportunity to popularize the field. In 1991, Silk Road antiquities from the Hermitage Museum in Russia and the Berlin Museum in Germany were first exhibited at the National Museum of Korea as Korean Central Asian studies gradually internationalized. Moreover, in this stage there was a crucial international academic event, the International Silk Road Great Expedition: Xinjiang, Southern Russia, and Maritime Route hosted by Unesco(1990-1991). This gave a precious opportunity for Koreans to meet foreign scholars of Central Asian studies and to view antiquities. Also the participation of Korean experts of Central Asian Studies, including Kwon Young-pil and Kim Ho-dong, resulted in significant achievements and brought about the organization in 1993 of the Association for the Central Asian Studies of Korea as well as the founding of its later form, the Korean Association for Central Asian Studies in 1996.