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이강호 미술사연구회 2013 미술사연구 Vol.- No.27
The Namwon region is home to a comparatively larger number of early-Goryeo period(918~1170) Buddhist statues than other cities in Korea’s Jeollabuk-do province. Approximately 30 such statues remain in the region, including the well-known stone standing Buddha statue at Manbok Temple Site. The considerable number of such statues in Namwon-bu, part of Gangnam-do, one of the ten provinces of Korea in the early Goryeo period, is due in large part to the influence of the preceding Unified Silla period. Namwon was first installed as a “minor capital” (小京) in the fifth year of the reign of King Sinmun(685) of Silla, later growing to become a large provincial city in accordance with city planning during the 16th year of the reign of King Gyeongdeok(757). Silsang Temple and Silsangsanmun, meanwhile, played an important role in the development of Buddhist culture in the Namwon area. Extant structures and artifacts at Silsang Temple include an iron seated Buddha statue produced with the support of the Silla royal household, three-story stone pagodas on the east and west sides of the site and a stupa commemorating the great monk Jeunggak; their styles confirm a direct connection between Namwon and the southeastern city of Gyeongju. This has prompted the assumption that a group of craftsmen from Gyeongju took part in the creation of the artifacts at Silsang Temple and the belief that their work here led to the influence of Unified Silla Buddhist statues in the Jeolla-do region. Early-Goryeo stone Buddha statues in the Namwon region can be broadly divided into two categories: those that continued the traditions of the Unified Silla period,with alterations; and those that developed new styles and different mudras in the early Goryeo period. Those in forms inherited from the Unified Silla period are characterized by the way the Buddha’s robes descend along each leg in symmetrically divided sagging folds, like the standing statue of Amitabha at Gamsan Temple Site in Gyeongju. Such statues inherited the characteristics of late-Silla stone standing Buddha statues from the Geochang area. It is also assumed that Unified Silla gilt bronze Buddha statues, which were relatively easy to move, influenced to some extent the style of those found in Namwon. Changes to statues adopting the Vitarka mudra and to the two hands of statues of Bhaisajyaguru holding a medicine jar, moreover, are characteristic to the Namwon region and distinct from traditional Buddha statue forms of the Unified Silla period. The carving of the body and halo of the Buddha on the same stone, the separate production and insertion of hands and the carving of the Buddha’s feet on a pedestal, meanwhile, are features that began in the Unified Silla period but became extremely fashionable in the Namwon area, becoming established as regional characteristics. The stone standing Buddha at Yongdam Temple Site is a notable example of a new style of Buddha statue that emerged principally in the Namwon region in the early Goryeo period, unlike those statues that inherited the traditions of Unified Silla. The concealing of both of Buddha’s hands in the sleeves of his robe, in particular, is one that newly emerged in the Namwon region in the Goryeo period and is unconnected to the Buddha statues of Unified Silla. This style of Buddha was fashionable in the Jeolla-do area, centred on Namwon, where it became established as distinctive tradition. Most Buddha statues in the Namwon region were single, standing Buddha. The lack of Buddha and bodhisattva statues in other styles can be presumed to reflect the inclinations of sculptor groups in the Namwon region and their sponsors. Since there were no influential family clans in this region at the time, it is assumed that the groups of Buddhist monks that grew in the late Silla period held influence similar to that of a powerful family clan until the early Goryeo period, sponsoring the production of works of Buddhist art. When it comes...
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