Comparative Spatial Analysis Between Inner-City Socialized Housing and Private Housing Developments in Metro Manila, the Philippines

Flores, Diane Angeline,Jang, Seongman,Lee, Seungil Land and Housing Institute 2021 LHI journal of land, housing, and urban affairs Vol.12 No.2

필리핀 마닐라의 급속한 도시화는 유래 없는 인구성장을 가져왔고, 이는 국가 전체에 이중적 주택문제 즉 공영주택의 공실과 부족 현상을 동시에 초래하였다. 이 연구의 목적은 GIS 기반의 2개 통계모형을 개발하여 접근성, 사회·경제요인, 환경재난의 취약성 등 사이의 관계성을 기준으로 일반주택과 비교하여 공영주택의 공간분포 특성을 파악하는데 있다. 이 연구에서는 공간분석을 위해 다중회귀모형과 GIS를 연계시켜 공영주택과 일반주택의 공간분포에 영향을 미치는 주요 변수를 각각 확인하였다. 2개 회귀모형의 분석결과를 비교하였더니, 공영주택은 부적절한 토지이용에 교통과 도시지원시설에의 접근성이 열악한 곳에 분포하여 입지하고 있음을 확인하였다. 나아가 2개의 모형 모두 환경재난 취약성을 매우 중요하게 설명하였다. 이는 현재 주택정책이 국가의 주택 위기상황, 특히 소외된 저소득층 가구의 주택문제를 해소하지 못하는 이유를 밝히고 있다. 그러므로 이들 모형의 적용결과는 도시계획가와 지자체 의사결정자로 하여금 주택부문의 발전을 목적으로 수행 중인 현재의 정책 개입을 혁신적으로 개선해야 함을 시사점으로 제공한다. Rapid urbanization has resulted in the unprecedented growth of population in Metro Manila, the Philippines and has led to a 'dual' housing crisis - vacant/unoccupied socialized housing and a chronic housing shortage or delayed housing supply. By developing two GIS-based statistical models, this study is to examine socialized housing in comparison with private housing with respect to location patterns, integration, accessibility, social and economic aspects, and vulnerability to environmental hazards. Multiple regression analysis was integrated with the GIS to identify significant variables that influence the spatial distribution of socialized housing. The comparison between the two regression models has shown that socialized housing is located in areas with inappropriate land use and poor accessibility to transportation facilities and built urban resources. Moreover, both regression models have proven the statistical significance of the vulnerability of socialized housing to environmental hazards. The finding explains how the current housing policies do not address the country's housing crisis, especially for the marginalized and low-income households. Thus, the findings provide implications for urban planners and local decision-makers in reforming the current policy interventions.

A Comparative Housing Policy and Policy Transfer between Countries with Respect to Low-Income Housing in Korea

Ha, Seong-Kyu,Choi, Eun-Jin Land and Housing Institute 2011 LHI journal of land, housing, and urban affairs Vol.2 No.3

Korea has experienced a remarkable economic achievement since the 1960s. However, behind this facade of growth and progress, a chronic housing shortage in the capital region, declining owner-occupation, rising housing costs, and polarization in housing conditions between the better-off and the worse-off clearly illustrate the impasse and crisis in housing that Korea now faces. In addition, the IMF crisis and the late global financial crisis shocked the Korean housing market. The Korean government has made significant policy changes to improve housing security for less-privileged groups. In order to achieve housing policy development, the Korean government has tried to employ of advanced countries. What are the benefits(merits) and dangers(demerits) of housing policy transfer between countries? This paper emphasizes that we must recognize about 'differences' rather than 'commonalities' between countries with respect to policy transfer. It also maintains that the government should play a main role as an enabler rather as a provider of 'low-cost' housing.

Public Housing and Social Capital in Australia

Donoghue, Jed,Tranter, Bruce Land and Housing Institute 2013 LHI journal of land, housing, and urban affairs Vol.4 No.2

This paper addresses the relationship between public housing tenure and social disadvantage. The research examines social capital levels among public tenants in Australia, concentrating on their level of interpersonal trust and confidence in a range of public institutions. Through multivariate analyses of national survey data it also profiles the social and political background of public housing tenants. Although public housing tenants have access to secure and affordable housing, they appear to be less trusting and 'happy' than private renters or homeowners, and exhibit less confidence in some institutions such as the Australian parliament, universities and the ABC (the Australian public television broadcaster). These results probably reflect the residualised nature of public housing in Australia and indicate that public tenants are likely to be 'alienated' from certain aspects of mainstream culture. However, public tenants have higher levels of confidence than homeowners in the Australian defence forces and trade unions. So public housing may 'shore up' confidence and social capital in some areas, and levels of trust would be lower if public housing was not available to disadvantaged citizens.

The Problems of Housing: The Case of the Marginalized in the City of Bangalore, India

Gowda, Krishne,Sridhara, M.V. Land and Housing Institute 2013 LHI journal of land, housing, and urban affairs Vol.4 No.2

Deficiency in access to housing is a major manifestation of poverty. In the city of Bangalore, the poor and the marginalized constitute nearly 30 percent of the 8.47 million population (2011 Census) and are living in the nearly 640 slums in addition to squatter settlements and pavements. The city sprawls over an area of 741 sq. kms (2007 estimates) and the poor have very little access to personal living space. According to the Integrated Housing and Slum Development Program guidelines, each household with four average members should have 25 sq. meters of living space. In the case of poor of Bangalore, the attainment of even this minimum is a far cry. In recognition of this acuteness with regard to the problem of housing, the government has introduced schemes like the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission and the Rajiv Awas Yojana. And these schemes have witnessed only a limited success. Whenever the problem of housing for the urban poor is considered, the state and location of slums get into focus. The people living in slums are a crucial and inevitable support to the city economy. Relocation of slum people is fraught with loss of productivity and strain on the transport system and on the incomes of the poor. Their needs like housing, schooling, health centers, creches, hospices etc. have to be provided for. Financial support to the poor with regard to their housing needs will have to be imaginatively provided by banks and related institutions.

Neoliberalism and Low-income Housing in Japan

Hirayama, Yosuke Land and Housing Institute 2013 LHI journal of land, housing, and urban affairs Vol.4 No.1

Over the past three decades, neoliberalism has been pervasive and even normative in reorganizing housing systems, encouraging a decline in low-income housing. However, the way in which neoliberal prescriptions have impacted on housing processes has not necessarily been the same but has rather differed according to the indigenous social, economic, political, and institutional contexts of particular countries. In the case of Japan, neoliberalization has effectively combined with a traditionally residualized public housing to affect housing circumstances surrounding low-income people. This article explores transformations in low-income housing in Japan to demonstrate the importance of specific housing contexts in particular societies, in terms of looking at the impact neoliberalism has had on housing processes.

A Study on the Type of Welfare Service for Strengthening Tenant's Housing Welfare in Permanent Affordable Housing

Roh, Sang-Youn,Yoon, Young-Ho,Cho, Young-Tae,Lee, Ji-Eun,Cho, Yong-Kyung Land and Housing Institute 2012 LHI journal of land, housing, and urban affairs Vol.3 No.1

Since the provision of Permanent Affordable Housing in the early 1990's, it is confronted with the need to strengthen its welfare service due to aging of its facilities and the declining welfare system for its tenants. In addition, the aging population of tenants is on the rise, increasing the group of tenants that are in need of care. The local social community center has entered into the community of permanent affordable housing and takes partial responsibility in the tenant's social welfare. However, social community center is mainly responsible for providing welfare service to its local residents and thus limited in its ability to satisfy welfare service to tenants of permanent affordable housing. Therefore, it is required to renew the existing welfare system to better suit social demands of tenants according to its specific social group and the characteristics of housing complex. This study aims to propose methods that can strengthen welfare service and analyze the characteristics of welfare service by investigating the existing conditions of welfare system for the tenants in permanent affordable housing complex. For this purpose, this study presents with categories of service standards, by breaking down and codifying welfare service and propose applicable mixed-use service in pre-existing permanent affordable housing.

Otemachi(大手町) Sequential Urban Redevelopment Project

Itoh, Toshio Land and Housing Institute 2017 LHI journal of land, housing, and urban affairs Vol.8 No.2

Otemachi(大手町) is the region where it plays a pivotal role in Japanese economy as representative head offices of companies including financial insurance, general trading, information and communication newspaper media are concentrated. However, regenerating the entire region from worn-out infrastructures of buildings and city into the fresh and vibrant foothold in international business was the problem to be solved. In this situation, <Sequential Urban Redevelopment Project> was examined on the basis of administrative agencies and relevant enterprises to reconstruct office buildings in phases without ceasing business functions and activities by utilizing the large-scale vacant land occurred from the relocation of the national public institutions. The independent administrative institution 'Urban Renaissance Agency(UR)' has completed the examination of industrialization and participation request for the commencement of the project. In this article, The overview of <Otemachi Sequential Urban Redevelopment Project>, the new form of project promoted and cooperated by officials and people, is introduced by UR (Urban Renaissance Agency) reorganizing the land exchange and infrastructure through the land readjustment project, and at the same time, procuring capital and building office buildings in solidarity with private development enterprises and financial institutions.

Comparative Study of Regional Growth and Urban Project Management between Bogotá and Seoul Metropolitan Area

바네스 벨라스코,다비드 부르바노 곤잘레스,최준영,Velasco, Vanessa,Gonzalez, David Burbano,Choi, Jun Young Land and Housing Institute 2019 LHI journal of land, housing, and urban affairs Vol.10 No.2

콜롬비아는 가속화된 도시화 과정, 주택 부족 및 도시 개발 가능 토지 부족을 통해 대도시 인구 증가를 가져 왔다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 콜롬비아 중앙 정부는 Macroprojects와 같은 도시 개발 방법 등을 포함한 대규모 주택도시 개발을 위한 국가 정책을 개발해왔다. 그러나 주택 부족 문제는 여전히 해소되지 않고 있고 인구가 집중된 도시내부 지역은 특히 심각한 실정이다. 본 연구의 목적은 콜롬비아와 한국의 도시 개발 시스템을 비교를 위해 i) 두 국가의 수도권 대도시권을 비대칭적 맥락 방법을 통해 비교분석하고, ii) 양국의 대도시권 도시개발제도의 유사점과 차이점을 비교하고. iii) 마지막으로 한국의 신도시 개발 경험이 보고타 대도시 지역의 도시문제를 해결하기 위한 방안을 제시하였다. Colombia experiences a population growth in their metropolitan areas through an accelerated urbanization process, a housing deficit and a shortage of urban developable land. To solve these problems, the central government developed a national policy for a large-scale housing city development including supra-municipalities planning instruments such as Macroprojects. However, the amount of housing land supplied by this policy is insufficient and additional policies for shortage housing and qualitative deficit are required, particularly in regions with a high concentration of population. The purpose of the study is to compare urban development systems of Colombia and Korea and explore the possibility of applying guidelines to Colombia through i) comparing the capital region cities of the two countries with an asymmetry context method, ii) comparing both urban planning system founding similarities and differences, and iii) suggesting new urban development challenges in the Bogotá metropolitan area based on Korea's new town experience.

History of Land Registration and Small House Policies in the New Territories of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the People's Republic of China

Fung, Philip Sing-Sang,Lee, Almond Sze-Mun Land and Housing Institute 2014 LHI journal of land, housing, and urban affairs Vol.5 No.1

Hong Kong, a well-known metropolis characterized by skyscrapers on both sides of the Victoria Harbour, consists mainly of 3 parts, namely the Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon peninsula and the New Territories (N.T.) which is the land area north of Kowloon plus a number of outlying islands. Located in the N.T. are all the new towns, market towns; and in the plains and valleys lie scattered village houses of not more than 3 storeys within the confines of well-defined village. These village houses are governed by a rural housing policy that could be traced back to the very beginning of the former British administration in the N.T. By the Convention of Peking of 1898, the N.T., comprising the massive land area north of Kowloon up to Shenzhen River and 235 islands, was leased to Britain by China for 99 years from 1st July 1898. Soon after occupation, the colonial government conducted a survey of this uncharted territory from 1899 to 1903, and set up a land court to facilitate all land registration work and to resolve disputed claims. By 1905, the Block Crown Leases with Schedule of Lessees and details of the lots, each with a copy of the lot index plan (Demarcation Plan) were executed. Based on the above, Crown rent rolls were prepared for record and rent collection purposes. All grants of land thereafter are known as New Grant lots. After completion and execution of the Block Crown Lease in 1905, N.T. villagers had to purchase village house lots by means of Restricted Village Auctions; and Building Licences were issued to convert private agricultural land for building purposes but gradually replaced by Land Exchanges (i.e. to surrender agricultural land for the re-grant of building land) from the early 1960's until introduction of the current Small House Policy in October 1972. It was not until the current New Territories Small House Policy came into effect in December 1972 that the Land Authority can make direct grant of government land or approve the conversion of self-owned agricultural land to allow indigenous villagers to build houses within the village environs under concessionary terms. Such houses are currently restricted to 700 square feet in area and three storeys with a maximum height of 27 feet. An indigenous villager is a male descendent of a villager who was the resident of a recognized village already existing in 1898. Each villager is only allowed one concessionary grant in his lifetime. Upon return of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China on July 1st, 1997, the traditional rights of indigenous villagers are protected under Article 40 of the Basic Law (a mini-constitution of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region). Also all N.T. leases have been extended for 50 years up to 2047. Owing to the escalating demand and spiral landed property prices in recent years, abuse of the N.T. Small House Policy has been reported in some areas and is a concern in some quarters. The Hong Kong Institute of Land Administration attempts to study the history that leads to the current rural housing policy in the New Territories with particular emphasis on the small house policy, hoping that some light can be shed on the "way forward" for such a controversial policy.

Housing Welfare Policies in Scandinavia: A Comparative Perspective on a Transition Era

Jensen, Lotte Land and Housing Institute 2013 LHI journal of land, housing, and urban affairs Vol.4 No.2

It is commonplace to refer to the Nordic countries of Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland and Iceland as a distinctive and homogenous welfare regime. As far as social housing is concerned, however, the institutional heritage of the respective countries significantly frames the ways in which social housing is understood, regulated and subsidized, and, in turn, how housing regimes respond to the general challenges to the national welfare states. The paper presents a historical institutionalist approach to understanding the diversity of regime responses in the modern era characterized by increasing marketization, welfare criticism and internationalization. The aim is to provide outside readers a theoretically guided empirical insight into Scandinavian social housing policy. The paper first lines up the core of the inbuilt argument of historical institutionalism in housing policy. Secondly, it briefly introduces the distinctive ideal typical features of the five housing regimes, which reveals the first internal distinction between the universal policies of Sweden and Denmark selective policies of Iceland and Finland. The Norwegian case constitutes a transitional model from general to selective during the past quarter of a decade. The third section then concentrates on the differences between Denmark, Sweden and Norway in which social housing is, our was originally, embedded in a universal welfare policy targeting the general level of housing quality for the entire population. Differences stand out, however, between finance, ownership, regulation and governance. The historical institutional argument is, that these differences frame the way in which actors operating on the respective policy arenas can and do respond to challenges. Here, in this section we lose Norway, which de facto has come to operate in a residual manner, due to contemporary effects of the long historical heritage of home ownership. The fourth section then discusses the recent challenges of welfare criticism, internationalization and marketization to the universal models in Denmark and Sweden. Here, it is argued that the institutional differences between the Swedish model of municipal ownership and the Danish model of independent cooperative social housing associations provides different sources of resistance to the prospective dismantlement of social housing as we know it. The fifth section presents the recent Danish reform of the governance model of social housing policy in which the housing associations are conceived of as 'dialogue partners' in the local housing policy, expected to create solutions to, rather than produce problems in social housing areas. The reform testifies to the strategic ability of the Danish social housing associations to employ their historically grounded institutional relative independence of the public system.