위천 상류에 건설 중인 화북댐 상,하류 어류군집에 관한 연구

서진원 ( Jin Won Seo ),김희성 ( Hee Sung Kim ) 한국하천호수학회(구 한국육수학회) 2009 생태와 환경 Vol.42 No.2

본 조사는 낙동강 유역의 홍수피해를 저감하고, 경북 중부지역의 안정적인 용수를 공급하기 위해 경북 군위군 고로면에 건설 중인 화북댐의 상?하류 어류조사를 통하여 댐 건설이 하천유역에 특히 수 생태계내의 어류군집에 미치는 영향유무를 파악하여 종 다양성을 보전하고 하천의 건강성을 유지하기 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 하였다. 화북댐 상?하류에서 사후환경영향조사 기간(2004~2008년) 중 측정된 수질항목 분석결과 현장에서 측정한 수온, 용존산소, 수소이온농도와 실내분석 항목인 부유물, 총대장균수의 경우 지점별로 다소 계절에 따른 변화를 나타냈지만 큰 차이를 보이지는 않았으나 유기물 및 영양염류 농도에 해당하는 생물학적?화학적 산소요구량, 엽록소, 질소, 인의 경우 지점별로 매우 큰 폭의 변화를 보였으며 상류에서 다소 높고 하류에서 낮은 경향을 보였다. 중금속 중 비소의 경우 2005년 6월 0.092 mg L-1를 제외하고는 0.05 mg L-1 이하를 나타내어 하천수 수질환경기준 상 사람의 건강 보호 측면에서 규정한 0.05 mg L-1 이하의 범위 내에서 나타나는 것으로 확인되었다. 화북댐 상?하류에서 어류조사를 실시한 결과 총 7과 19종 10,263개체가 확인되었다. 조사된 어류 중 우점종은 하천중?상류에 주로 서식하는 참갈겨니(62.5%)로 확인되었으며 아우점종은 버들치(10.6%)로 나타났다. 조사 구간인 위천 상류에서 확인된 19종 중 한국고유종은 긴몰개, 동사리, 쉬리 등 총 9종(47.4%)으로 나타났으며, 멸종위기야 생동?식물 I급으로 지정된 얼룩새코미꾸리(Koreocobitis naktongensis)가 소수의 개체이지만 포획되었고, 외래도 입종은 확인되지 않았다. 군집분석 결과 우점도 지수는 하류로 갈수록 감소한 반면에 다양도, 풍부도 지수는 하류로 갈수록 증가하였다. 우점종인 참갈겨니의 개체군 분석 결과, 길이-무게 상관관계식은 TW=0.000003 (TL)3.2603로서 매개변수 b값이 3.0보다 크게 나타나 개체군의 영양상태가 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 유사시기에 다른 하천에서의 개체군들과 비교분석 결과 size별 평균 비대지수 (CF)가 상대적으로 높은 값을 보여 화북댐 유역의 참갈 겨니가 다른 지역보다 성장률이 높았다. 화북댐 상?하류에서 어류 조사 자료를 활용하여 하천건강성평가(IBI)를 적용한 결과, 대부분의 지점에서 양호(26~35)에서 최적 (36~40)을 보였으며 지점 5에서 평균값이 가장 높게 나타냈다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 지속적인 모니터링을 실시하여 어류에 관한 환경영향평가와 하천건강성평가 등을 통한 화북댐 완공 후 상?하류 하천의 어류상 변화유무 및 환경영향을 파악하는데 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다. Hwabuk Dam has been under construction to reduce flood damage in Nakdong River watershed and to supply stable water for middle area of Gyeongbuk Province. Therefore, fish investigation in up and downstream of the dam was conducted from 2004 to 2008 in order to determine any negative effect on fish community due to dam construction and to use as fundamental data for conserving species diversity and maintaining stream health. According to data analysis on water quality, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, suspended solids, and total E-coli had seasonal variation, but they did not significantly differ in sites. However, biological and chemical oxygen demand, chlorophyll-a, nitrogen, and phosphorus representing organic matter and nutrient concentration were higher in upper site and decreased to lower site so that they differed by site. Concentration of arsenic among the heavy metals was less than 0.05mg L-1, which is regulated for protection of human health in water quality standard, except for 0.092 mg L-1 in June 2005. During the study period, the total number of fish caught from the 6 sites was 10,263 representing 7 families 19 species. Among them, dominant and subdominant species were Korean chub (Zacco koreanus, 62.5%) and Chinese minnow (Rhynchocypris oxycephalus, 10.6%) which inhabit mostly in mid and upper streams, Korea. Among the 19 species, Korean endemic species were 9 species (47.4%) including Korean slender gudgeon (Squalidus gracilis majimae), Korean dark sleeper (Odontobutis platycephala), and Korean shiner (Coreoleuciscus splendidus). There was several individuals of the 1st-class endangered species, Naktong nose loach (Koreocobitis naktongensis), caught in 2005~2007, and no introduced species of fish was found in entire sampling period. According to result of community analysis, dominance index decreased toward lower site, but diversity and richness indices increased toward lower site. The equation of length-weight relationship on the dominant species was TW=0.000003 (TL)3.2603. The parameter b in the equation was greater than 3.0 indicating good nutritional condition in the populations. Compared to populations of Korean chub in other streams, the population in Hwabuk Dam watershed had higher mean of condition factor by size indicating better growth rate. With fish fauna and multi-metric health assessment model in each sampling attempt, index of biotic integrity (IBI) was evaluated and it resulted mostly in good (26~35) and excellent (36~40) condition in all sites, and the mean of IBI was the highest in site 5. The results indicate that it is very important to study not only environmental impact assessment with fish composition but also stream health assessment in order to conserve healthy aquatic ecosystem.

식물에 의한 호수생태계 건강성 평가법에 대한 고찰

정연숙 ( Yeon Sook Choung ),이경은 ( Kyung Eun Lee ) 한국하천호수학회(구 한국육수학회) 2013 생태와 환경 Vol.46 No.2

물관리 정책이 수질평가 중심에서 수생태계 건강성 평가로 전환되고 있는 것은 세계적인 추세이다. 현재까지 수계의 평가기법은 수질이나 하상구조와 같은 물리화학적 요소 및 플랑크톤, 저서동물과 같은 일부 생물의 평가에 국한되어 개발되어 왔다. 식물은 호수의 물리, 화학 및 생물 변화를 민감하게 반영하는 지표인데 개발이 늦었다. 환경부에서는 전국의 호수와 저수지를 생태계로써 평가하고 관리할 목적으로 생태계의 평가 기법을 마련 중에 있다. 이 연구사업의 일환으로 식물을 이용하여 우리나라 호수생태계에 적합한 건강성 평가기법을 개발하기 위해서 기개발된 국외의 평가기법 중 주로 다변수법을 주로 고찰하였다. 다변수법의 적용은 시간과 비용이 많이 소요되고 변수 간의 상관성 등의 한계점이 있다. 그러나 현재 단일 변수로 쓸 만한 지표가 개발되어 있지 않으며 다변수법은 다면평가와 데이터 축적의 장점이 크다. 다변수법을 세 단계, 즉 평가지표의 선정, 점수화, 평가지수의 결정과 검증단계로 나누어 검토하였다. 평가지표 선정단계에서 가장 적용가능한 지표는 종조성과 수도 및 종 풍부도와 다양성 관련 지표들이다. 국외에서 대부분 포함하는 지표종은 아직 개발이 불완전해서 우리나라에서 적용하기에 한계가 있다. 다수 조사자가 참여할 경우 식물상에 대한 오동정이 결과에 영향을 미칠 수 있으므로 이점의 사전 고려가 필요하다. 지표의 점수화 단계도 한계가 있다. 우리나라에 인위적 교란이 거의 없는 기준 호수가 없기 때문에 대안으로 다수의 호수를 조사하고, 조사된 호수의 지표값을 상대화하여 적용해야 한다. 같은 이유로 지수에 대한 검증과정도 어렵다. 종합할 때, 여러 가지 한계가 있지만 현장에서 조사 가능한 지표를 이용하여 식물을 이용한 호수 건강성의 다변수평가체계를 구축하는 것은 가능하다. 추후, 식물종의 질적 가치에 대한 지표를 추가하고 보다 많은 호수 조사의 결과가 누적되면 수준 높은 평가체계로 발전시킬 수 있을 것이다. It is a global trend that the water management policy is shifting from a water qualityoriented assessment to the aquatic ecosystem-based assessment. The majority of aquatic ecosystem assessment systems were developed solely based on physicochemical factors (e.g., water quality and bed structure) and a limited number of organisms (e.g., plankton and benthic organisms). Only a few systems use plants for a health assessment, although plants are sensitive indicators reflecting long-term disturbances and alterations in water regimes. The development of an assessment system is underway to evaluate and manage lakes as ecosystem units in the Korean Ministry of Environment. We reviewed the existing multivariate health assessment methods of other leading countries, and discussed their applicability to Korean lakes. The application of multivariate assessment methods is costly and time consuming, in addition to the correlation problem among variables. However, a single variable is not available at this moment, and the multivariate method is an appropriate system due to its multidimensional evaluation and cumulative data generation. We, therefore, discussed multivariate assessment methods in three steps: selecting metrics, scoring metrics and assessing indices. In the step of selecting metrics, the best available metrics are species-related variables, such as composition and abundance, as well as richness and diversity. Indicator species, such as sensitive species, are the most frequently used in other countries, but their system of classification in Korea is not yet complete. In terms of scoring metrics, the lack of reference lakes with little anthropogenic impact make this step difficult, and therefore, the use of relative scores among the investigated lakes is a suitable alternative. Overall, in spite of several limitations, the development of a plant-based multivariate assessment method in Korea is possible using mostly field research data. Later, it could be improved based on qualitative metrics on plant species, and with the emergence of further survey data.

보문 : 영산강 하구역 및 목포 연안 해역 식물플랑크톤 1차생산력의 시,공간적 변화

이연정 ( Yeon Jung Lee ),민준오 ( Jun Oh Min ),신용식 ( Yong Sik Shin ),김성환 ( Sung Hwan Kim ),신경훈 ( Kyung Hoon Shin ) 한국하천호수학회(구 한국육수학회) 2011 생태와 환경 Vol.44 No.4

Temporal and spatial variations of primary productivity were investigated in the estuary of Youngsan River and Mokpo coastal areas in 2009. After heavy rain, concentrations of ammonium, phosphate, and silicate increased at six stations in August. The torrential rainfall may cause an increase in untrient concentrations during summer. There is no limitation of nutrients(except for February at the mid-Youngsan estuarine region YS2)but a potential phosphate limitation was apparent at all stations. Silicate depletion was observed at YS2 in February due to a massive diatom bloom. The trophic status of the Youngsan estuary and Mokpo coastal areas were inferred from an assessment of the primary productivity. In February and May, YS1(upper Youngsan estuary site) and YS2, YS3(near the Youngsan river estuary barrage), MP1 (upper Mokpo coastal region site) were appropriately assigned to the mesotrophic category. MP2(mid-Mokpo coastal region site) and MP3(outer site of Mokpo coastal region) were assigned to the oligotrophic category. All stations were classified to the oligotrophic status in November. In August, after heavy rain, Youngsan estuary stations maintained mesotrophic status. On the ofter hand, Mp1 and MP2 were classified in the eutrophic category and MP3 to mesotrophic status. In Particular, primary productivities of MP1 and MP2 were 9 and 7 times higher respectively than the standard of eutrophic status(1,000-mgC m-2 d-1). These results suggest that a massive freshwater discharge from the Youngsan River estuary should be considered a Main factor in the occurrence of phytoplankton bloom in Mokpo coastal areas during summer. Seasonal variations of primary productivity are closely related with depth-integrated Chl.a.

총설 : 나노입자의 수생태계 영양단계전이 연구동향

이우미 ( Woo Mi Lee ),안윤주 ( Youn Joo An ) 한국하천호수학회(구 한국육수학회) 2011 생태와 환경 Vol.44 No.4

With its recent advances, nanotechnology is now being applied to various areas. Despite the benefits of nanoparticles, their risk in the environment has caused controversy, which is now becoming an international issue. Nanoparticles can easily infiltrate into cells, accumulate in biota, and may cause adverse effects in the levels of molecules, cells and organisms, and in the community. If nanoparticles are released into the environment, they can be transferred to organisms in the ecosystem, and eventually to the human body through the food chain. In this study, the research trend of the trophic transfer of nanoparticles in the food chain was investigated. Although a few investigations have been conducted regarding this topic, the trophic transfer of nanoparticles is becoming a significant issue in the area of nanotoxicology due to the potential risk to humans via the biomagnification process. While previous studies have demonstrated evidence of the trophic transfer of nanoparticles intensive future studies are needed to provide further information on the properties of nanomaterials, the exposure media, and the in vivo mechanisms such as uptake, accumulation, and depuration.

보문 : 하계 강우기 섬진강 하구역의 일차생산력 및 식물플랑크톤 색소조성 변화

민준오 ( Jun Oh Min ),하선용 ( Sun Yong Ha ),최보형 ( Bo Hyung Choi ),정미희 ( Mi Hee Chung ),윤원득 ( Won Duk Yoon ),이재성 ( Jae Seong Lee ),신경훈 ( Kyung Hoon Shin ) 한국하천호수학회(구 한국육수학회) 2011 생태와 환경 Vol.44 No.3

Field observations and culture experiments have been carried out during the rainy season (on the 6th, 8th and 27th July 2009) to examine changes in the primary productivity and associated plant pigments in the estuary of the Seom-jin River. Primary productivity was determined at four sampling stations along the salinity gradient. On 6th July (before heavy rain) primary productivity ranged from 689~1,169 mgC m-2 d-1. On the 8th, just after more than 216.5 mm of precipitation, euphotic layers at all stations were reduced to very shallow water because of the high concentration of suspended solids in the water. This resulted in dramatically decreased primary productivity down to as low as 12~32 mg C m-2 d-1. However, after the rain, primary productivity on the 27th ranged from 266~999 mgC m-2 d-1, demonstrating a fast recovery in the upper stream water to similar productivity levels to those before the rainy season. Concentration of fucoxanthin in the water was highest on the 6th July. Before the rain, concentration of the zeaxanthin, increased as the salinity decreased. Immediately after the heavy rain, the Chl b (Chlorophytes) concentration was higher at all sites than before the rainy season. The concentration of fucoxanthin decreased after the heavy rain. At the downstream site, peridinin (Dinoflagellates) were found. During the rainy season, the diatoms contributed to the primary productivity at all sites. However, after the rainy season, Chl b (Chlorophytes) and Peridinin (Dinoflagellates) increased, demonstrating the enhanced contribution of those species in addition to diatoms.

보문 : 토지이용도가 다른 소유역별 유입하천에서 용존유기물 형광특성 변화

김세원 ( Sea Won Kim ),오종민 ( Jong Min Oh ),이보미 ( Bo Mi Lee ),최광순 ( Kwang Soon Choi ) 한국하천호수학회(구 한국육수학회) 2011 생태와 환경 Vol.44 No.3

The Lake Sihwa watershed includes industrial, urban, and rural areas simultaneously. In this study, we analyzed the characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in spatial-temporal runoff patterns at representative sites having different land use in the watershed of Lake Sihwa. The result of synchronous and 3D-EEMs (3-Dimensional Excitation Emission Matrix Spectroscopy) analysis in 4TG (industrial area), fluorescence distribution and variation clearly appeared in the Fulvic-like fluorescence (FLF) and Humic-like fluorescence (HIF) regions along with the Protein-like fluorescence (PLF) region. A characteristic that Peak A (HLF) region fluorescence intensity did not decrease and the HLF region of fluorescence intensity and spatial-temporal changes clearly appeared during rainfall in AS (urban area). The results of fluorescence analysis in MS did not show great changes in PLF and FLF while showing that fluorescence intensity changes over time in the Terrestrial-like fluorescence (THLF) region increased greatly. In conclusion, our results showed significant differences in the runoff characteristics of DOM particularly in industrial, urban and rural area, and these differences should be considered for the efficient controlling of DOM in the watershed.

Long-term Seasonal and Interannual Variability of Epilimnetic Nutrients (N, P), Chlorophyll-a, and Suspended Solids at the Dam Site of Yongdam Reservoir and Empirical Models

( Kwang Guk An ) 한국하천호수학회(구 한국육수학회) 2011 생태와 환경 Vol.44 No.2

The objectives of the study were to evaluate seasonal patterns of epilimnetic water quality, and determine interannual eutrophication patterns at the dam site of Yong-dam Reservoir using long-term data during 2002~2009. Ionic dilutions, based on specific conductivity, occurred in the summer period in response to the intense monsoon rain and inflow, and suspended solid analysis indicated that the reservoir was clear except for the monsoon. Seasonality of nitrogen contents varied depending on the types of nitrogen and responded to ionic dilution; Ammonia-nitrogen (NH4-N) peaked at dry season but nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) peaked in the monsoon when the ionic dilution occurred. The maxima of NO3-N seemed to be related with external summer N-loading from the watershed and active nitrogen fixation of bluregreens in the summer. NO3-N was major determinant (>50%) of the total nitrogen pool and relative proportion of NH4-N was minor. Long-term annual NO3-N and TDN showed continuous increasing trends from 2004 to 2009, whereas TP and TDP showed decreasing trends along with chlorophyll-α (CHL) values. Empirical model analysis of log-transformed nutrients and N:P ratios on the CHL showed that the reservoir CHL had a stronger linear function with TP (R2=0.89, p<0.001) than TN (R2=0.35, P=0.120). Overall results suggest that eutrophication progress, based on TP and CHL, is slow down over the study period and this was mainly due to reduced phosphorus, which is considered as primary nutrient by the empirical model.

보문 : 13C, 15N 추적자 실험을 통한 부유 수생식물(Iris pseudoacorus)의 Cyanobacteria(Microcystis aeruginosa) 성장억제능력 평가

김민섭 ( Min Seob Kim ),이연정 ( Yeon Jung Lee ),김백호 ( Baik Ho Kim ),황순진 ( Soon Jin Hwang ),안광국 ( Kwang Guk An ),박선구 ( Sun Koo Park ),엄한용 ( Han Yong Ume ),신경훈 ( Kyung Hoon Shin ) 한국하천호수학회(구 한국육수학회) 2011 생태와 환경 Vol.44 No.3

Bottom-up approaches to control of Microcystis aeruginosa blooms were comparatively investigated through an in situ mesocosm experiment using aquatic plants (Iris pseudoacorus). In the mesocosm experiments, floating I. pseudoacorus, seemed to be effective in controlling massive M. aeruginosa blooms in an agricultural reservoir, exhibiting a close coupling with temporal variations in Chl-a and DO concentration. Shading by floating I. pseudoacorus resulted in a reduced phytoplankton abundance inhibiting light energy availability. Moreover, I. pseudoacorus may suppress phytoplankton growth through the excretion of chemical substances, likes a allelopathy, that inhibit phytoplankton photosynthetic activity The 15N atom % of I. pseudoacorus showed higher values than POM, suggesting that I. pseudoacorus assimilates DIN predominantly compared to phytoplankton, which was mostly M. aeruginosa. This result strongly suggests that the M. aeruginosa bloom should be regulated by aquatic plants, like I. pseudoacorus, this approach can affect zooplankton composition. This is the first study that has used stable isotope tracers to evaluate the biomanipulation efficiency through floating I. pseudoacorus.

보문 : 대량생산화학물질 초기위해성평가: 시안화구리의 초기 생태위해성평가

백용욱 ( Yong Wook Baek ),김은주 ( Eun Ju Kim ),유선경 ( Sun Kyoung Yoo ),노희영 ( Hee Young Ro ),김현미 ( Hyun Mi Kim ),엄익춘 ( Ig Chun Eom ),김필제 ( Pil Je Kim ) 한국하천호수학회(구 한국육수학회) 2011 생태와 환경 Vol.44 No.3

Copper cyanide is a chemical produced in large quantities with 2,500 tonnes being produced in 2006. It is mainly used for electroplating copper, particularly alkali-Cu plate and brass plating. The purpose of this study is to reassess the physicochemical properties and environmental fate of copper cyanide based on reliable data and and to conduct an ecotoxicity test according to the OECD test guidelines as an initial environmental risk assessment (need to state where this was done). Metal containing inorganic substances are not subject to degradation, biodegradation or hydrolysis. Aquatic toxicity tests of copper cyanide were conducted according to OECD test guideline 201, 202 and 203 for green algae, daphnia, and fish, respectively. The following acute toxicity test results were obtained for aquatic species: 0.089 mg L-1 (Algae, 72 Hr-EC50); 0.21 mg L-1(flea, 48 Hr-LC50); 0.62 mg L-1 (Fish, 96 Hr-ErC50). The chemical possesses properties indicating a hazard for the aquatic environment (acute toxicity in fish, daphnia and algae below 1.0 mg L-1). As a result of this study, copper cyanide has become a candidate for detailed risk assessment. Countries that produce this chemical in significant quantities are recommended to perform specific assessments.

보문 : 장흥댐에 설치되어 있는 어도와 담수어류의 이용 분석

윤주덕 ( Ju Duk Yoon ),김정희 ( Jeong Hui Kim ),주기재 ( Gea Jae Joo ),서진원 ( Jin Won Seo ),( Hubert Pak ),장민호 ( Min Ho Jang ) 한국하천호수학회(구 한국육수학회) 2011 생태와 환경 Vol.44 No.3

At the Jangheung multipurpose dam, which is on the Tamjin River, a trapping and trucking operation was established to maintain continuous upstream migration of fish,. To facilitate fish gathering, installation of an effective fishing trap was required. In this study, we evaluated the fish trap, established at the Jangheung dam, using PIT (Passive Integrated Transponder) telemetry. A total of 254 individuals from 15 species were monitored. Among these tagged species, 36 individuals from 6 species (Carassius auratus, C. cuvieri, Zacco temminckii, Z. platypus, Pungtungia herzi, and Pseudobagrus koreanus) were detected; a 14.2% detection rate. C. auratus recorded the highest detection rate of 44.2% while P. herzi was 14.3%. Z. temminckii and Z. platypus showed relatively low detection, 5% and 7.7% respectively. Some of individuals from C. auratus and Z. platypus did not pass through the antenna at the first attempt but were continuously detected on multiple days. There were no statistical differences in body size (total length, standard length and body weight) of individuals that did or did not swim into the trap (Mann-Whitney U test, p>0.05). Fish mainly swam into the trap during outflow of water from the dam (Mann-Whitney U test, p<0.001) and showed a higher detection frequency in daytime than nighttime (Mann-Whitney U test, p<0.001). Thus, for fish movement into the trap, external factors such as outflow from dam and time of day have important roles. Based on detection rate, not all fishes showed upstream migration but represented selective migration. Consequently, the establishment of flexible outflow strategies that take into consideration ecological characteristics of fishes should required for improving the efficiency of fishway.