한국어 초성-중성 결합의 분포적 특성 및 모음의 군집분석 연구

김미란,최재웅,홍정하 한국음운론학회 2014 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.20 No.1

Native speakers’ sensitivity to type and token frequency has been well recognized in many linguistic studies and is now known as frequency effects. In this study, we provide frequency information on the sequences of onset and nucleus by analyzing the complete lexical entries (510,032) listed in the Standard Korean Language Dictionary (2008). The frequency information has been extracted from a total of 1,761,214 syllables as they are represented in the dictionary. In addition to the frequency information, we provide a hierarchical cluster analysis of vowels referring to the frequency of individual onsets combined with individual vowels. Three main findings are reported in this paper. Firstly, diphthongs and monophthongs are clustered separately by hierarchical clustering with a characteristic that diphthongs are combined with a more restricted set of onsets when compared to monophthongs. Secondly, the two vowels ‘ㅚ/ø/, ㅟ /y/,’ which are still being debated about regarding to whether they are monophthongs or diphthongs, are similar to a diphthong cluster with respect to the frequency information of combining onsets. Finally, the two vowels ‘ㅔ/e/, ㅐ/æ/’, whose surface forms are undergoing a merging process in modern Korean, show different sets of onsets that they combine with. The use of a large language resource allows us to explore empirically existing patterns, which may otherwise remain undiscovered or unpredicted by any theory that describes only the permissible combinations.

한국 음운론 연구(1995-2014) 관찰

김선회(Kim, Sun-Hoi) 한국음운론학회 2015 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.21 No.1

This study explores the characteristics and trends of academic research in phonology over a period of twenty years in Korea, quantitatively investigating 435 articles published in Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology from 1995 to 2014 by The Phonology - Morphology Circle of Korea. The investigation focuses on the words and phrases contained in the article titles. Their occurrence frequencies are counted and their co-occurrence networks are analyzed with measurements of meaningful index values such as degree, betweenness centrality, eigenvector centrality and edge weight. The study shows that the trends and directions of academic research in phonology in Korea have changed not radically but steadily and dynamically. While Optimality Theory-related words and phrases occurred frequently in article titles and played an important role in the network structure of co-occurring words and phrases before the period of 2010-2014, during this period Optimality Theory gave way to English-Korean inter-language studies of perception and production, an area towards which academic interest has steadily increased since 2000.

확률적 모델 기반 중세한국어 유성마찰음 /ㅿ/의 음운론적 대립에 대한 연구

박선우(Park, Sunwoo) 한국음운론학회 2017 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.23 No.1

This study investigates intermediate phonological relationships between /s/(ㅅ) and /z/(ㅿ) in Middle Korean from the 15th century to the 16th century. In Middle Korean, the phonological contrast between /s/ and /z/ was complex. In word-medial intervocalic position, /z/ and /s/ are considered to be contrastive. However, in word-initial or word-final position, they are allophonic, so we can predict which of the two segments will occur. I propose that putting /z/ and /s/ into a gradient and probabilistic model provides insight into the phonological relationship between them. The present paper examines the frequencies of /z/, /s/ and other consonants from the 15th to the 16th century to analyze a historical Korean corpus from the perspective of the Probabilistic Phonological Relationship Model (PPRM), measuring the quantitative analysis index of intermediate phonological relationships. Comparing the entropies between /s/ and other consonants with the entropies between /z/ and other consonants, a continuum defined in terms of entropy reveals that /z/ in Middle Korean was more allophonic than phonemic, and it was lost or merged into /s/ in the 16th century.

한국어의 이중모음 체계에 대한 제약기반적 분석

박선우(Park Sunwoo) 한국음운론학회 2007 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.13 No.2

This paper introduces an alternative analysis of Korean diphthong system. There are two kinds of diphthong systems in Korean. One is j-initial system and the other is w-initial system. Again, these diphthong systems can be classified into two systems, monophthongized and intact. To account for two diphthong systems, this paper attempts constraint-based analysis based on perceptual and articulatory constraints. I show that the interaction HEAR CLEAR and *EFFORT (Minkova and Stockwell 2003), and IDENT-IO (CONTRAST), which bans merger between diphthong and monophthong, results in different four diphthong systems. The optimal diphthong systems are affected by the rank of IDENT-IO (CONTRAST) on hierarchy. The ranking of IDENT-IO (CONTRAST) among HEAR CLEAR constraints selects an intact diphthong system or partly monophthongized systems. On the other hand, the dominance of HEAR CLEAR and *EFFORT over IDENT-IO (CONTRAST) selects a fully monophthongized system.

최적성이론을 통한 혼성어 형성의 분석

김영준(Kim, Yeong-Joon) 한국음운론학회 2013 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.19 No.3

In this paper, I want to show an aspect of grammaticality with regard to word-formation of lexical blends. There are a few advanced researches which used constraint-based theories to find out the peculiar characters of lexical blends. The researches, however, are to some extent restricted to researcher’s own cases and did not propose universality in the blend-formation process. I would like to suggest some generalized constraints related to lexical blends formation, mainly based on Korean blends corpus and some cases from Japanese. These generalizations show an important role of overlapping and faithfulness constraints in the process of word-formation of lexical blends.

통사적 환경과 음운론적으로 조건화되지 않은 경음화

우순조(Woo Soon-Jo) 한국음운론학회 2004 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.10 No.3

This paper argues that phonologically unconditioned tensification functions as a marker of syntactic boundaries in both compounds and syntactic constructions. To prove the argument, this paper sets up a working hypothesis, and shows that it correctly predicts the occurrence of the tensification. The hypothesis, named syntactic environment hypothesis, predicts that phonologically unconditioned tensification takes place at syntactic boundaries. For example, it predicts that the tensification in point never occurs between verb roots and derivational suffixes because the morpheme sequence forms a morphological structure. It also predicts that the tensification occurs at syntactic boundaries. One of the syntactic boundaries lies between the misleadingly called verbal stems and endings. This conception is supported by independent syntactic evidence. The hypothesis provides a better understanding of phonologically unconditioned tensification in compound constructions. That is, compounds originating from syntactic constructions show tensificiation, while typical compounds do not.

한국어의 위치동화에 대한 지각적 분석

박선우(Park, Sunwoo) 한국음운론학회 2011 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.17 No.1

This paper aims to investigate the detailed aspects of Korean place assimilation. For this research, a perception test of Korean place assimilation was conducted. Based on the results of the perception test, I postulated the P-map hyphothesis (Steriade 2001) about nasal sounds /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ and analyzed the place assimilation in Korean consonant clusters within the OT framework. Nine pairs of nonce word and spelling were chosen as stimuli and 10 Seoul Korean speakers participated in the perception test. The results show coronal sound /n/ is disposed to undergo velarization and labialization, but labial sound /m/ is not disposed to undergo velarization. According to the test, tensed stop triggers (/ank?a/ [aŋk?a]) are preferred to aspirated stop and plain stop triggers (/ank?a/ [aŋk?a], /anka/ [aŋ?a]). This preference is likely to reflect the features of tensed stops, which have a long and strong place gesture.

부정 접두사 in- 의 위치동화에 나타난 음성·음운론적 특성에 대한 언어 유형적 접근

장우혁(Chang, Woohyeok),심상완(Sangwan Shim) 한국음운론학회 2021 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.27 No.2

In this paper, the presence and absence of place assimilation of the alveolar nasal in the negative prefix in- before stems which begin with a bilabial nasal <m> is discussed by comparing the prefix in Spanish with its occurrence in other languages (English, French, Italian, and Latin). In most languages, the nasal /n/ in the negative prefix in- undergoes place assimilation. However, it is interesting to note that this nasal sound in the Spanish negative prefix does not assimilate to a following bilabial nasal, so the geminate <mm> cannot be detected in Spanish. Phonetically, it has been revealed that the assimilated geminate nasal <mm>, which is produced after applying place assimilation to the nasal in the negative prefix, is not longer than a singleton <m>. Therefore, we can say that it is harder for listeners to perceive an ambisyllabic nasal [m] of the assimilated geminate in other languages than heterosyllabic nasals [n.m] in Spanish. For the phonological analysis, OT has been employed to categorize languages into two types (with or without place assimilation) by differentiating constraint rankings.

한국어 후두자질 공기 제약의 통계적 학습과 적형성 판단

박나영 한국음운론학회 2020 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.26 No.1

This study explores Korean phonotactic grammars, focusing on laryngeal co-occurrence restrictions. This paper is composed of two main parts. In the first part, using a Maximum Entropy Model of Phonotactic Learning (Hayes and Wilson 2008), I ran a learning simulation for Native and Sino-Korean lexicons. Based on the statistical patterns of each lexicon, phonotactic constraints were created with their own weights, the magnitude of which reflects their gradient strength. Especially, the constraints of laryngeal marked features were learned. The resulting native grammars include laryngeal co-occurrence restrictions. On the other hand, Sino-Korean grammars include constraints with the tense feature. The latter part of this study concerns the psychological validity of laryngeal co-occurrence restrictions. A well-formedness judgment test was conducted with native speakers of Korean. The test results suggest that Korean speakers are aware of most laryngeal co-occurrence restrictions and the constraints with the tense feature which are part of the learned grammars. It is also shown that native and Sino-Korean grammars make independent contributions to explaining speakers’ judgments found in the present experiment. In sum, this research shows that Korean phonotactic grammars can be learned from the lexicons of Korean, and that at least some important parts of the learned grammars are psychologically real.

폐쇄음으로 시작하는 영어 자음 연쇄의 한국어 차용

오미라(Oh, Mira) 한국음운론학회 2013 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.19 No.1

Many studies claim that loanword adaptation is perceptual mapping (Silverman 1992, Peperkamp et al. 2008) and relies crucially on fine-grained acoustic similarity (Kim and Curtis 2001, Boersma and Hamann 2009). By investigating loanword adaptation of stopinitial clusters from English into Korean with respect to vowel epenthesis, this paper aims to answer two questions. First, can the perceptual approach proposed by many researchers fully account for vowel epenthesis in loanword adaptation? Second, are the stop-initial clusters from English loaned in the same way into Korean regardless of their morphological structure? Close examination of loanword adaptation of stopstop and stop-nasal sequences of English into Korean reveals three findings. Firstly, not all vowel epentheses result from perceptual epenthesis. Secondly, the recoverability of source sounds pushes the adapters away from application of native phonological processes, which are prevalent in native phonology, in the direction of epentheses, in which the identity of the preconsonantal stop is better encoded in loanwords. Thirdly, morphological structure of a source word plays a role in segmental mapping in loanword adaptation. (Chonnam National University)