‘会’와 중국어 습관상 범주에 관한 연구

LIU YAFEI 한국중국언어학회 2017 중국언어연구 Vol.0 No.70

According to the research through corpus, it is easy to find that ‘hui’ does not always show the basic meaning of ability or possibility. This paper tried to find what kind of function does ‘hui’ has in the pluractionality sentences. If there is any ingredient can give pluractionality reading to the sentence, ‘hui’ would be used to show the tendency of the subject. Normally ‘hui’ can be omitted, but there will be some difference of the meaning. As ‘hui’ is the marker of irrealis from the joint system view, other ingredient shows that the event or state is iternative and ‘hui’ has the function of expressing that the conclusion is got from the speaker’s judgement. If the speaker wants to send the message objectively or emphasize the reality of it, ‘hui’ can not be used. On the contrary, if there is some need to give prominence to the subjective characteristic of the sentence, ‘hui’ must be used. ‘会’는 보통 능력과 가능성의 의미를 나타낸다고 본다. 그러나 실제 사용에서 일부 ‘会’는 이 두 가지 의미로 해석할 수 없다. 본고는 습관상을 갖는 문장에서 ‘会’가 자주 출현하며 능력이나 가능성과 같은 구체적인 의미를 나타내지 않은 현상을 발견하였다. 습관상을 갖는 문장에서는 항상 사건을 복수화시키는 성분이 있다. 이에 따라 ‘NP+X+会+VP’ 형식으로 나눠 각 성분의 상황을 분석하였다. NP와 X부분의 공동된 특징은 [+복수성]의 의미 요소를 가지고 있는 것이다. 그러나 VP부분만 존재하면 VP 자체가 복수성이 없으며 ‘会’와 공기하면 능력이나 가능성의 의미로 해석된다. ‘会’가 복수화시킬 수 있는 성분과 공기하는 상황을 고찰하였다. 대부분 상황에서 ‘会’는 출현할 수 있고 생략할 수도 있다. 이러한 문장에 있는 ‘会’는 비현실을 나타내는 협동체계의 비현실 표지이다. 문장에서 복수성을 가지고 있는 성분은 습관상을 나타내며 ‘会’는 습관상으로 판단하는 기준이 화자의 주관적인 판단이라는 것을 나타낸다.

‘会’의 서상적 표지 기능에 관한 고찰

LIU YAFEI 한국중국어문학회 2018 中國文學 Vol.94 No.-

According to most of the well accepted researches, ‘hui’ express the meaning of ability and possibility. But if ‘hui’ appears in the sentence which describes the situation that is the truth been known by the speaker and listener, the usage conflicts with these two meanings. This paper tried to explain that kind of ‘hui’ by comparing the similar phenomena in other languages. From the typological view of subjunctive and irrealis mood, there are some abnormal use that would be explain by the pragmatic rule. If the subjunctive and irrealis mood appears, it means that one’s emotional valuative reaction to the situation is stronger because that situation is less expected. The use of ‘hui’ can also be explain with the same rule. This kind of ‘hui’ would be used when the following prerequisites are fullfilled. First, it is in the subordinate clause or the whole sentence is about a presupposed situation. Secondly, the sentence expresses the speaker’s emotive attitude about the situation. 화자가 이미 알고 있는 사실에 대해 발생할 가능성을 추측하는 것은 논리적으로 모순이된다. 그라나 중국어에서는 ‘会’가 이러한 모순된 환경에서 출현할 수 있다. 본고는 기존의 유형론적 연구를 참조하여 ‘会’의 그러한 특수 용법을 고찰하였다. 중국어에서 ‘会’는 사실성 종속절에서 출현하며 주절의 동사나 형용사가 나타내는 감정평가, 즉 화자의 주관적인 태도를강하게 드러낼 수 있다. 이 외에 특수한 표지가 출현할 때 ‘会’도 이러한 용법을 나타낼 수있다. 영어 ‘should’가 문법화를 통해 서상법의 용법을 얻은 것과 같이 ‘会’도 통사적 조건의변화에 따라 구체적인 의미가 손실되어 화용적인 기능만을 가진 서상법의 표지로 변했다.

한중 조건문 영역의 차이 분석 ― ‘-면’과 ‘여과(如果)/지요(只要)’를 중심으로

류야페이 ( Liu Yafei ) 한국중국언어학회 2021 중국언어연구 Vol.- No.93

Conditional is a universal category in human languages, but it’s usage in individual languages may be diverse. To describe the same situation, some languages may use conditional clause, whereas some languages may choose other forms. This paper focuses on the comparison of the conditionals in Korean and Chinese. According to the investigation, Korean conditionals is more widely used than in Chinese. This is because the two languages have different perspectives on specific categories. The differences are mainly on generic, temporal and factual conditionals. In Korean they are treated as conditionals, but in Chinese they use other semantic categories to express the same situation. Overall, Korean is a language that uses conditionals more flexibly according to context and speaker's pragmatic intentions.

Fixed‑time non‑singular terminal sliding mode control for PMSM drive systems

Huixiang Liu,Keqi Mei,Lu Liu,Yafei Chang,Shihong Ding,Hanzhang Zhang,Jun Wang 전력전자학회 2024 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.24 No.2

To further improve the response speed and anti-interference capability of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs), many advanced control algorithms have been developed. Among the various advanced controls, the fixed-time terminal sliding mode control is one of the effective methods. However, there are still some problems, e.g., too many parameters imposed on the control design in the existing results. In this paper, a fixed-time non-singular terminal sliding mode control (FTNTSMC) method is proposed for the speed loop of a PMSM drive system. First, to improve the closed-loop performance of the PMSM drive system, the relationship between the reference q-axis current and the speed of the PMSM is described in a second-order model. Next, a sliding mode surface with variable exponential coefficients is selected, and the expression of the controller is given. Then, the stability of the PMSM drive system is demonstrated by using Lyapunov functions. Using this method, the fixed-time convergence of the PMSM drive system can be realized and the occurrence of singularity phenomena can be avoided in a simpler and easier method. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulation and experimental results.

중국어 ‘會’의 기능분화에 대한 유형론적 고찰

劉亞菲(Liu Yafei) 중국어문학연구회 2017 중국어문학논집 Vol.0 No.104

According to the research through corpus, it is easy to find that ‘hui’ does not show the basic meaning of ability or possibility. In concessive, protasis and result clauses ‘hui’ is used in the main clause and links the two clauses to show it is the conclusion from the subordinate clause. In presupposed usage, the event or state used after ‘hui’ is opposite with what the speaker has expected, so ‘hui’ can emphasize the speaker’s attitude towards the event or state. When ‘hui’ is found in the sentence that has habitual explanation, it shows that the speaker thinks it is the characteristic of an extended period of time. And also ‘hui’ can be used to express the future tense. Finally, all of these functions are the next stage of epistemic modality from the grammarlization view and should be count as the category of irrealis.

‘회(會)’의 서상적 표지 기능에 관한 고찰

류야페이 ( Liu Yafei ) 한국중국어문학회 2018 中國文學 Vol.94 No.-

화자가 이미 알고 있는 사실에 대해 발생할 가능성을 추측하는 것은 논리적으로 모순이 된다. 그라나 중국어에서는 ‘會’가 이러한 모순된 환경에서 출현할 수 있다. 본고는 기존의 유형론적 연구를 참조하여 ‘會’의 그러한 특수 용법을 고찰하였다. 중국어에서 ‘會’는 사실성 종속절에서 출현하며 주절의 동사나 형용사가 나타내는 감정평가, 즉 화자의 주관적인 태도를 강하게 드러낼 수 있다. 이 외에 특수한 표지가 출현할 때 ‘會’도 이러한 용법을 나타낼 수 있다. 영어 ‘should’가 문법화를 통해 서상법의 용법을 얻은 것과 같이 ‘會’도 통사적 조건의 변화에 따라 구체적인 의미가 손실되어 화용적인 기능만을 가진 서상법의 표지로 변했다. According to most of the well accepted researches, ‘hui’ express the meaning of ability and possibility. But if ‘hui’ appears in the sentence which describes the situation that is the truth been known by the speaker and listener, the usage conflicts with these two meanings. This paper tried to explain that kind of ‘hui’ by comparing the similar phenomena in other languages. From the typological view of subjunctive and irrealis mood, there are some abnormal use that would be explain by the pragmatic rule. If the subjunctive and irrealis mood appears, it means that one’s emotional valuative reaction to the situation is stronger because that situation is less expected. The use of ‘hui’ can also be explain with the same rule. This kind of ‘hui’ would be used when the following prerequisites are fullfilled. First, it is in the subordinate clause or the whole sentence is about a presupposed situation. Secondly, the sentence expresses the speaker’s emotive attitude about the situation.

Synthesis of γ-valerolactone from ethyl levulinate hydrogenation and ethyl 4-hydroxypentanoate lactonization over supported Cu-Ni bimetallic, bifunctional catalysts

Yafei Li,Xiaocheng Lan,Boyang Liu,Tiefeng Wang 한국공업화학회 2022 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.107 No.-

A stable and highly efficient supported Cu-Ni catalysts for the conversion of ethyl levulinate (EL) toc-valerolactone (GVL) was developed. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, TEM, TPD, TPR, andXPS. The support effect of metal oxides (Al2O3, SiO2, ZrO2, and TiO2) revealed that Cu-Ni supported onAl2O3 showed the highest activity for EL hydrogenation to ethyl 4-hydroxypentanoate (EHP) and thesubsequent intramolecular esterification of EHP to GVL. EHP intramolecular esterification to GVL in theethanol solution was a reversible reaction with an equilibrium constant of 24 at 453 K. A simplified reactionkinetic network was established. The solvent had a significant influence on the reaction equilibriumand the catalyst stability. Cu-Ni/Al2O3 in n-hexane solvent gave a higher GVL yield than that in ethanolsolvent, and showed better recyclability than that in toluene solvent. With optimizing the conditions, Cu-Ni/Al2O3 gave 99.9% conversion and 98% selectivity to GVL with a space–time yield of 1.13 gGVL gcat-1 h1 inn-hexane solvent with good recyclability.

Efficient removal of methylene blue in aqueous solution by freeze-dried calcium alginate beads

Yafei Zhao,Hongsong Zhang,Guangxue Liu,Zonggao Hu,Rouwen Guan,Bing Zhang 한국화학공학회 2016 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.33 No.11

Novel porous calcium alginate beads were prepared via crosslinking of calcium followed by freeze drying for investigating the adsorption performance for methylene blue. These beads possessed reduced shrinkage, highly porous lamellar structure and high specific surface area, and exhibited enhanced adsorption capacity and much faster adsorption rate compared to the non-porous beads obtained with conventional oven drying method. Methylene blue adsorption capacity increased with increasing of initial concentration and pH, while decreased with increasing of temperature. The adsorption process fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum adsorption capacity was 961.5mg g−1 at 298.15 K. After eight successive adsorption-desorption cycles, the adsorption capacity had negligible decrease. Owing to the high adsorption capability, rapid adsorption rate, easy recovery and reusability, the freeze-dried beads imply a prospective, biodegradable and attractive adsorbent for removing contaminants from wastewater.

Polymorphism of the Promoter Region of Hsp70 Gene and Its Relationship with the Expression of HSP70mRNA, HSF1mRNA, Bcl-2mrna and Bax-AMrna in Lymphocytes in Peripheral Blood of Heat Shocked Dairy Cows

Cai, Yafei,Liu, Qinghua,Xing, Guangdong,Zhou, Lei,Yang, Yuanyuan,Zhang, Lijun,Li, Jing,Wang, Genlin Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2005 Animal Bioscience Vol.18 No.5

The blood samples were collected from dairy cows at the same milking stage. The single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) method was used to analyze for polymorphism at the 5'flanking region of the hsp70 gene. The mRNA expression levels of HSP70, HSF1, Bcl-2 and Bax-$\alpha$ at different daily-mean-temperature were analyzed by relative quantitative RTPCR. The DNA content, cell phase and the ratio of apoptosis of lymphocytes in peripheral blood of dairy cattle at different daily-meantemperature were determined by FCM. The PCR-SSCP products of primer pair 1 showed polymorphisms and could be divided into four genotypes: aa, ab, ac, cc, with the cis-acting element (CCAAT box) included. Mutations in the hsp70 5'flanking region (468-752 bp) had different effects on mRNA expression of HSP70, HSF1, Bcl-2 and Bax-$\alpha$. The ac genotypic cows showed higher expressions of HSP70mRNA, HSF1mRNA and Bcl-2mRNA/Bax-$\alpha$mRNA and lower ratio of apoptosis. These mutation sites can be used as molecular genetic markers to assist selection for anti-heat stress cows.

Research on the Law of Stress Development Along Backfi lling Process Between Crest and Valley of Buried Corrugated Steel Pipe Culverts

Baodong Liu,Haibo Sun,Weibo Xu,Yafei Shi,Beichen Zhang,Mengmeng Yao 한국강구조학회 2021 International Journal of Steel Structures Vol.21 No.1

Although buried corrugated steel pipe culverts have been studied intensively in the past decades, the stress development law between crest and valley during backfi lling process is still not analyzed suffi ciently, which is an important technical diffi culty for the construction of this kind of structures. In this paper, a three-dimensional fi nite element model (FEM) is developed to simulate the behavior of buried pipes during construction and the stress development law within a wavelength (curvature of corrugated pipe) ranging at the crown and the spring-line inside the pipe is proposed. Based on the measured stress data of a porous continuous corrugated steel plate pipe-arch culvert, the proposed three-dimensional FEM and stress development law are verifi ed. The results show that the stress variations in a wavelength range of corrugated steel plate are trigonometric curves. With the increase of the backfi lling height, the ratio of the stress at the crest or valley, to that of the spring-line is reduced, while the axial force is increased. The absolute value of the bending moment decays and the pipe culvert tends to be ring compression as the backfi lling height increased. The study verifi es the "ring compression theory" and the necessity of the minimum burial depth in design. Meanwhile, some design and construction guidelines which is necessary for the structure safety during backfi lling process are provided for buried corrugated steel pipe culverts.