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Citizen-generated local development initiative: recent English experience
Patsy Healey 서울시립대학교 도시과학연구원 2015 도시과학국제저널 Vol.19 No.2
This paper looks at the civil society enterprises which have been emerging in many parts of Europe in recent years, focusing on the experience in England. Rather than forms of citizen ‘participation’ in public policy, these enterprises involve the direct provision of goods and services through citizen-generated initiatives. They respond to the deficiencies arising from financial constraints and changes in the public sector's role and from inadequacies in the quality of market delivery of welfare services. They also reflect a search by citizens for more locally sensitive provision of goods and services. The paper briefly reviews the place of civil society enterprises, illustrated with examples from relatively successful ones which have emerged in the past two decades. The paper concludes with a commentary on what has enabled these enterprises to get started and grow in scale and scope, how they relate to the formal government sector and their potential future.
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Healey, Patsy Seoul City University 1996 SEOUL metropolitan FORA 96 Vol.1996 No.-
This paper starts from the premise that the qualities of cities as 'places' are important in determining the futures of people, of economic activities and of environmental systems, and that the role of urban planning is to contribute to social processes of 'place-making'. Drawing on European experiences, it argues for a collaborative approach to such place-making activity. This contrasts with the traditional 'command and control' approach where urban planners took the lead in building and re-building the city. It also aims to overcome the limitations of more recent ideas drawing on new-liberal inspiration, which leave place-making largely to the market, and, if intervention is nceded at all, provide resources to particular players to overcome market constraints or barriers. The approach emphasises the importance of building new policy discourses about the qualities of places, developing collabration among stakeholders in policy development as well as delivery, widening stakeholder involvement beyond the traditional power elites, recognising different forms of local knowledge and building rich networks as a resource of institutional capital through which new initiatives can be taken rapidly and legitimately. Supported by an expanding theoretical literature in urban and regional analysis, planning theory, policy analysis and management theory, these ideas are also echoed in an increasing range of examples from emerging practices. This collaborative approach shifts the task of urban planning from 'building places' to fostering the institutional capacity in urban regions for ongoing 'place-making' activities within urban regions.
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