Non-Conventional Roughages in Tropical and Sub-Tropical Asian-Australasian Countries - Review -

Nitis, I.M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1999 Animal Bioscience Vol.12 No.3

Non-conventional roughage (NCR) is shrub and tree fodders, crop residues and agroindustrial oy-products which is not commonly used as livestock feed traditionally and commercially. Eventhough many sources of NCR is available, the farmers perceptions on NCR not only vary from country to country in tropical and sub-tropical Asian-Australasian countries, but also vary from region to region within the country. Chemical composition and nutritive value of NCR are not only vary from species to species but also vary between species within the genera, between provenances/cultivars within the species and such variations are affected by season, climatic zone, topography and land utilization. The nutritive value of NCR can be improved by physical, chemical and biological treatments and conservation. Feeding NCR to ruminant and non-ruminant is not only improve performance of the livestock but also economically feasible. Future direction of NCR is inventarization, exchange information through NCR information centre, integration with either agrisilvicultural, agrisilvipastoral or silvipastoral system, and use of genetic engineering to produce high quality NCR that ultimately become conventional roughage for agroindustry and agribissiness.

EFFECT OF FLOCK SIZE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF GOATS FED GLIRICIDIA-SUPPLEMENTED DIET IN DRYLAND FARMING IN BALI, INDONESIA

Sukanten, I.W.,Nitis, I.M.,Uchida, S.,Putra, S.,Lana, K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1996 Animal Bioscience Vol.9 No.3

On-farm experiments were carried out in dryland farming in Bali for 48 weeks to study the effect of flock size on the growth and carcass characteristics of cross-bred goat fed gliricidia-supplemented diet. Eighty four bucks with average live weight of 15.87 kg were allocated in a completely randomized block design arrangement, consisted of three treatments and four blocks. The treatments were $3goats/2.7m^2$ (A), $6goats/5.4m^2$ (B) and $12goats/10.8m^2$ (C), while the floor density was the same ($0.9m^2$ per goat). Feed consumed by goat B was similar (p > 0.10), while feed consumed by goat C was lower (p < 0.10) than goat A. Live weight gain of goat B and C were lower (p<0.05) than goat A. FCR of goat B was higher (p < 0.10) than goat A, while FCR of goat C was similar (p > 0.10) with goat A. Goat B has heavier (p < 0.10) head and digestive tract, while goat C has heavier (p<0.10) hindlegs and digestive tract than goat A. Goat B has lighter (p < 0.10) shoulder, while goat C has lighter shoulder and heavier legs (p < 0.10) than goat A. The carcass quality (measured in terms of loin eye muscle area, meat, bone and fat portions) were not affected (p > 0.05) by the flock sizes.

PERFORMANCE OF THE GOAT FED GRASS, SHRUB AND TREE FODDERS DURING THE DRY SEASON IN BALI, INDONESIA

Sukanten, I.W.,Nitis, I.M.,Uchida, S.,Putra, S.,Lana, K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1996 Animal Bioscience Vol.9 No.4

An experiment was carried out for 12 weeks to study the feeding behaviour, growth and carcass characteristics of cross-bred goats. Nine bucks with an average live weight of $18.02{\pm}0.9kg$ were allocated in a completely randomized block design arrangement, consisting of three feeding regimes and three blocks. The feeding regimes consisted of 100% natural grass (Treatment A), 100% gliricidia leaf (Treatment B) and 100% ficus leaf (Treatment C). Frequency of turning-over and sniffing the feed and duration and frequency of ruminating, defaecating, and urination of goats in treatment B were longer, while duration of masticating and jaw movement of chewing one bolus was shorter than those of goats in treatments C and A (p < 0.05). Furthermore, goats in treatment B gained more live weight, consumed more feed, consumed less water and was more efficient in utilizing the feed than goats in treatments C or A (p < 0.05). The dressing percentage, carcass length and carcass fat of goats in treatment B were higher and their bone percentages were lower than those in treatments C and A (p < 0.05). There is an indication that feeding gliricidia and ficus leaves during the dry season could not only increase the body weight and improve carcass quality of the goat but also save water for household needs.

GROWTH AND FODDER YIELD OF THE Gliricidia sepium PROVENANCES IN ALLEY CROPPING SYSTEM IN DRYLAND FARMING AREA IN BALI, INDONESIA

Sukanten, I.W.,Nitis, I.M.,Lana, K.,Suarna, M.,Uchida, S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1995 Animal Bioscience Vol.8 No.2

The design of this field experiment was a completely randomized block arrangement, consisted of 16 treatments (Gliricidia sepium provenances) and 6 blocks as replications with 12 plants per provenance. Of the 16 gliricidia provenances, six were from Mexico (M), four were from Guatemala (G), and one each was from Colombia (C), Indonesia (I), Nicaragua (N), panama (P), Costa Rica (R), and Venezuela (V). After 12 months establishment the gliricidia were lopped regularly 4 times a year, twice during the 4 months wet season and twice during the 8 months dry season at 150 cm height. There was variation (p < 0.05) in stem elongation from 22 to 80 cm, leaf retained from 118 to 209%, branch number from 13 to 24, fodder yield from 1,015 to 1,671 g DW/plant and wood yield from 792 to 1,662 g DW/plant among the provenances; and such variations were affected by the seasons. Belen (N14), Retalhuleu (G14) and Bukit Bali (I) provenances were ranked first, second and third, respectively, measured in terms of leaf retention, stem elongation, fodder and wood yields during the wet and dry seasons.

GROWTH AND FODDER YIELD OF THE Gliricidia sepium PROVENANCES IN FENCE SYSTEM IN DRYLAND FARMING AREA IN BALI, INDONESIA

Sukanten, I.W.,Nitis, I.M.,Lana, K.,Uchida, S.,Suama, M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1995 Animal Bioscience Vol.8 No.5

The field experiment was carried out to study the growth and fodder yield of the Gliricidia sepium provenances in fence system in dryland farming area in Bali, Indonesia for 24 months. The design of the experiment was a completely randomized block arrangement, consisted of 16 treatments (Gliricidia sepium provenances) and 12 blocks with 10 plants per provenance. Of the 16 gliricidia provenances, six were from Mexico (M), four were from Guatemala (G), and one each was from Colombia (C), Indonesia (I), Nicaragna (N), Panama (P), Costa Rica (R) and Venezuela (V). After 40 weeks establishment the gliricidia were lopped regularly 4 times a year, twice during the four month wet season and twice during the eight month dry season at 150 cm height. There were variations (p < 0.05) in stem elongation from 10 to 121 cm, leaf retained from 48 to 105%, leaf shedding from 53 to 86%, branch number from 4 to 7, fodder yield from 281 to 648 g DW/plant, and wood yield from 53 to 179 g DW/plant; and such variations were affected by the seasons. Retalhuleu provenance of Guatemala (G14), Belen provenance of Nicaragua (N14) and Bukit Bali provenance of Indonesia (I) were ranked first, second and third, respectively, measured in terms of stem elongation, leaf retention, fodder and wood yields during the wet and dry seasons.

Growth and Fodder Yield of the Gliricidia sepium Provenances in Guardrow System in Dryland Farming Area in Bali, Indonesia

Sukanten, I.W.,Nitis, I.M.,Uchida, S.,Lana, K.,Puger, A.W. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1997 Animal Bioscience Vol.10 No.1

A field experiment was carried out on a dryland farming area of southern Bali for 92 weeks, to study the growth and fodder yield of 16 provenances of Gliricidia sepium in guardrow system. The experimental design was completely randomized blocks of 16 treatments (Gliricidia sepium provenances) replicated 3 times, with 6 plants per provenance. Six provenances were from Mexico (M), four from Guatemala (G), and one each from Colombia (C), indonesia (I), Nicaragua (N), Panama (P), Costa Rica (R) and Venezuela (V). After 40 weeks establishment the gliricidia were lopped 4 times a year at 150 cm height, at 2 months intervals during the 4 month wet season and 4 month intervals during the 8 month dry season. Stem elongation varied from 21 to 81 cm, leaf retention from 39 to 240%, branch number from 12 to 35, fodder yield from 1,090 to 3,153 g DW/plant. and wood yield from 743 to 2,750 g DW/plant. Pontezuelo provenance of Colombia (C24), Belen provenance of Nicaragua (N14) and Retalhuleu provenance of Guatemala (G14) were ranked first, second and third, respectively, for stem elongation, leaf retention, fodder and wood yields, during the wet and dry seasons.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF THE Gliricidia sepium PROVENANCES IN DRYLAND FARMING AREA IN BALI, INDONESIA

Sukanten, I.W.,Uchida, S.,Nitis, I.M.,Lana, K.,Putra, S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1995 Animal Bioscience Vol.8 No.3

Alley cropping field experiment has been carried out for 24 months in lime-stone based dryland farming area of southern Bali to study the chemical composition and nutritive value of 16 provenances of Gliricidia sepium The design was a completely randomized block: arrangement, consisted of 16 treatments (G. sepium provenances) and 6 blocks as replications with 12 plants per provenance. Of the 16 gliricidia provenances, six were from Mexico (M), four were from Guatemala (G), one each was from Colombia (C), Indonesia (I), Nicaragua (N), Panama (P), Costa Rica (R) and Venezuela (V). After 12 months establishment, the gliricidia were lopped at 150 cm height regularly 4 times a year, twice during the 4 months wet season and twice during the 8 months dry season. The highest ash, mineral, total soluble phenol, prussic acid and digestibility were in V1; the highest crude fiber component was in M39; the highest gross energy was in P13, while the highest organic matter was in M35. Based on the highest nutritive constituents, V1, C24 and G14 were ranked first, second and third respectively, while based on the lowest non-nutritive constituents C24, V1 and N14 were ranked first, second and third, respectively. The importance of such provenances as source of nutrients for the ruminant during the dry season were discussed.

Quantitative Dissection of Antioxidative Bioactive Components in Cultivated and Wild Sesame Germplasm Reveals Potentially Exploitable Wide Genetic Variability

Niti Pathak,Ashwani Kumar Rai,Supradip Saha,Suresh Walia,Soumitra Kumar Sen,Kangila Venkataraman Bhat 한국작물학회 2014 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.17 No.3

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the oldest oilseed crops grown in India and worldwide. This oilseed crop has high nutritionalvalue due to the presence of antioxidants such as lignans and tocopherols. Screening of oilseed germplasm for important nutritionalattributes is of prime importance in quality breeding programs. In the present study, the content of lignans (sesamin andsesamolin) and tocopherol homologues (α-, γ -, and δ-tocopherol) was determined using reverse phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) in 143sesame lines collected from diverse agro-ecological zones of India. Exploitable levels of sesamin, sesamolin, γ-, and δ-tocopherolwas observed in the studied sesame lines. Sesamum indicum cultivar CO 1, introgressed line MKN 9, and Sesamum malabaricumshowed high values for sesamin. Exotic and indigenous accessions of S. indicum (EC 542283 and IC 132176, IC 204681, IC 204773)showed high sesamolin contents. Cultivars, AKT 64, AKT 101, Phule til 1, and Tapi A showed high values for γ - and δ-tocopherol. The average content of sesamin and sesamolin was 0.86 and 0.50 mg g-1 seed, respectively. The average tocopherol content (292 μgg-1 seed) found in this study indicates the presence of a high amount of tocopherol in Indian sesame germplasm. Superior genotypesof sesame reported in this study could be utilized in sesame breeding programs for enhancing oil yield and nutritional attributes

Mathematical model and experimental validation of the synergistic effect of selective enantioseparation of (S)-amlodipine from pharmaceutical wastewater using a HFSLM

Niti Sunsandee,Natchanun Leepipatpiboon,Ura Pancharoen,Prakorn Ramakul,Milan Hronec 한국공업화학회 2014 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.20 No.4

A case study on the synergistic enantioseparation of (S)-amlodipine from pharmaceutical wastewater by using hollow fiber supported liquid membrane (HFSLM) was examined. A chiral reaction flux mathematical model was applied. Optimum conditions achieved the highest percentages of extraction and stripping viz. 84% and 80%, respectively. Relevant parameters affecting the enantioseparation efficiency of (S)-amlodipine were determined. Standard deviation percentages were 2.31% for extraction and 1.26% for stripping. It was found that the mathematical model proved to be in good agreement with the experimental data.

Highly Protective Association of MMP-2 –1306C/T Promoter Polymorphism With Asthma in a North Indian Population: A Pilot Study

Niti Birbian,Jagtar Singh,Surinder Kumar Jindal 대한천식알레르기학회 2014 Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research Vol.6 No.3

Purpose: Asthma is the most prevalent disease in India according to the national survey conducted by NFHS 2 in 1998-1999. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), a collagenase encoded by the MMP-2 gene, degrades the type IV collagen and is responsible for inflammatory responses. This is a pilotstudy evaluating the role of MMP-2 -1306C/T promoter single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in asthma pathogenesis. Methods: A case-controlstudy was performed with a total of 824 adult subjects, including 410 adult asthmatics and 414 healthy controls from regions of North India. TheMMP-2 -1306C/T polymorphism was genotyped by the Tetra-Primer Amplification Refractory Mutation System Polymerase Chain Reaction (Tetra-Primer ARMS PCR). Results: Statistical analysis of the results for the MMP-2 -1306C/T polymorphism revealed an extremely protective role of themutant T allele in asthma pathogenesis with OR=0.45, 95% CI (0.35-0.58) and P=0.000. The heterozygous CT genotype also conferred protectionfrom asthma with OR=0.37, 95% CI (0.27-0.51) and P=0.000. The homozygous TT genotype was also significantly associated with asthma withOR=0.35, 95% CI (0.16-0.72) and P=0.002. Moreover, the polymorphism was significantly associated with all the phenotypic traits of the disease. Conclusions: The MMP-2 -1306C/T promoter polymorphism confers significant protection from asthma in the studied North Indian population.