현대시조의 형식론적 계승에 대한 비판적 검토

김남규(Kim, Nam-Kyu) 한국시학회 2015 한국시학연구 Vol.- No.44

본 논문은 현재까지 창작되고 있는 현대시조가 ‘과연 정형시인가’라는 질문과 함께, ‘음보(音譜)’라는 개념의 불분명함을 논의하면서 현대시조의 형식론적 계승을 검토하였다. 음절수가 아닌 음량(mora)으로 음보율을 설명하려는 의도에서 우리는 음량이라는 단위는 객관적 실체로 입증하지 못한 채 막연한 심리적 경향으로 제시될 수밖에 없으며, 보편적 언어 체계 안에서 변별적 자질로 인정되기 어렵다. ‘등장성(等張性)’이라는 개념과 발음에 따른 음성학적 휴지에 의한 음보라는 개념에는 이미 통사적으로나 음성학적으로나 심리적 혹은 무의식적 배려가 작동하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 또한 통사적 구분에 따라 나눠지는 경계와 설정된 음보는 정확하게 일치하지도 않으며, 시의 특성과 시인 개별 발화 그리고 독자 모두와 상관없는 추상적인 마디 설정을 그 한계로 떠맡는다. 시의 의미와 상관없는 통사 구분은 시의 호성(ambiguity)과 결정불가능성(undecidability)의 기회조차 박탈해버리고, 하나의 음보 단위 안에 해석의 여지를 가둬버린다. 이에 따라 종장의 제2음보가 초중장의 음보보다 ‘과(過)’한 구조라는 것만 규칙으로 확정지을 수 있다. 고시조에서는 강한 정서적 중량을 가진 어사가 종장 제1음보를 이뤘으나, 현재에 이르면서 종장 제1음보는 3음절이라는 조건만 남게 되었다. 탈형식의 방식으로 시조가 현재까지 변형되며 지속되어 왔기 때문이다. 따라서 새로운 시조의 음보론이 요청되며, 현재 논의되고 있는 일반 자유시에 대한 리듬 연구에서도 마찬가지로 음보에 대한 논의는 계속 새롭게 씌어져야 한다. This study examined formalistic succession of modern sijo, discussing the ambiguity of the concept of ‘metre(音譜)’ as well as questioning ‘Is modern sijo still being composed until now really a fixed verse?’ Because of the intention that foot meter is explained not by the number of syllables, but by mora, the unit of mora can not help being presented as a vague psychological tendency without any objective reality, and it is difficult to recognize the mora as a distinctive feature in universal linguistic system. It is verified that the concept of metre by phonological pause according to the concept of ‘isometricity(等張性)’ and pronunciation is already operated by psychological or unconscious consideration in terms of syntax or phonetics. In addition, boundary by syntactic division didn’t exactly match with set metre. The characteristics of the poem, the poet’s own individual articulation, and the reader all took the limitation of irrelevant abstract foot set-up. Regardless of the meaning of the poem, syntactic division deprived the chances of poetic ambiguity and undecidability and confined any other choice of interpretation inside of one single foot unit. Accordingly, it is possible to make a rule that the second foot of the last of the 3 verses sijo is ‘more(過)’ stretched structure than the other verses. Although Ancient Korean sijo had the first foot of the last verse with more emotional tone, there has remained only the rule that the first foot of the last verse has 3 syllables up to modern times. It is because the trend of avoiding the formalism has transformed and continued to be reflected on the modern sijo. Therefore, it is necessary to suggest that a new theory of sijo metre is required, and rhythm research with present discussion on the general free verse should be reviewed in terms of metre as well.

목탄이 첨가된 $MgB_2$의 초전도 성질에 미치는 열처리 온도의 영향

김남규,탄카이신,전병혁,박해웅,주진호,김찬중,Kim, Nam-Kyu,Tana, Kai Sin,Jun, Byung-Hyuk,Park, Hai-Woong,Joo, Jin-Ho,Kim, Chan-Joong 한국초전도학회 2007 Progress in superconductivity Vol.9 No.1

Charcoal was used as a carbon source for improving the critical current density of $MgB_2$ and the effect of annealing temperature on the $J_c$ of $MgB_2$ was investigated. The charcoal powder used in this study was $1{\sim}2$ microns in size and was prepared by wet attrition milling. $MgB_2$ bulk samples with a nominal composition of $Mg(B_{0.95}C_{0.05})_2$ were prepared by in situ process of Mg and B powders. The powder mixture was uniaxially compacted into pellets and heat treated at temperatures of $650^{\circ}C\;-\;1000^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes in flowing Ar gas. It was found that superconducting transition temperature of $Mg(B_{0.95}C_{0.05})_2$ decreased by charcoal additions which indicates the carbon substitution for boron site. $J_c$ of $Mg(B_{0.95}C_{0.05})_2$ was lower than that of the undoped $MgB_2$ at the magnetic fields smaller than 4 Tesla, while it was higher than that of the undoped sample especially at the magnetic field higher than 4 T. High temperature annealing seems to be effective in increasing $J_c$ due to the enhanced carbon diffusion into boron sites.

도인(挑仁)이 일측 신절제와 streptozotocin으로 유발된 당뇨병성 신증 Rat에 미치는 영향

김남규,오재선,전상윤,Kim, Nam-Kyu,Oh, Jae-Seon,Jeon, Sang-Yun 대한한방내과학회 2014 大韓韓方內科學會誌 Vol.35 No.4

Objectives: Diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of end stage renal disease. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-${\beta}1$, type IV collagen, advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) are the main factors of diabetic nephropathy. We investigated the effects of Prunus on renal function and histopathological changes of diabetic nephropathy rat model induced by unilateral nephrectomy and streptozotocin. Methods: Diabetes was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats ($290{\pm}10g$) by injecting streptozotocin (55 mg/kg) into the tail vein after unilateral nephrectomy. Rats were divided into 3 groups (n=6): normal, control, and Prunus. After 8 weeks of oral administration of Prunus extract on the Prunus group from 3 days after streptozotocin injection, we checked weight, 24 hrs urine, blood biochemistry and renal tissue to evaluate renal function and histopathological changes by examining parameters including albuminuria, BUN, creatinine, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride, TGF-${\beta}1$, type IV collagen, AGEs, and AT1. We also measured mRNA expression of TGF-${\beta}1$, type IV collagen, AGEs, and AT1 by Real Time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: Prunus decreased the amount of 24 hrs proteinuria, and inhibited histopathological changes of diabetic nephropathy including the expression and accumulation of TGF-${\beta}1$, type IV collagen and AGEs which could promote development of diabetic nephropathy. Prunus also inhibited mRNA expression of TGF-${\beta}1$, type IV collagen. Conclusions: These findings suggest that Prunus might protect the renal function and inhibit the development of renal injury by regulating factors including TGF-${\beta}1$, type IV collagen, AGEs, except AT1, so Prunus can be used for diabetic patients to prevent the progression of diabetic nephropathy.

도핑 비율에 따른 하이브리드 백색 OLED의 효율 향상에 관한 연구

김남규,신훈규,권영수,Kim, Nam-Kyu,Shin, Hoon-Kyu,Kwon, Young-Soo 한국전기전자재료학회 2014 전기전자재료학회논문지 Vol.27 No.9

We synthesized new materials of $Zn(HPB)_2$ and Ir-complexes as blue or red emitting material. We fabricated white Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED) by using $Zn(HPB)_2$ for the blue emitting layer, Ir-complexes for the red emitting layer and $Alq_3$ for the green emitting layer. We fabricated white OLED by using double emitting layers of $Zn(HPB)_2$:Ir-complexes and $Alq_3$. The doping rate of Ir-complexes was varied, such as 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8%, respectively. When the doping rate of $Zn(HPB)_2$:Ir-complexes was 0.6%, white emission was achieved. The Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of the white emission was (0.322, 0.312).

Hole Blocking Layer 사용에 따른 하이브리드 백색 OLED의 색순도 향상에 관한 연구

김남규,신훈규,권영수,Kim, Nam-Kyu,Shin, Hoon-Kyu,Kwon, Young-Soo 한국전기전자재료학회 2014 전기전자재료학회논문지 Vol.27 No.12

Novel materials of $Zn(HPB)_2$ and Ir-complexes were respectively synthesized as blue or red emitting material. White Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED) were fabricated by using $Zn(HPB)_2$ for a blue emitting layer, Ir-complexes for a red emitting layer and $Alq_3$ for a green emitting layer. White OLED was fabricated by using double emitting layers of $Zn(HPB)_2$ and $Alq_3:Ir$-complexes, and hole blocking layer of BCP. We also varied the thickness of BCP. When the thickness of BCP layer was 5 nm, white emission was achieved. We obtained a maximum luminance of $3,500cd/m^2$. The CIE coordinates was (0.375, 0.331). From this study, we could propose that the hybrid structure is efficient in lighting application of white OLED by improvement of color purity.

오대산국립공원 내 임상별 고등균류 다양성

김남규 ( Nam Kyu Kim ),이진흥 ( Jin Heung Lee ),윤영하 ( Young Ha Yoon ),한상국 ( Sang Kuk Han ),이종규 ( Jong Kyu Lee ) 한국임학회 2014 산림과학 공동학술대회 논문집 Vol.2014 No.-

오대산국립공원내 고등균류 다양성 및 분포를 임상별로 2013년 6월부터 9월까지 조사하여 비교하였다. 총 486점의 자실체를 채집, 동정하여 19목 53과 112속 201종으로 분류하였으며, 종다양성은 혼효림에서 가장 높았고(66속 102종), 침엽수림에서 가장 낮았다(54속 88종). 고도별 종분포는 1,001m이상에서 105종으로 가장 높았고, 다음이 700~1,000m(91종), 반면 700m이하에서 가장 낮았다(75종). 산림내 생태적인 역할인 부생체, 공생체, 기생체로 구분할 때, 각각 59.9, 37.8, 1.4%를 차지하였다. 가장 우점종은 Mycena pura, Gymnopus dryophilus, Mycena polygramma의 순이었으며, 종다양성지수는 혼효림, 활엽수림, 침엽수림의 순이었고 혼효림과 활엽수림간의 종유사도는 0.42이었다. 침엽수림에서만 채집된 종이 50종, 활엽수림에서만 채집된 종은 54종, 침엽수림과 활엽수림에서 모두 채집된 종은 26종이었다. Fungal diversity and distribution of the higher fungi in Odaesan National Park was surveyed and compared in 3 forest types (coniferous, broad-leaved, and mixed) from June to September, 2013. Four hundreds and eighty-six fruiting bodies were collected, identified and classified into 201 species, 112 genera, 53 families, and 19 orders. The highest species diversity (102 species belong to 66 genera) was obtained from the mixed forest, while the lowest (88 species belong to 54 genera) was from the coniferous forest. The highest species diversity (105 species) was shown at the range of over 1,001m in elevation, and followed by 701~1,000m, while the lowest diversity (75 species) was shown at the range of below 700m. These were grouped into 3 major groups, i.e., saprophytic (59.9%), symbiotic (37.8%), and parasitic (1.4%), by ecological roles in forest ecosystem. The most dominant species was Mycena pura(Pers.)P.Kumm, and followed by Gymnopus dryophilus(Bull.)Murrill and Mycena polygramma(Bull.)Gray. Species diversity index of the mixed forest was the highest, followed by the broad-leaved and the coniferous. The highest species similarity indices was calculated as 0.42 between the broad-leaved and the mixed forests. Fifty species were collected only in coniferous forest, while fifty four species were collected only in broad-leaved. Twenty six sepcies were collected from both forests.

진행성 직장암에서 수술 후 보조 치료법으로 5-Fluorouracil의 경정맥 투여와 Doxifluridine의 경구투여에 대한 전향적 임의 비교 연구

김남규(Nam Kyu Kim),이강영(Kang Young Lee),박재균(Jea Kun Park),윤성현(Seong Hyeun Yun),노재경(Jae Kyung Roh),민진식(Jin Sik Min) 대한외과학회 2001 Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research(ASRT) Vol.60 No.2

Cr-Mo계 금형강의 기계적 성질에 미치는 합금원소 및 템퍼링의 영향

김남규 ( Nam Kyu Kim ),김병옥 ( Byoung Ok Kim ),이오연 ( Oh Yeon Lee ) 한국열처리공학회 2012 熱處理工學會誌 Vol.25 No.4

The purpose of this study is to enhance the hardenability and the mechanical properties by the addition of alloying elements such as Ni, Cr, Mo and B for the development of Cr-Mo plastic mold steel with uniform hardness and microstructure. The ingots were prepared by vacuum induction melting and forged to Φ35mm round bar. Forged bars were quenched and tempered at 200~600℃ for 1.5 hour. Jominy test, boron distribution observation, microstructual observation, tensile test and charpy impact test were conducted. It was confirmed that the hardenablity of these steels was improved by increasing of alloying elements and further promoted by the addition of boron. The critical rate of cooling required to obtain the bainitic structure for 0.27C-1.23Cr-0.28Mo-B steel was 0.5℃/sec. Hardness and strength of Cr-Mo steels decreased with increasing tempering temperature, but elongation and reduction of area increased with increasing tempering temperature. However, impact energy tempered at 400℃ showed the lowest value in the range 200∼600℃ due to the temper embrittlement.

수술중 총 수담관 담도 조영술과 초음파 검사법의 비교 연구

김남규(Nam Kyu Kim),손승국(Seung Kook Sohn),지훈상(Hoon Sang Chi),김병로(Byong Ro Kim) 대한외과학회 1990 Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research(ASRT) Vol.39 No.4

한국 현대시조 리듬론 비판적 검토-김상옥을 중심으로-

김남규(Kim, Nam-Kyu) 우리문학회 2020 우리文學硏究 Vol.0 No.66

김상옥의 시조 형식 실험은 시조와 시의 경계, ‘시조’와 ‘시조가 아닌 것’이 어떤 기준으로 경계가 나눠지는지 확인할 수 있게 한다. 그는 시조의 기본형이라 할 수 있는 3‘장’(章) 구성이 아닌 3‘행’(行) 구성을 의도하면서, 시조의 일정한 리듬이 얼마든지 행으로 늘어날 수 있다는 것을 보여주었다. 그에 따르면, 시조의 장과 시의 행이 크게 다른 것이 아니다. 또한 그는 3행 3연의 형식을 시도하면서 시조의 ‘구(句)’가 단순히 분절되는 것에 그치는 것이 아니라, 구가 점층의 형식을 취하여 특정한 효과가 발생하도록 의도하였다. 그러나 같은 패턴의 구 운용은 시조 종장의 미학을 무너뜨리게 되었고, 이제 장은 병렬 구조의 연으로 기능하게 되면서 시조는 보다 안정적인 ‘3의 구조’를 갖게 된 것이다. 이러한 그의 시조 형식 실험은 ‘시조가 아닌 것’을 시조로 편입시키면서, 시조는 과연 무엇인지를 되묻게 한다. Kim Sang-ok"s modern Sijo, through its form experiment allows us to check the boundary between Sijo and poem, and the criteria for “-Sijo-” and “-not Sijo-”. He intended to construct three lines instead of a three Jang(章), which is the basic form of Sijo, and showed that the rhythm of Sijo can be stretched to any number of lines. According to him, the Jang of Sijo and line of a poem are not very different. In addition, while attempting the format of the three lines and three verses, he intended it to be more than a mere division of Sijo"s Gu(句), and have a specific effect by taking the form of a Gu. However, the Gu of Sijo operation of the same pattern broke down the aesthetics of the founder of Sijo, and as the Jang of Sijo now functions as a v erse o f poetry in a parallel structure, S ijo has a more stable three-structure. Thus the experiment with Sijo"s form, which incorporates “-not Sijo-” as Sijo, asks what Sijo is.