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The significance of tibial and common peroneal nerves in nerve blocks.
Lee, Je-Hun,Lee, Be-Na,Lee, Michael Y,An, Xiaochun,Han, Seung-Ho Springer International 2013 Surgical and radiologic anatomy Vol.35 No.3
<P>The aim of this study was to elucidate the anatomical location of tibial nerve (TN) and common peroneal nerve (CPN) in the popliteal crease for specific nerve block. Fifty fresh specimens from 27 adult Korean cadavers (16 males and 11 females, age 35-87 years) were investigated. Five of the 27 cadavers were used to determine the depths of nerves in cross-section. Tibial nerve was located 50 % from the most lateral point of the popliteal crease and 1.4-cm deep to the surface. In 20 % of the 50 specimens, the medial sural cutaneous nerve branched out below or at the popliteal crease, whereas the CPN was located at 26 % from the most lateral point of the popliteal crease and 0.7-cm deep from the surface. Furthermore, in 6 % of specimens the lateral sural cutaneous nerve branched out below or at the popliteal crease. The results concerning the location of the TN and CPN at the popliteal crease offer a good guide to optimal nerve block.</P>
Lee, Sung Keun,Lin, Jung-Fu,Cai, Yong Q,Hiraoka, Nozomu,Eng, Peter J,Okuchi, Takuo,Mao, Ho-Kwang,Meng, Yue,Hu, Michael Y,Chow, Paul,Shu, Jinfu,Li, Baosheng,Fukui, Hiroshi,Lee, Bum Han,Kim, Hyun Na,Yoo National Academy of Sciences 2008 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.105 No.23
<P>Silicate melts at the top of the transition zone and the core-mantle boundary have significant influences on the dynamics and properties of Earth's interior. MgSiO3-rich silicate melts were among the primary components of the magma ocean and thus played essential roles in the chemical differentiation of the early Earth. Diverse macroscopic properties of silicate melts in Earth's interior, such as density, viscosity, and crystal-melt partitioning, depend on their electronic and short-range local structures at high pressures and temperatures. Despite essential roles of silicate melts in many geophysical and geodynamic problems, little is known about their nature under the conditions of Earth's interior, including the densification mechanisms and the atomistic origins of the macroscopic properties at high pressures. Here, we have probed local electronic structures of MgSiO3 glass (as a precursor to Mg-silicate melts), using high-pressure x-ray Raman spectroscopy up to 39 GPa, in which high-pressure oxygen K-edge features suggest the formation of tricluster oxygens (oxygen coordinated with three Si frameworks; 3O) between 12 and 20 GPa. Our results indicate that the densification in MgSiO3 melt is thus likely to be accompanied with the formation of triculster, in addition to a reduction in nonbridging oxygens. The pressure-induced increase in the fraction of oxygen triclusters >20 GPa would result in enhanced density, viscosity, and crystal-melt partitioning, and reduced element diffusivity in the MgSiO3 melt toward deeper part of the Earth's lower mantle.</P>
International comparison CCQM-K84-carbon monoxide in synthetic air at ambient level
Lee, Jeongsoon,Moon, Dongmin,Lee, Jinbok,Lim, Jeongsik,Hall, Brad,Novelli, Paul,Brewer, Paul J,Miller, Michael,Murugun, Arul,Minarro, Marta Doval,Qiao, Han,Shuguo, Hu,Konopelko, L A,Kustikov, Y A,Kolo BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET MESURES 2017 METROLOGIA -BERLIN- Vol.54 No.1
Antipersistant Effects in the Dynamics of a Competing Population
K. H. Lee,K. Y. Michael Wong 한국물리학회 2007 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.50 No.1I
We consider a population of agents competing for finite resources by using strategies based on two channels of signals. The model is applicable to financial markets, ecosystems and computer networks. We find that the dynamics of the system is determined by the correlation between the two channels. In particular, occasional mismatches of the signals induce a series of transitions among numerous attractors. Surprisingly, in contrast to the effects of noises on dynamical systems normally resulting in a large number of attractors, the number of attractors due to the mismatched signals remains finite. Both simulations and analyses show that this can be explained by the antipersistent nature of the dynamics. Antipersistence refers to the response of the system to a given signal being opposite to that of the signal’s previous occurrence and is a consequence of the competition of agents to make minority decisions. Thus, it is essential for stabilizing the dynamical systems.
Guo, Yuanhang,Lee, Jieun,Son, Jinha,Ahn, Suk-kyun,Carrillo, Jan-Michael Y.,Sumpter, Bobby G. American Chemical Society 2019 Macromolecules Vol.52 No.18
<P>This work details an integrated investigation of liquid crystal (LC) oligomers that combines experiments and molecular dynamics simulations to obtain a detailed understanding of the molecular structure of LC oligomers and the mechanism underlying their phase transition temperatures. We synthesized and characterized a series of LC oligomers prepared from different lengths of methylene spacers in the reactive LC monomers and <I>n</I>-alkylamine chain extenders <I>via</I> the <I>aza</I>-Michael addition reaction. In parallel, we performed isothermal-isobaric (<I>NPT</I>) ensemble coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CG-MD) simulation of analogue mesogens that are connected to flexible spacers and extenders at varying temperatures, spacer lengths, and extender lengths. This approach allowed the effect of length in the flexible spacer as well as in the chain extender on the nematic-isotropic transition temperature (<I>T</I><SUB>ni</SUB>) to be determined. The results showed that increasing the length of the extender decreases <I>T</I><SUB>ni</SUB> for LC oligomers and amplifies the decrease of <I>T</I><SUB>ni</SUB> in LC oligomers when the spacer length is short. We infer that the combination of spacer and extender changes the shape anisotropy of LC oligomers, changing the packing behavior of constituent mesogens, thus affecting their ability to transition from the isotropic to the nematic phase. The detailed molecular structure-property relationships formulated enable prescribing design rules for LC oligomers geared toward molecularly engineered shape changing materials.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>