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Kim, Min Keun,Kang, Tae Ho,Kim, Sung Kyum,Jeong, Yu Seok,Yun, Han Dae,Kim, Hoon The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2012 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.55 No.6
The rsmA gene was cloned from soft-rot bacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum LY34 (Pcc LY34), and its role in pathogenicity was investigated by marker exchange mutagenesis. From a cosmid library of Pcc LY34 genomic DNA, a positive clone carrying the rsmA gene was selected, and the gene was cloned by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The gene is 186 bp in size and encodes a protein of 62 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 6,839 Da. The calculated pI of the RsmA is 8.16. The phylogenetic tree showed that the RsmA of Pcc LY34 appeared genetically identical to the CsrA of Pectobacterium atrosepticum SCRI1043 (100% identity) and similar to the CsrA of Yersinia pestis KIM10+(98.3%). The gene was disrupted by the $Km^r$ gene, and the cells became mutated (i.e., $RsmA^-$ mutant). The pathogenicity test revealed that the disease rating of the $RsmA^-$ mutant only differed slightly from that of the wild type on a slice of potato tuber and a Chinese cabbage stalk. These results suggest that RsmA is not an essential factor for the pathogenicity of Pcc LY34 and that the rsmA gene of Pcc LY34 is not completely derepressed in the $RsmA^-$ mutant for virulence-related genes, contrary to the results of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora $RsmA^-$ mutant, which proved hypervirulent for celery petioles. These results showed that the microenvironmental conditions of the host and/or strain of pathogen are important for the coordination of virulence gene expression.
Kim, Sang-Kyum,Kwen, Hai-Doo,Choi, Seong-Ho Pergamon 2012 Radiation physics and chemistry Vol.81 No.5
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Vinyl copolymer–clay nanocomposites were prepared by γ-irradiation-initiated radical polymerization using a mixture of styrene (St) and divinyl benzene (DVB) in the presence of reactive organic montmorillonite clay (OMMT) in methanol at room temperature. Reactive OMMT was synthesized by a cation exchange reaction of Na<SUP>+</SUP>-MMT and 1-[(4-ethylphenyl)methyl]-3-butyl-imidazolium chloride as a reactive organic modifier in an aqueous solution. The microstructures of the nanocomposites were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The thermal stability was examined by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). As a result, the reactive OMMT was a good additive material for preparing vinyl copolymer–clay nanocomposites.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P><P>► Vinyl copolymer–clay nanocomposites were prepared by γ-irradiation. ► Different St/DVB monomer ratios used to alter the crosslinking of the polymers. ► TEM revealed well exfoliated clay sheets dispersed in the ST/DVB copolymer matrix. ► More highly crosslinked copolymers formed as increasing DVB content.</P>
Kim, On-Yoo,Shin, Yoon-Kyum,Yoon, Young Kwon,Ko, Eu Jeong,Cho, Sung-Rae Korean Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine 2015 Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine Vol.39 No.1
<P><B>Objective</B></P><P>To investigate the effect of treadmill walking exercise as a treatment method to improve gait efficiency in adults with cerebral palsy (CP) and to determine gait efficiency during overground walking after the treadmill walking exercise.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>Fourteen adults with CP were recruited in the experimental group of treadmill walking exercise. A control group of 7 adults with CP who attended conventional physical therapy were also recruited. The treadmill walking exercise protocol consisted of 3-5 training sessions per week for 1-2 months (total 20 sessions). Gait distance, velocity, VO<SUB>2</SUB>, VCO<SUB>2</SUB>, O<SUB>2</SUB> rate (mL/kg·min), and O<SUB>2</SUB> cost (mL/kg·m) were assessed at the beginning and at the end of the treadmill walking exercise. The parameters were measured by KB1-C oximeter.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>After the treadmill walking exercise, gait distance during overground walking up to 6 minutes significantly increased from 151.29±91.79 to 193.93±79.01 m, and gait velocity increased from 28.09±14.29 to 33.49±12.69 m/min (p<0.05). Energy efficiency evaluated by O<SUB>2</SUB> cost during overground walking significantly improved from 0.56±0.36 to 0.41±0.18 mL/kg·m (p<0.05), whereas O<SUB>2</SUB> rate did not improve significantly after the treadmill walking exercise. On the other hand, gait velocity and O<SUB>2</SUB> cost during overground walking were not significantly changed in the control group.</P><P><B>Conclusion</B></P><P>Treadmill walking exercise improved the gait efficiency by decreased energy expenditure during overground walking in adults with CP. Therefore, treadmill walking exercise can be an important method for gait training in adults with CP who have higher energy expenditure.</P>
Kim, Ock Tae,Cho, Sung Kyum Center for Asian Public Opinion ResearchCollaborat 2013 Asian journal for public opinion research Vol.1 No.1
The rise and fall of social research methods rely on how much a certain method is able to appropriately reflect the change of society. The present research proposes new mobile surveying methods, considering the current and future trends in Korea. In particular, this research focuses on environmental pressure (time constraints, the presence of others and the place) as one of the major factors influencing the effects of survey modes. For example, landline surveys are conducted in the respondent's home, which is a private and fixed space. On the other hand, surveys on mobile phones can be conducted in diverse places with other people around. After sampling 500 landline respondents and 500 mobile phone respondents using a quota method, the same questionnaire was used for both the mobile and landline interviews. The findings are generally consistent with the literature supporting the data quality and comparability of the mixed mode survey. These results are encouraging for researchers designing surveys that feature mobile phone data collection.