Elderly kidney transplant recipients have favorable outcomes but increased infection-related mortality

임정훈,Lee Ga Young,Jeon Yena,Jung Hee-Yeon,Choi Ji Young,CHO, JANG-HEE,Park Sun Hee,김용림,Kim Hyung-Kee,Huh Seung,유은상,Won Dong Il,Kim Chan-Duck 대한신장학회 2022 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.41 No.3

Background: The number of elderly patients with end-stage kidney disease has been increasing, but the outcomes of kidney transplants (KT) remain poorly understood in elderly patients. Therefore, we evaluated the clinical outcomes of elderly KT recipients and analyzed the impact of elderly donors. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included patients who underwent KT between 2000 and 2019. KT recipients were divided into four groups according to a combination of recipient and donor age (≥60 or <60 years); elderly recipients: old-to-old (n = 46) and young-to-old (n = 83); young recipients: old-to-young (n = 98) and young-to-young (n = 796). We compared the risks of mortality, graft failure, and acute rejection between groups using Cox regression analysis. Results: The incidence of delayed graft function, graft failure, and acute rejection was not different among groups. Annual mean tacrolimus trough level was not lower in elderly recipients than young recipients during 10-year follow-up. Mortality was significantly higher in elderly recipients (p = 0.001), particularly infection-related mortality (p < 0.001). In multivariable Cox regression analysis, old-toold and young-to-old groups had increased risk of mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14– 7.32; p = 0.03; aHR, 3.06; 95% CI, 1.51–6.20; p = 0.002). However, graft failure and acute rejection risks were not increased in elderly recipients. Conclusion: In elderly recipients, graft survival and acute rejection-free survival were not inferior to those of young recipients. However, mortality, especially risk of infection-related death, was increased in elderly recipients. Thus, low immunosuppression intensity might help decrease mortality in elderly recipients.

배출부문별 암모니아 배출량 추정에 대한 연구(2003)

장영기 수원대학교 산업기술연구소 2005 산업기술연구소논문집 Vol.20 No.-

The ammonia gas reaction in the atmosphere are a significant source of PM. Due to the increasing concentration of PM in atmosphere, the need for improved ammonia emission inventories has become an increasingly important air quality issue. The major sources of ammonia are a manure management for animal feed operation, wastewater treatment and fertilizer usage. In this study, the ammonia emissions by source categories are estimated in Korea, 2003. And the characteristics of the ammonia emission are analyzed. The emission factors are selected from the U. S. EPA guidelines(1994). It is estimated that the ammonia emitted as 230,818 tons per year in nationwide 2003. Results shows that livestock operation is a major source of total ammonia emissions in Korea, responsible for emitting 162,132 tons per year, And pigs emit 85,015 tor.,s of ammonia emissions and form the biggest sub-source category within the livestock operation.

천연가스 사용 난방 및 산업보일러의 NOx와 CO 배출계수 산정 연구

장영기,최상진,김관,송기봉,김호정,정봉진 한국대기환경학회 2004 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.20 No.5

This study was conducted for developing the emission factors of nitrogen oxide(NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) from the combustion boilers burning liquefied natural gas (LNG). These emission factors were compared with those of U.S. EPA and European Environment Agency (EEA). NOx and CO concentration in the flow gas were measured using Kane-May, KM9106 and Thermo Environmental Instruments Inc., 42C-HL. Measurement were conducted at thirty industrial and commercial LNG boilers. Emission factors were calculated on the basis of fuel consumption (kg-pollutant/㎥-fuel burned). NOx concentration at industrial boiler was 14~125 ppm and it was measured as 35~125 ppm at commercial boiler. NOx emission factors of industrial boiler and commercial boiler were 1.84kg/㎥ and 2.09kg/㎥, respectively. NOx emission factor of commercial boiler was higher than that of industrial boiler. The NOx emission factors estimated in this study were lower than those of U.S. EPA and higher than those of EEA. Average CO emission factor of industrial boiler was 0.65 kg/㎥ and at commercial boiler it was 0.70kg/㎥, CO emission factor at industrial boiler was lower than that at commercial boiler.

경기지역의 점, 면, 이동오염원에 의한 대기오염배출자료 작성(1995)

張榮基 水原大學校 1997 論文集 Vol.15 No.-

There are about twenty million people, forty million automobiles and numerous industrial complexes in Seoul Metropolitan Area: Seoul and Kyonggi Province of Korea. The air quality of this area is, therefore, the worst in Korea, and people have been suffering from heavy smog. There are many works that should be considered to control air pollution. First of all, to tackle the air pollution, emission inventory should be prepared. Therefore, emission inventory by point, area and mobile sources of Kyonggi area is constructed in this study. Methods for calculating emissions are reviewed, and emissions of SO₂, NO₂, CO, TSP in 1995 are calculated. As the result, it is found that SO₂, NO₂ is mainly emitted from point sources, CO is mainly emitted from mobile sources in this area.

경기도의 부문별 온실가스 배출특성 연구(1999)

장영기 수원대학교 산업기술연구소 2004 산업기술연구소논문집 Vol.19 No.-

The purpose of this study was to estimate the greenhouse gas omissions from source categories in Kyonggi-do in 1999, and characteristics of emission in this area were compared with nation-wide emissions. Revised 1996 IPCC guidelines and emission factors recently reported in Korea were used to estimate emission of greenhouse gas. In this study, CO₂ emission was estimated as 44,668 thousand tons, CH₄ as 190 thousand tons and N₂O as 1.0 thousand tons in Kyonggi-do, 1999. So greenhouse gas emission in this area was estimated as 13,414 thousand tons of carbon equivalent, and this emission was correspond to 11.4 precent of nation-wide emissions and 1.48 tons of carbon equivalent per capita. And it was estimated that CO₂ was contributed as 91.4 %, CH₄ as 8.0 % and N₂O as 0.6 % to the total greenhouse gas emission in Kyonggi-do, 1999. The characteristics of greenhouse gas emission in Kyonggi-do were analyzed that portions of emission from residential part(26.0%) and transport part(25.5%) were higher than portions of nation-wide emission. On the other hand, a portion of greenhouse gas reduction by forestry in Kyonggi-do was lower than that of nation-wide. It is believed that these characteristics were due to construction of new cities and higher population growth in this area.

장기 대기오염확산모형의 국내적용을 위한 기상결합빈도함수의 풍속등급 수정에 관한 연구

張榮基 수원대학교 산업기술연구소 1990 산업기술연구소논문집 Vol.5 No.-

Many long-term air pollution models have been used in KOREA. But these models were developed in U. S. A., and some parameters do not reflect the climatological characteristics of KOREA. This paper analize the frequency of wind speed in Seoul, and modify the wind speed class in climatological joint frequency function (JFF) to make it applicable in Seoul, and modify TCM-2 program for new JFF. Then conventional JFF and modified JFF are compared by TCM-2. it was found that the correlation coefficient by conventional JFF is 0.519 and that of modified JFF is 0.523. And difference between observed value and predicted value by modified JFF is reduced to 4.3㎍/㎥ as compared with 36.0㎍/㎥ by conventional JFF.

접형동, 뇌하수체병변 수술을 위한 경비중격접형동 접근법에 대한 연구

장철호,송영창,곽기용 圓光大學校 醫科學硏究所 1996 圓光醫科學 Vol.12 No.1

Early attempts to remove pituitary tumors included a transcranial approach that was impeded by numerous anatomic obstacles like the cavernous sinus, the carotid artery, and the optic chiasm. Nearly every pituitary tumor can be exposed and removed through the nasal septum. Advances in physics and biochemistry have supported substantial improvements in diagnosis and management so that transseptal transsphenoidal approach is one of the most predictable operations performed for pituitary tumor. The sublabial transseptal approach(Hardy) should access to the septal spaces and the sphenoid sinus, working entirely under the lip. However, working into the nose from a low angle under the canopy of the orbicularis oris muscle does restrict visibility at the point surgeon needs it most, over the premaxillar wings. In 1990, we began performing the entire septal dissection through a septal hemitransfixation incision, saving the sublabial incision until later in the operation when we wanted to insert the nasal speculum. This modified approach improved our ability to elevate the mucoperichondrium from the anterior-inferior regions of the septum in the premaxillary region without perforation. The nasal spine ceased to be an issue because it was no longer in the way. We studied 10 cases of modified transseptal transsphenoidal approach to pituitary tumor and other lesions during a period of 6 years between September. 1990 and October, 1996.

경기지역의 자동차와 용제사용 부문 VOC 배출량 산정

장영기 수원대학교 산업기술연구소 1999 산업기술연구소논문집 Vol.14 No.-

There are about twenty million people, forty million automobiles and numerous industrial complexes in Seoul Metropolitan Area; Seoul and Kyonggi Province of Korea. the air quality of this area is the worst in Korea, and people have been suffering from photochemical smog and high ozone concentration. There are many works that should be considered to control air pollution. First of all, to control the photochemical smog, VOC and NOx emission inventory should be prepared. Therefore, VOC emission inventory by automobile and solvent utilization sources of Kyonggi area is constructed in this study. Methods for calculating emissions are reviewed, and emission of VOC in 1997 are calculated. As the result, it is estimated that VOC 80,092 ton/year was emitted from automobile and 80,502 ton/year was emitted from solvent utilization.

폐기물 매립에 의한 온실가스와 비메탄 VOC 배출량 추정

장영기 수원대학교 산업기술연구소 2000 산업기술연구소논문집 Vol.15 No.-

About 60,000 ton/day wastes are dumped into landfill site recently in Korea. Landfills are significant sources of methane and volatile organic compound(VOC). Methane is an important greenhouse gas cause to global warming. And non-methane VOCs include hazardous air pollutants, odor compounds and ozone precursor. But it is difficult to estimate an emission of methane and VOC from waste landfill treatment. In this study, an methane emissions from landfill are estimated by compositions of waste and IPCC method. Methane generation potential is calculated to 50 - 59 m3/ton-waste, and methane emissions from landfill are estimated 960,000-1,100,000 ton/yr in 1997. VOC emissions from landfill are estimated by LAEEM method. LAEEM(Landfill Air Emissions Estimation Model) is developed by U.S. EPA for estimation of landfill gas emission from landfills. The default value of VOC concentration from landfill gas in LAEEM is 4,000 ppmv as hexane. And VOC 39,000 - 46,000 ton/yr are estimated from waste landfill in 1997, Korea.

탈루성 배출에 의한 메탄 배출량 추정에 대한 연구

장영기 수원대학교 산업기술연구소 2003 산업기술연구소논문집 Vol.18 No.-

The methane is one of the major greenhouse gases with carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. The major sources of methane are waste landfill, agriculture, animal feed operation and fugitive emission of energy sector The fugitive methane emission is made from coal mining, natural gas system and oil production and transportation. In this study, the methane emission from fugitive sources is estimated during from 1991 to 2002 in Korea. The emission factors are selected from the revised 1996, 2000 IPCC guidelines considering Korean characteristics of coal, gas and oil production and transport system. The fugitive methane emitted mainly from coal underground mining in early 1990s. But the methane emission is rapidly decreased from 260 Gg in 1991 to 57 Gg in 2002 by reduction of coal production. Meanwhile the methane from natural gas system is gradually increased from 9 Gg in 1991 to 55 Gg in 2002 by the natural gas utilization. It is estimated that the methane emitted as 128 Gg by fugitive emission in 2002; 57 Gg from coal production, 55 Gg from natural gas system and 16 Gg from oil transportation.