농촌공동화에 따른 농업생산성에의 영향

구룽아누프 ( A Gurung ),구룽옴프라카스 ( O P Gurung2 ),갈키라훌 ( R Karki ),오상은 ( S E Oh ) 강원대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2012 강원 농업생명환경연구 Vol.24 No.4

Impacts of Rural Out-migration on Agriculture and Animal Husbandry : A Case Study from Trans-Himalayan Region, Nepal

Anup Gurung,Om Prakash Gurung,Sang-Eun Oh 강원대학교 환경연구소 2010 Journal of the Environment Vol.7 No.-

Agriculture and animal husbandry are important livelihood strategies for a large proportion of the poor rural households in developing countries. However, in recent years, the process of migration has become a major feature of diversification for many rural societies. This paper explores the triangular relationship among agricultural productivity, pastoralism, and rural out-migration by presenting a case study from the trans-Himalayan regions in Nepal. The general findings of the study revealed that rural out-migration affects the responsibilities and tasks among the rural households significantly. The majority of the households diversify their income sources by involving in labor migration both internally and internationally. However, the massive exodus of people has left its toll on the villages. Substantial proportions of agricultural land were abandoned in Sikles and Tangting that ultimately reduced agricultural output significantly in the villages. In addition, animal husbandry, one of the important livelihood strategies in the village is also on the verge of declining. In Sikles, the numbers of livestock including sheep, goats, buffaloes, and cows/oxen decreased by 81.66%, 77.77%, 88.88%, and 88%, respectively. Similarly, in Tangting also, the numbers of sheep, goats, buffaloes, and cows/oxen decreased by 90%, 96.66%, 91.66%, and 95%, respectively. Nevertheless, from the socio-economic point of view, migration is becoming integral part of life for the villagers yet since remittances usually exceed the expenses for hiring additional workforce for agriculture and pastoralism; most people consider migration is profitable and complementary livelihood strategies in the villages.

지역 생계에 미치는 외주이동 노동의 영향: 네팔을 중심으로

구룽아누프 ( A. Gurung ),구룽옴프라카스 ( O. P. Gurung ),오상은 ( S. E. Oh ) 강원대학교 농업생명과학연구원(구 농업과학연구소) 2011 강원 농업생명환경연구 Vol.23 No.1

Migration is one of the historically existing phenomena in Nepal. Over the past two decades, labor migration and remittances are major economic mainstays for Nepal`s economy. In 2009, approximately 2.98 billion USD was remitted to Nepal from international migrants, which accounted for 21.8% of national gross domestic product. This study empirically evaluates a conceptual framework incorporating rural household livelihoods as an integrative mediating factor between rural migration and the rural economic development in the context of labor out-migration in Namarjung Village Development Committee, one of the underprivileged rural communities in Nepal. The analysis draws on data collected through in-depth household questionnaire survey, key informant interviews, and focus group discussion to estimate the hypothesized effects. Results confirm the hypothesis that migrant and non-migrant households differ significantly in livelihood activities including agricultural production, income and consumption behaviors, and resource use and land management. It was found that households annual income increased significantly (24%, 50,000 NPR/year) after involvement in the abroad employment. In very recent years, higher percentage of female (25.56%) was also found involving in international migration. Nevertheless, it was found that the process of migration affected the human capital negatively and has created shortage of manpower which corresponds to 51%. Additionally, the livestock, mainly goat and sheep also reduced by 50%. However, it was found that with increasing return inflows of remittances, the social and physical facilities and services near to the surveyed area also improved substantially including access to electricity, transportation, schools, health clinics, and communicating media. This study reveals that the often countervailing nature of out-migration affects the short and long terms rural community revitalization processes.

Municipal Solid Waste Management: Challenges and Opportunities in Nepal

Gurung, Anup,Oh, Sang-Eun Korean Society of Soil Science and Fertilizer 2012 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.45 No.3

Nepal is one of the least urbanized countries in the world where more than 80% of the total population live in rural areas. In recent years, the rate of urbanization became rampant which ultimately accelerated immense pressure on municipal services, especially on managing the ever increasing amount of wastes. Due to lack of technology, infrastructure and financial capacity management of increasing amount of solid waste has become a major challenge in municipalities of Nepal. The indiscriminate dumping of solid wastes already affected the urban environment by creating a serious occupational health and environmental hazard to the vicinity of the dumping sites. However, there is great possibility of recovering methane from the landfill sites since the typical Nepalese municipal solid waste contains more than 65% of organic wastes. Despite having enormous potential of generating electricity from hydropower, Nepal is facing acute shortage of energy. Therefore, comprehensive scientific research and development is necessary for making solid waste to environmentally friendly by converting waste to the energy.

Semi-continuous detection of toxic hexavalent chromium using a sulfur-oxidizing bacteria biosensor

Gurung, A.,Oh, S.E.,Kim, K.D.,Shin, B.S. Academic Press 2012 Journal of environmental management Vol.106 No.-

Toxicity testing is becoming a useful tool for environmental risk assessment. A biosensor based on the metabolic properties of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) has been applied for the detection of toxic chemicals in water. The methodology exploits the ability of SOB to oxidize elemental sulfur to sulfuric acid under aerobic conditions. The reaction results in an increase in electrical conductivity (EC) and a decrease in pH. Five hours after Cr<SUP>6+</SUP> was added to the SOB biosensor operated in semi-continuous mode (1 min rapid feeding and 29 min batch reaction), a decrease in effluent EC and an increase in pH (from 2-3 to 6) were detected due to Cr<SUP>6+</SUP> toxicity to SOB. The SOB biosensor is simple; it can detect toxic levels of Cr<SUP>6+</SUP> on the order of minutes to hours, a useful time scale for early warning detection systems designed to protect the environment from further degradation.

Ameliorating effect of TI-1-162, a hydroxyindenone derivative, against TNBS-induced rat colitis is mediated through suppression of RIP/ASK-1/MAPK signaling

Gurung, Pallavi,Banskota, Suhrid,Katila, Nikita,Gautam, Jaya,Kadayat, Tara Man,Choi, Dong-Young,Lee, Eung Seok,Jeong, Tae Cheon,Kim, Jung-Ae Elsevier 2018 european journal of pharmacology Vol.827 No.-

<P>The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with production of immense pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-alpha. Once generated, TNF-alpha stimulates production of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and disrupts mucosal barrier by inducing inflamed mucosal epithelial cell death. In the present study, we investigated inhibitory effects of TI-1-162, a hydroxyindenone derivative, against TNF-alpha-induced and TNBS-induced colon inflammation. TI-1-162 showed inhibitory effect on the TNF-alpha-induced adhesion of U937 monocytic cells to HT-29 colonic epithelial cells (IC50 = 0.83 +/- 0.12 mu M), which is an in vitro model representing the initial step of colitis. In addition, TI-1-162 suppressed TNF-alpha-stimulated caspase-3 activation and HT-29 cell apoptosis. These in vitro inhibitory activities of TI-1-162 correlated to recovery changes in in vivo colon tissues, such as downregulation of adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1) and chemokines (CCL11, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CX3CL1) revealed by gene expression array and Western blot analyses. Such molecular recovery of colon epithelium from TNBS-treated rats corresponded to the recovery in body weight, colon weight/length, and myeloperoxidase level by TI-1-162 (10 and 30 mg/kg/day, orally). In relation to action mechanism, TI-1-162 did not disturb TNF-alpha binding to its receptor, but suppressed phosphorylation of RIP-1, ASK-1, JNK and p38, and nuclear translocation of NF-kB and AP-1, which corresponded to down regulation of inflammatory cytokines in TNF-alpha-treated cells (HT-29 and U937) and TNBS-treated rat colon tissues. Taken together, the results indicate that the protective effects of TI-1-162 against colon inflammation and epithelial cell death are associated with its inhibitory action in RIP/ASK-1/MAPK signaling pathway downstream to TNF receptor 1.</P>

FEM APPROACH TO ONE DIMENSIONAL UNSTEADY STATE TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN HUMAN DERMAL PARTS WITH QUADRATIC SHAPE FUNCTIONS

Gurung, D. B.,Saxena, V. P.,Adhikary, P. R. The Korean Society for Computational and Applied M 2009 Journal of applied mathematics & informatics Vol.27 No.1

This paper presents a Finite Element Method (FEM) application to thermal study of natural three layers of human dermal parts of varying properties. This paper carries out investigation of temperature distributions in these layers namely epidermis, dermis and under lying tissue layer. It is assumed that the outer skin is exposed to atmosphere and the loss of heat due to convection, radiation and evaporation of water have also been taken into account. The computations are carried out for one dimensional unsteady state case and the shape functions in dermal parts have been considered to be quadratic. A Finite Element scheme that uses the Crank-Nicolson method is used to solve the problem and the results computed have been exhibited graphically.

Application of indices to evaluate LID facilities for sediment and heavy metal removal

Gurung, Sher Bahadur,Geronimo, Franz Kevin,Hong, Jungsun,Kim, Lee-Hyung Elsevier 2018 CHEMOSPHERE - Vol.206 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Heavy metal and sediments transported from the urban catchment are the prime interest among researchers these days due to its toxic behaviour and hazardous effect on the animals, plants and human. The inflow from urban catchments and outflow from the Low impact development technologies (LID) were evaluated using different types of indices. Indices like f<SUB>d</SUB>, f<SUB>p</SUB> and K<SUB>d</SUB> showed that heavy metals like Pb, Cd and Ni were dominantly observed in the dissolved form. These metals possess higher threat to the water bodies receiving urban runoff without any treatments. The state of heavy metal was highly dependent on the particle size which was directly affected by the TSS EMC in urban area. The indices like f<SUB>d</SUB>, f<SUB>p</SUB> and K<SUB>d</SUB> were good enough to understand the behaviour, nature and state of metal in urban inflow and outflow from the system. On the other hand, calculated MPI and PERI indices showed that runoff from urban areas without any treatment bare very strong risk to the environment. LID technologies were found to be the better option in reducing the risk of urban areas to the receiving water bodies. These indices could be valuable for the decision making before the selection of applicable LID types, plants and filter media. Furthermore, indices like these can be devised to measure the impact of LID system to the environment as well as the decision making tool before discharge of outflow to the nearby streams.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Heavy metals transported from urban runoff are main concern among researcher. </LI> <LI> LID systems are better alternative to mitigate heavy metal runoff. </LI> <LI> Indices like f<SUB>d</SUB>, f<SUB>p</SUB> and K<SUB>d</SUB> provides good information about heavy metal fate in urban runoff and outflow. </LI> <LI> MPI and PERI indices can be used as an LID system evaluation tool. </LI> <LI> These tools can be used to measure environmental effectiveness of LID to improve water bodies. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Enzymatic synthesis of apigenin glucosides by glucosyltransferase (YjiC) from Bacillus licheniformis DSM 13

Gurung, Rit Bahadur,Kim, Eun-Hee,Oh, Tae-Jin,Sohng, Jae Kyung Springer-Verlag 2013 Molecules and cells Vol.36 No.4

Recovery of Sustainable Renewable Energy from Marine Biomass

Gurung, Anup,Oh, Sang-Eun Korean Society of Soil Science and Fertilizer 2012 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.45 No.2

Marine biomass is considered an important substrate for anaerobic digestion to recovery energy i.e. methane. Nevertheless, marine biomass has attracted little attention by researchers compared to terrestrial feedstock for anaerobic digestion. In this study, biochemical methane potential (BMP) test was used to evaluate generation of renewable energy from starfish. A cumulative biogas yield of $748{\pm}67mL\;g^{-1}VS^{-1}$ was obtained after 60 days of digestion. The cumulative methane yield of $486{\pm}28mL\;CH_4\;g^{-1}VS^{-1}$ was obtained after 60 days of digestion. The methane content of the biogas was approximately 70%. The calculated data applying the modified Gompertz equation for the cumulative $CH_4$ production showed good correlation with the experimental result obtained from this batch study. Since the result obtained from this study is comparable to results with other substrates, marine biomass can be co-digested with food waste or swine wastewater to produce $CH_4$ gas that will help to reduce the gap in global energy demand.