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Divakar R. Jaiswar,Purnima D. Amin,Durgesh Jha 한국약제학회 2016 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.46 No.7
In the present study aim was to prepare stable solid solution azithromycin dihydrate (AZI) by hot melt extrusion technology (HME). Soluplus and Kollidon VA 64 were selected among polymers based on Hansen solubility parameter calculation in order to prepare amorphous of AZI. Further physicochemical properties of extrudates were characterized by DSC, FTIR, XRD, SEM and contact angle measurement. DSC revealed single broad endothermic peak in extrudates indicated miscibility of AZI into polymeric carriers, which formed monophasic solid system termed as solid solution. XRD confirmed amorphous nature of AZI in extrudates. DSC and XRD suggested molecular dispersion of AZI in polymeric carriers. Amorphous AZI exhibited statistically significant high solubility (P\0.0001) in water in comparison with pure AZI. Solid solution batch AZI 03 showed significant enhancement in solubility (P = 0.0004) in pH 6. The dissolution in dissolution medium pH 6 and water resulted in statistically significant differences (P\0.05) in the percentage amorphous AZI dissolved compared to the percentage AZI dissolved over the period of 60 min. Solid solution formulation showed better wettability than that of pure AZI. Amorphization and increased wettability attributed to solubility and dissolution rate enhancement. Assay and amorphous solid solution characteristics of AZI were found to be stable under accelerated storage condition as per ICH guideline for a period of six months. Therefore, hot melt extrusion technology was suitable method to prepare stable solid solution and dissolution rate enhancement for poorly soluble active like AZI.
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Optical Character Recognition for Hindi Language Using a Neural-network Approach
Yadav, Divakar,Sanchez-Cuadrado, Sonia,Morato, Jorge Korea Information Processing Society 2013 Journal of information processing systems Vol.9 No.1
Hindi is the most widely spoken language in India, with more than 300 million speakers. As there is no separation between the characters of texts written in Hindi as there is in English, the Optical Character Recognition (OCR) systems developed for the Hindi language carry a very poor recognition rate. In this paper we propose an OCR for printed Hindi text in Devanagari script, using Artificial Neural Network (ANN), which improves its efficiency. One of the major reasons for the poor recognition rate is error in character segmentation. The presence of touching characters in the scanned documents further complicates the segmentation process, creating a major problem when designing an effective character segmentation technique. Preprocessing, character segmentation, feature extraction, and finally, classification and recognition are the major steps which are followed by a general OCR. The preprocessing tasks considered in the paper are conversion of gray scaled images to binary images, image rectification, and segmentation of the document's textual contents into paragraphs, lines, words, and then at the level of basic symbols. The basic symbols, obtained as the fundamental unit from the segmentation process, are recognized by the neural classifier. In this work, three feature extraction techniques-: histogram of projection based on mean distance, histogram of projection based on pixel value, and vertical zero crossing, have been used to improve the rate of recognition. These feature extraction techniques are powerful enough to extract features of even distorted characters/symbols. For development of the neural classifier, a back-propagation neural network with two hidden layers is used. The classifier is trained and tested for printed Hindi texts. A performance of approximately 90% correct recognition rate is achieved.
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Using neutron activation to assess heavy metal pollution in water and sediment along Savannah River
Krishnakumar Divakar Nangeelil,Colby Fleming,Zaijing Sun 환경독성보건학회 2024 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.39 No.1
A comprehensive study was conducted to assess heavy elemental pollution in the Savannah River, which flows through diverse landscapes encompassing agricultural, industrial, and commercial zones in South Carolina and Georgia. The investigation focused on the impacts of various anthropogenic activities on the river, potentially harming human health and aquatic ecosystems. Thirty samples, collected from the beginning of the Savannah River at Lake Hartwell to the Savannah River estuary near the Atlantic Ocean, were analyzed using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis. In regions of intense industrial activities, water samples exhibited elevated concentrations of elements such as Al (0.04-1.99 mg/L), Mg (0.4-5.5 mg/L), Ba (0.08-2.8 mg/L), Zn (0.017-0.9 mg/L), Cr (0.005-1.5 mg/L), and Fe (2.8-110.13 mg/L). Similarly, sediment samples near industrial areas also exhibited enhanced concentrations of heavy elements like Cr, Zr, Rb, Co, Zn, Mg, Mn, and Al. The outcome of this study has identified a spatial trend along the Savannah River, revealing major elements responsible for pollution that could disrupt the ecological environment and potentially impact human health.
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Amyloglucosidase Catalyzed Syntheses of Bakuchiol Glycosides in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Manohar, Balaraman,Divakar, Soundar,Sankar, Kadimi Udaya Korean Chemical Society 2009 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.30 No.8
Enzymatic syntheses of water soluble Bakuchiol glycosides were carried out in di-isopropyl ether organic media using amyloglucosidase from Rhizopus mold. The reactions were carried out under conventional reflux conditions and in supercritical $CO_2$ atmospheric conditions. Out of the eleven carbohydrate molecules employed for the reaction, D-glucose, D-ribose and D-arabinose gave glycosides in yields of 9.0% to 51.4% under conventional reflux conditions. Under supercritical $CO_2$ atmosphere (100 bar pressure at 50 ${^{\circ}C}$), bakuchiol formed glycosides with Dglucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, D-fructose, D-ribose, D-arabinose, D-sorbitol and D-mannitol in yields ranging from 9% to 46.6%. Out of the bakuchiol glycosides prepared, 6-O-(6-D-fructofruranosyl)bakuchiol showed the best antioxidant (1.4 mM) and ACE inhibitory activities (0.64 mM).
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Jayalal, Udeni,Divakar, Pradeep K,Joshi, Santosh,Oh, Soon Ok,Kim, Jung A,Hur, Jae-Seoun Magnolia Press 2014 Phytotaxa Vol.181 No.2
<P>In the genus Xanthoparmelia, species boundaries are based on morphological and chemical features such as the presence and/or absence of secondary metabolites, diagnostic reproductive structures, isidia morphology, and color of lower surface. Two new species of Xanthoparmelia are described from South Korea, X. kolriana with cylindrical isidia containing atranorin and salazinic acid as major components in the medulla together with cortical usnic acid, while X. volcanicola is characterised by a red coloured medulla, and subglobose isidia. The characteristics of Xanthoparmelia species and their distribution in South Korea are outlined and an identification key given. Additionally, we used ITS ribosomal DNA sequences to assess the monophyly of Xanthoparmelia species from South Korea. Our results reveal that traditionally circumscribed species were not recovered as monophyletic clades. Further, we here show that ITS is insufficient to estimate a well-supported phylogenetic hypothesis, but suggests that traditional taxonomy may not reflect natural groups. This communication provides an important framework for future studies assessing species boundaries in Xanthoparmelia species in South Korea.</P>
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( Mukta Goyal ),( Divakar Yadav ),( Alka Tripathi ) 한국정보처리학회 2017 Journal of information processing systems Vol.13 No.1
In this paper, Atanassov`s intuitionistic fuzzy set theory is used to handle the uncertainty of students` knowledgeon domain concepts in an E-learning system. Their knowledge on these domain concepts has been collected from tests that were conducted during their learning phase. Atanassov`s intuitionistic fuzzy user model is proposed to deal with vagueness in the user`s knowledge description in domain concepts. The user model uses Atanassov`s intuitionistic fuzzy sets for knowledge representation and linguistic rules for updating the user model. The scores obtained by each student were collected in this model and the decision about the students` knowledge acquisition for each concept whether completely learned, completely known, partially known or completely unknown were placed into the information table. Finally, it has been found that the proposed scheme is more appropriate than the fuzzy scheme.
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D. Maruthamani,D. Divakar,M. Kumaravel 한국공업화학회 2015 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.30 No.-
A series of reduced graphene oxide (RGO)-TiO2 nanocomposites with varying weight percentage of RGOwere prepared by solvothermal method. The as-prepared samples were characterized by FT-IR, XRD,TEM, UV–Visible DRS, PL, EIS and Raman analysis. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated toward thedecolourization/degradation of Rhodamine B dye (RhB) under UV light. The effects of various parameterssuch as RGO content, initial dye concentration, pH and catalytic dose on decolourization were studiedand optimized. The results were also compared with bare TiO2. At optimized conditions the influence ofvarious dye bath additives on decolourization has been examined and discussed in detail. It was foundthat the RGO-TiO2 composites (RGOT) had a better photocatalytic activity than TiO2. The enhancedactivity is due to the presence of bi-dimensional RGO network in the composite photocatalysts whichsuppresses the recombination of photo-induced charge carriers. Reusability test results revealed that thecatalyst is photostable, easily separable and reusable. The degradation kinetics obeys Langmuir–Hinshelwood model.
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Amyloglucosidase Catalyzed Syntheses of Bakuchiol Glycosides in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Balaraman Manohar,Soundar Divakar,Kadimi Udaya Sankar 대한화학회 2009 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.30 No.8
Enzymatic syntheses of water soluble Bakuchiol glycosides were carried out in di-isopropyl ether organic media using amyloglucosidase from Rhizopus mold. The reactions were carried out under conventional reflux conditions and in supercritical CO2 atmospheric conditions. Out of the eleven carbohydrate molecules employed for the reaction, D-glucose, D-ribose and D-arabinose gave glycosides in yields of 9.0% to 51.4% under conventional reflux conditions. Under supercritical CO2 atmosphere (100 bar pressure at 50 oC), bakuchiol formed glycosides with Dglucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, D-fructose, D-ribose, D-arabinose, D-sorbitol and D-mannitol in yields ranging from 9% to 46.6%. Out of the bakuchiol glycosides prepared, 6-O-(6-D-fructofruranosyl)bakuchiol showed the best antioxidant (1.4 mM) and ACE inhibitory activities (0.64 mM).
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