민주주의에서 표의 불평등성 : 국회의원 선거구획정의 왜곡도 분석

李相學,李城圭 한국의정연구회 2015 의정논총 Vol.10 No.2

본 논문은 현행 국회의원 선거구획정 기준인 선거구 ‘인구수’를 기준으로 선거구획정의 왜곡도를 정치적 지니계수와 획정지수의 분산계수를 이용하여 측정하고자 한다. 측정 결과 인구기준으로 측정한 정치적 지니계수는 유권자기준 정치적 지니계수보다 더 큰 값을 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 인구수를 기준으로 측정한 획정지수의 분산계수도 유권자수를 기준으로 한 분산계수보다 더 큰 값을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 한국의 국회의원 선거구획정이 이상학(2011)과 Lee·Lee(2013)의 측정 결과보다 더 왜곡되어 있음을 나타낸다. 또한 본 논문은 이와 같은 선거구획정의 왜곡이 잠재적으로 인구의 ‘세대별 대표성’에 왜곡을 초래할 가능성에 대해서도 분석하였다. 분석 결과 유아‧청소년층 및 청‧장년층은 전반적으로 과소 대표되고, 노년층은 ‘과다’ 대표되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 앞으로 지속적으로 늘어날 복지지출 등을 둘러싸고 세대 간 잠재적 갈등이 표출될 가능성을 시사하는 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 마지막으로, 본 논문은 향후 선거구획정의 평가와 관련하여 정치적 지니계수와 획정지수의 분산계수 등과 같은 객관적 기준을 활용할 것을 제안한다. This paper attempts to examine the mal-apportionment in National Assembly election in Korea by extending Lee, Sanghack(2011) and Lee‧Lee(2013). To measure the extent of mal-apportionment, we used both the coefficient of variation of the apportionment index and the political Gini coefficient that are calculated based on population rather than the number of electorate. It turns out that the extent of mal-apportionment based on population is greater than that calculated by the number of voters. In addition, the present paper examines the distortion in representation of age groups resulting from such mal-apportionment. It is shown that the mal-apportionment leads to under- representation of younger generations, but over-representation of old generation. This result implies that there will be potential conflict of interests between age groups in terms of welfare expenditures which are supposed to be increase in Korea. Finally, we suggests that the electoral apportionment be evaluated based on measurable indexes, such as political Gini coefficient and the coefficient of variation of the apportionment index, for more practical debate and consensus.

민주주의에서 표의 불평등성: 국회의원 선거구획정의 왜곡도 분석

이상학,이성규 한국의정연구회 2015 의정논총 Vol.10 No.2

본 논문은 현행 국회의원 선거구획정 기준인 선거구 ‘인구수’를 기준으로 선거구획정의 왜곡도를 정치적 지니계수와 획정지수의 분산계수를 이용하여 측정하고자 한다. 측정 결과 인구기준으로 측정한 정치적 지니계수는 유권자기준 정치적 지니계수보다 더 큰 값을 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 인구수를 기준으로 측정한 획정지수의 분산계수도 유권자수를 기준으로 한 분산계수보다 더 큰 값을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 한국의 국회의원 선거구획정이 이상학(2011)과 Lee·Lee(2013)의 측정 결과보다 더 왜곡되어 있음을 나타낸다. 또한 본 논문은 이와 같은 선거구획정의 왜곡이 잠재적으로 인구의 ‘세대별 대표성’에 왜곡을 초래할 가능성에 대해서도 분석하였다. 분석 결과 유아‧청소년층 및 청‧장년층은 전반적으로 과소 대표되고, 노년층은 ‘과다’ 대표되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 앞으로 지속적으로 늘어날 복지지출 등을 둘러싸고 세대 간 잠재적 갈등이 표출될 가능성을 시사하는 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 마지막으로, 본 논문은 향후 선거구획정의 평가와 관련하여 정치적 지니계수와 획정지수의 분산계수 등과 같은 객관적 기준을 활용할 것을 제안한다. This paper attempts to examine the mal-apportionment in National Assembly election in Korea by extending Lee, Sanghack(2011) and Lee‧Lee(2013). To measure the extent of mal-apportionment, we used both the coefficient of variation of the apportionment index and the political Gini coefficient that are calculated based on population rather than the number of electorate. It turns out that the extent of mal-apportionment based on population is greater than that calculated by the number of voters. In addition, the present paper examines the distortion in representation of age groups resulting from such mal-apportionment. It is shown that the mal-apportionment leads to under- representation of younger generations, but over-representation of old generation. This result implies that there will be potential conflict of interests between age groups in terms of welfare expenditures which are supposed to be increase in Korea. Finally, we suggests that the electoral apportionment be evaluated based on measurable indexes, such as political Gini coefficient and the coefficient of variation of the apportionment index, for more practical debate and consensus.

지정토론 / 이상학

이상학 한국금융연구원 2009 韓國經濟의 分析 Vol.15 No.2

양측 주관절 골관절염 후에 발생한 양측 척골신경 지연마비 1례 보고

이성태,안의환,이상학 건국대학교 의과학연구소 1996 건국의과학학술지 Vol.5 No.-

Tardy ulnar nerve palsy typically results from lateral condylar fracture of the humerus during periods of growth. There are many other causes inculding osteoarthritis of the elbow joint, medial epicondylar fracture of the humerus, recurrent dislocation of the ulnar nerve, and ganglion. We report a case of bilateral tardy ulnar nerve palsy resulting from osteoarthritis of both elbow joints in a 54-year-old male driver, who underwent anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve at the elbow joints.

2.4GHz 무선 LAN용 RF 모듈 개발 ( Development of RF Module for 2.4 GHz Wireless LAN )

이상학,구경헌,조병학 대한전자공학회 1996 대한전자공학회 학술대회 Vol.1996 No.1

ACPR을 고려한 2.4GHz 무선 LAN용 전력증폭기 설계 ( Development of Power Amplifier for 2.4GHz Wireless LAN Considering Adjacent Channel Power Ratio )

이상학,구경헌,조병학 대한전자공학회 1997 대한전자공학회 학술대회 Vol.1997 No.10

밀양시 농촌지역의 유형구분

김진수,이상학 東亞大學校 大學院 1995 大學院論文集 Vol.20 No.-

Twenty variables representing the characteristics of 119 rural villages in Miryang area in the year 1994 were gathered. By use of factor analysis and varimax rotation, these variables were mostly aggregated into 7 common factors explaining 70.8 percent of the variation of the primary 20 variables. The 7 common factors were identified as representing the size of the village, the suburb plain area, the advanced region of the horticulture euipped with the agricultural machinery and the establishments, the region of the remote rural area, the paddy region, the livestock region and the fruit region, respectively. Factor scores were calculated for each village and the scores were used to classify the 119 villages by cluster analysis. The villages were classified into 5 clusters. The characteristics of the clusters were judged from the mean values of the factor scores and the primary variables. 38 villages were included in the cluster representing the mean characteristic of the Miryang, 9 villages were included in the cluster showing strongly the livestock feeding. 38 villages were classified into the cluster with the nature of the suburb agriculture region. 23 villages were in the cluster representing fruit cultivation and large-size village. 11 villages were included in the cluster of the upland farming. Since the range of the agricultural policy of the central government will be limited under the WTO system, the role of the regional government, especially the Si-Kun government, is expected to largely contribute to the development of the regional agriculture. The way for the regional agriculture to survive the wide opening of agricultural market is to establish a regional agricultural planning and organize the regional agriculture The clssification of the villages by factor analysis and cluster analysis at the Kun level could be used as basic data in the regional agricultural planning.

Regional Differences in the Distribution of Calcitonin-Gene- Related-Peptide-Immunoreactive Nerve Fibers in the Nasal Epithelium of Rat Pup, Guinea Pig, and Cat

이상학,김정은,임재신,한승훈,이흥만,전병선 대한비과학회 1998 Journal of rhinology Vol.5 No.2

The distribution pattern of calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactive (CGRP-IR) nerve fibers in the epithelial layer wasinvestigated with immunohistochemistry on serial sections of the whole nasal cavities of rat pups, guinea pigs and cats. The distributionpattern of CGRP-IR nerves beneath and within the epithelium demonstrated considerable regional differences in thenasal cavities of the laboratory animals cited above, and appeared to vary according to different compartments of the nasal cavity. In the rat pups, the CGRP-IR nerve fibers were densely distributed in the nasal epithelium lining both surfaces of the nasal septumand the medial sides of the naso-and maxillo-turbinates, whereas the distribution was less dense at the lateral sides of bothturbinates and the lateral nasal wall. In particular, these nerve fibers were heavily concentrated in the inferior surface of the nasoturbinateand the superior surface of the maxilloturbinate, where large numbers of nerve fibers were found extending towardthe luminal surface from the basal plexus. These features were also noted in the nasal cavity of the guinea pig and cat. The presentobservations show that one cannot consider the whole nasal cavity as a uniformly innervated region when interpreting the significanceof the mucosal CGRP-innervation. Furthermore, in relation to the sensory role of CGRP-IR nerve, these results suggestthat the different regions of the nose may have varying significance with respect to the basic protective function of this organ.

한우사육 경험 및 장래 계획

이상학 慶北大學校 農業開發大學院 2003 最高農業經營者課程 論文集 Vol.9 No.-

Presence of Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide Nerve of Sensory Origin in Rat Nasal Mucosa

이상학,허경희,이재용,유동희,박찬,이흥만 대한비과학회 1996 Journal of rhinology Vol.3 No.1

Immunohistochemistry using whole section and whole mount preparation was applied to establish the distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) nerve fibers in the whole epithelial layers of the rat nasal mucosa. VIP nerve fibers run horizontally in the basal region of the epithelial layers, sending off the branches toward the surface. Intraepithelial VIP nerve fibers were predominantly found in some portions of the nasal cavity, representing the region-specific distribution ; They were located in the mucosa of nasal septum, the medial and inferior surface of the maxilloturbinate and the superior surface of the nasoturbinate. Interestingly, transepithelially extended fibers were predominantly identified in the inferior surface of the maxilloturbinate and the superior surface of the nasoturbinate. In addition, VIP immunoreactive perikarya was noted in the small number of nerve cell bodies in trigeminal ganglion. Maxillary nerve section and capsaicin treatment resulted in an disappearance of VIP nerve fibers from the epithelial layers. These findings indicate that VIP nerves in the nasal epithelium of the rat are supplied by trigeminal ganglion.