『류큐오라이(琉球往來)』와 류큐 관련 지식・정보의 유통

허지은 전북사학회 2021 전북사학 Vol.- No.61

오라이모노(往來物)는 11세기부터 서양의 학교제도가 들어오는 메이지 초 기까지 데나라이주쿠(手習塾)에서 이용되었던 서간문 형태의 교재이다. 오라 이모노 가운데에는 류큐가 언급되었거나 류큐 관련 내용이 수록된 오라이모 노도 있다. 당시 류큐에서의 교육은 구메마을(久米村)을 중심으로 이루어지고 있었다. 이곳은 중국 복건성(福建省)에서 중국인이 이주해 와 거주하던 곳이다. 류큐 관련 오라이모노 가운데 가장 대표적인 것으로 다이츄 쇼닌(袋中上人)의 『류큐오라이(琉球往来)』가 있다. 『류큐오라이』에는 새해의 축하(年賀)와 기원에서 부터 렌가(連歌)・바둑・장기・차・향(香)・단오・직관(職官)・사원 등에 관한 내용이 총망라되어 있다. 『류큐오라이』가 갖는 특징은 첫째, 에도(江戶)시대에 제작된 류큐 관련 오 라이모노 가운데 가장 오래된 것이라는 점, 둘째, 류큐에서 일본인 승려가 집 필했다는 점, 셋째, 일본인 승려 다이츄가 류큐에서의 현지에서의 견문을 바 탕으로 작성되었기 때문에 당시 류큐의 실태가 반영되어 있다는 점, 넷째, 류 큐의 어린아이들의 훈몽을 위한 교재로서 만들어졌기 때문에 『정훈(庭訓)오라이』형식을 기본으로 하여 1월부터 12월까지 모두 28개 항목으로 나누어져 있 다는 점, 다섯째, 장래 관리로 성장할 구메촌의 자제들이 주요 교육대상이었 기 때문에 이들의 실무연습에 도움이 될 수 있는 내용들로 구성되어 있다는 점 등을 들 수 있다. 류큐에서는 『류큐오라이』 이후 19세기 전반 즈음이 되어서야 오라이모노로 『고쿄죠(御教条)』가 간행되었다. 그 때까지는 『류큐오라이』가 어린이용 교재 로 활용되었을 것으로 생각된다. 일본 내에서는 19세기에 들어와서 일본과 류큐가 원래 한 뿌리라는 소위 ‘일류동조론(日琉同祖論)'에 근거하여 류큐에 대한 관심이 커지던 분위기 속에서 『류큐오라이』가 필사되어 일본인들에게 류큐 관련 지식과 정보로서 제공되었다. Oraimono (往來物) is a textbook in the form of letters that was used in Denaraijuku(手習塾) from the 11th century to the early Meiji era, when the Western school system began. There are more than Tens of thousands of types of oraimonos that have been identified so far, and among them, some of them mention Ryukyu or contain information related to Ryukyu. At that time, education in the Ryukyus was centered around the Kume Village. This is the place where Chinese immigrated and lived in Fujian, China. One of the most representative of the Ryukyu-related orai monos is Taichu Shonin's(袋中上人) 『Ryukyu Orai(琉球往來)』. The contents of 『Ryukyu Orai』 are about the celebration and prayer of the new year, renga(連歌), go(囲碁), janggi(將棋), tea(茶), incense, dan-o(端午), intuition(職官), and temples. The characteristic of 『Ryukyu Orai』 is, first, that it is the oldest of the Ryukyu related Oraimonos produced during the Edo period. Second, it was written by a Japanese monk in Ryukyu. Third, the fact of the Ryukyu at that time was reflected because the Japanese monk Daichu was written based on local knowledge in the Ryukyus. Fourth, since it was created as a textbook for the admonition of children in the Ryukyus, it is divided into 28 items from January to December based on the format of “庭訓Orai”. Fifth, the subjects of education are the children of the Kume Village, which will grow into future management. So, it is composed of contents that can be helpful in their practical practice. In the Ryukyu, only around the first half of the 19th century after Ryukyu Orai, the “Kōkyojo(御教条)” was published as an oraimono. Until then, Ryukyu Orai was thought to have been used as a textbook for children. In Japan, in the atmosphere of growing interest in the Ryukyus based on the so-called ‘日琉同祖論’ that Japan and Ryukyu originally had one root in the 19th century, “Ryukyu Orai” was copied and Japanese people It was provided as Ryukyu-related knowledge and information.

17~19세기 나고야(名古屋) 지역에서 유통된 서적(書籍)의 조선 관련 기술

허지은 고려대학교 글로벌일본연구원 2024 일본연구 Vol.41 No.-

This study examined the demand for books, the background of book distribution, shipbuilding-related books produced and distributed in Nagoya, and how Nagoya locals came to perceive Joseon through the educational situation of Nagoya residents in the Edo period. The contents that came to be grasped as a result are summarized as follows. Nagoya was the village under a castle of Owarihan(尾張藩) during the Edo period. The Owaribun Hanshu(藩主) family is the OwariTokugawake(尾張徳川家), which was the head of the Tokugawa Gosanke(御三家)and had the highest price among the various daimyo(大名). The size of the estate was also the largest among the Gosanke(御三家), and Nagoya Castle in Owari-guk was used as a castle in residence. The Nagoya area was a Jokamachi(城下町). So there were many Denaraijuku(手習塾) run by Busi(武士), and mainly taught reading and writing. In addition, Nagoya was a hub for regional publishing, so many oraimono(往來物)were published. Nagoya residents developed literacy skills through education in Denarajuku(手習塾) when they were young. Based on that ability, I was able to naturally enter the world of writing and culture after becoming an adult. The Nagoya was also one of the many areas where the delegation dispatched from Joseon(朝鮮) to the Edo Shogunate(江戶幕府) passed on the round trip. Nagoya was also one of the many areas where Tsushinsi(通信使) sent from Joseon to Edo Shogunate passed. As is well known, when Tsushinsi(通信使) visited Japan, the Japanese showed great interest, and the interest led to the writing and distribution of books related to Joseon. Nagoya was no exception. Nagoya locals, who were able to see Tsushinsii(通信使) up close or directly contact it during the hospitality process, became interested in Joseon, and as a result, many books related to Joseon(朝鮮) were produced and distributed in Nagoya. For example, “KakokusavbutsOrai(各国産物往来) is Oraimono(往來物) related to Joseon(朝鮮) which was produced and distributed in Nagoya. This book introduces the trade of each country by period without illustration. Products of Joseon include ginseng, tin(錫), iron, and rice. Omurochuki(鸚鵡籠中記) is a diary left by Nagoya Busi Asahibunzaemon(朝日文左衛門). It depicts various hospitality situations for Tsushinsi(通信使) companies that visited Nagoya in 1711, as well as Nagoya locals and nearby local people who gathered to see the Tsushinsi(通信使) companies. On the other hand, the Ikokuorai narabi Hyoryunenpyo Nihen(異国往来并漂流年表 二編) distributed in Nagoya is a book that has never been mentioned in academia until now. Major events that reveal the relationship between Japan and countries on the Korean Peninsula are mainly recorded. As such, Nagoya residents have gained literacy through education in Denaraijuku(手習塾) using Oraimono(往來物) as textbooks. Through books related to Joseon produced and distributed in Nagoya, information about Joseon was obtained, and awareness of Joseon and Joseon people was formed. 본 연구에서는 에도시대 나고야 지역민의 교육실태를 통해 서적에 대한 수요와 서적 유통의 배경, 나고야 지역에서 제작·유통된 조선 관련 서적, 그리고 이 서적들을 접한 나고야 지역민들이 어떻게 조선을 인식하게 되었는가에 대해 살펴보았다. 그 결과 파악하게 된 내용을 정리하면 다음과 같다. 나고야는 에도(江戶)시대에 오와리번(尾張藩)의 조카마치(城下町)였다. 오와리번 번주 가문은 도쿠가와 고산케(御三家)의 필두격이었던 오와리 도쿠가와(尾張徳川) 집안으로, 여러 다이묘들 중에서도 가장 높은 가격(家格)을 보유했다. 고산케 중에서 영지가 가장 넓었으며, 오와리국의 나고야성을 거성으로 삼았다. 나고야 지역은 조카마치라는 특성상 무사가 운영하는 데나라이주쿠(手習塾)가 많았고, 주로 읽기·쓰기를 위주로 교육했다. 또한 지역출판의 거점으로서 많은 오라이모노(往來物)가 출판되었다. 나고야 지역민들은 아동 시기에 데나라이주쿠에서의 교육을 통해 문자를 읽고 쓰는 능력을 갖추게 되었고, 그 능력을 바탕으로 성인이 된 후 자연스럽게 문자 문화의 세계로 들어갈 수 있었다. 나고야는 조선에서 에도막부에 파견한 사행단이 왕복 길에 지나가는 여러 지역 가운데 한 곳이기도 했다. 주지하다시피 조선 사행이 일본을 방문했을 때 일본인들은 큰 관심을 보였고, 그 관심은 조선 관련 서적의 집필과 유통으로 이어졌다. 나고야 지역도 예외는 아니어서 조선사행을 가까이에서 보거나 접대 과정에서 직접 접촉할 수 있었던 나고야 지역민들은 조선에 대해 관심을 가지게 되었고, 그 결과 나고야에서는 많은 조선 관련 서적이 제작·유통되었다. 예를 들면 나고야에서 제작·유통된 조선 관련 오라이모노인 각코쿠산부츠오라이(各国産物往来) 에는 삽화 없이 당시의 무역품을 각 나라 별로 소개되어 있는데, 조선의 산물로 인삼, 주석(錫), 철, 쌀이 열거되어 있다. 나고야 무사 아사히분자에몬(朝日文左衛門)이 남긴 일기인 오무로추키(鸚鵡籠中記) 는 1711년 나고야를 방문한 조선 사행에 대한 제반 접대상황, 통신사행을 구경하기 위해 모여든 나고야 지역민들과 인근 지역민들의 모습이 묘사되어 있다. 한편, 나고야에서 유통되었던 이코쿠나라비효류넨표 2편(異国往来并漂流年表 二編) 은 현재까지 학계에서 언급된 적이 없었던 서적으로 일본과 한반도에 있었던 국가들과의 관계를 알 수 있는 주요 사건을 중심으로 기록되어 있다. 이처럼 나고야 지역민들은 데나라이주쿠에서 오라이모노를 교재로 한 교육을 통해 문자를 읽고 쓰는 능력을 갖추게 되었고, 나고야에서 제작·유통되었던 조선관련 서적들을 통해 조선에 관한 정보를 얻고, 조선·조선인에 대한 인식을 형성했을 것으로 생각된다.

Pickering Emulsion-Mediated Scalable Two-Step Interfacial Assembly of Catalyst Film

허지은,서승환,구강희 한국고분자학회 2024 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.49 No.1

근세 막번체제 속의 쓰시마번

허지은 일본사학회 2016 일본역사연구 Vol.43 No.-

Tsushima-han was the only han (藩) who was allowed to officially deal with international trade during the Edo (江戶) Period. Edo-Bakuhu granted Tsushima-han exclusive rights to trade with Joseon, the only country Edo had diplomatic relationship at that time, instead of appointing it as a diplomatic intermediary. To maintain the exclusive status, Tsushima-han went to as far as to adapt the credentials. Later, Tsushima-han made a request to send designated monks from ITeian(以酊菴) to Edo-Bakuhu to review and audit the documents sent/received between Joseon and Edo. It deems to be a means that Tsushima-han took to address Bakuhu's distrust against Tsushima. Among Rojus of Edo-Bakuhu, some were in charge of Joseon-related matters, and Tsushima-han reported such matters through Edo-estate. When there was any issue or problem, Tsushima asked the relevant Roju and handled it in accordance with the Roju's instructions. In case the Roju's seat was vacant, Edo-karo and Rusui of Tsushima-han made a request to the Bakuhu to fill the seat. The Edo-estate of Tsushima-han immediately responded to Rojus when they made a request or inquiry. However, the results were not always reported to the relevant Rojus. In fact, for matters that may put Tsushima-han in a difficult position, it asked an interview with the retainer of the Joseon-related Roju, and provided every detail to protect its own interest. Just like other hans under the Bakuhan System, Tsushima-han was not under unilateral control of Shogun, but not completely independent either. As it served as the sole intermediary for diplomatic and trade matters with Joseon, Tsushima-han had to choose to show its absolute respect for Shogun's command in its official stance so that it can maintain its privilege. However, its own interest was always at the top priority.

조선후기 왜관에서의 倭學譯官의 정보수집

허지은 일본사학회 2012 일본역사연구 Vol.36 No.-

Waegwan is the Japanese settlement in Joseon and also the place for diplomacy and exchange between the Joseon and Japan. There are about 150 Joseon people at Waegwan in order to operation of Waegwan and surveillance of Japanese residents. Among them, government officials who understood and spoke Japanese as counterpart’s language were the Japanese Interpreters. It is crucial roles of Japanese Interpreter that are simultaneous interpretation between the Joseon and Japan, intermediation for diplomatic negotiations and collection of information about Japan and oversea countries. The collection of oversea information is the most essential role with three reasons. First, it was not easy for Japan people and Joseon people to connect with each other because the zones of Japanese activities after Japanese Invansion of Korea in 1592 were limited within Waegwan located in Busan. Second, contacting between Head official of Dongrae-bu in Busan and Head official of Waegwan was also limited and they were not able to exchange freely official documents. Third, as a closed country to outside world, routes for gathering oversea information were narrow. The source of Japanese Interpreter to gather information was the Head official of Waegwan, the Korean Interpreter of Japan and the Envoy of Japan. The Head official of Waegwan was the highest executive accredited by Tsushima to Busan. He grasped all issue that happened within Waegwan such as diplomacy between Joseon and Japan, the facts of exchange and so forth. The Korean Interpreter of Japan was a government official who can communicate with Joseon people in Joseon language. They contacted frequently in bilateral relationship with the Japanese Interpreter of Joseon. The Envoy of Japan was a temporary officer accredited to Waegwan to perform his duties of exchange and diplomacy between Joseon and Japan. These officers were able to provide the most precise information about pending issues between Joseon and Japan and circumstances of Tsushima. The contents of information collected by the Japanese Interpreter of Joseon were extensive including circumstances of Waegwan, Tsushima and Edo as well as information gathered in Japan through Dutch and Chinese people who traveled a lot back and forth in Nagasaki. Information collection was fulfilled not only through order of Joseon dynasty Court and Head Official of Dongrae-bu but also through Japanese people in advance or Japanese Interpreter with interest. The Japanese Interpreters fundamentally have characteristic as a hand-on worker in diplomacy way. They had no a final decision about any policies, but all information collected by them had a large impact on administration of Waegwan by Joseon and decision coupled with performance of policies toward Japan. Furthermore, they were important basis on that Joseon Dynasty comprehended oversea situation and deal with it.

생활주제 중심 인터넷 탐색활동이 유아의 사회·정서 발달에 미치는 영향

허지은 한국교원대학교 유아교육연구소 2005 한국유아교육연구 Vol.7 No.-

신라 연화문 연목와 연구 - 기원과 특징을 중심으로 -

허지은 한국기와학회 2021 한국기와학회 학술대회 발표자료집 Vol.2021 No.11

Outcomes of single-port robotic ureteral reconstruction using the da Vinci SP® system

허지은,강숭구,이종수,고동훈,김민석,이용승,함원식,장원식 대한비뇨의학회 2023 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.64 No.4

Purpose: The da Vinci SP® robotic system enables three double-jointed wristed instruments and a fully wristed three-dimensional camera to be placed through a single port. This study presents our experience with robot-assisted ureteral reconstruction using the SP system and reports its outcomes. Materials and Methods: Between December 2018 and April 2022, a single surgeon performed robotic ureteral reconstruction using the SP system in 39 patients: 18 underwent pyeloplasty and 21 received ureteral reimplantation. Demographic and perioperative patient data were collected and analyzed. Radiographic and symptomatic improvements were assessed 3 months after surgery. Results: In pyeloplasty group, 12 patients (66.7%) were female and two patients (11.1%) had undergone previous surgery for ureteral obstruction. The median operative time was 152 minutes, the median blood loss was 8 mL, and the median length of stay in hospital was 3 days. There was one case of a complication involving postoperative percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN). In ureteral reimplantation group, 19 patients (90.5%) were female and ten patients (47.6%) had undergone gynecological surgery that caused ureteral obstruction. The median operative time was 152 minutes, the median blood loss was 10 mL, and the median length of stay in hospital was 4 days. We observed one case of open conversion and two cases of complications (colonic serosal tearing and postoperative PCN after ileal ureter replacement). The radiographic results and symptoms successfully improved following both surgeries. Conclusions: Despite adhesion-related complications, the SP system appears to be safe and effective for use in robot-assisted ureteral reconstruction.

청소년 메타버스 크리에이터의 다중정체성에 대한 질적 사례연구

허지은,남지은 한국청소년문화연구소 2023 청소년 문화포럼 Vol.- No.75

청소년 메타버스 크리에이터의 다중정체성에 대한 질적 사례연구

허지은,남지은 (사)한국청소년문화연구소 2023 청소년 문화포럼 Vol.- No.75

This qualitative case study sought to understand the multiple identities of adolescent metaverse creators. In-depth interviews with three teenagers who work as creators on the metaverse platforms "Zepeto" and "Roblox," participant observation in those metaverse platforms, and field work were conducted. The collected data was described, analyzed, and interpreted using a qualitative case study method. The following are the implications of the findings. First, the study participants appeared to be ordinary students in the real world. However, they differed from ordinary teenagers in that they engaged in creative activities during their break time after completing all of their assigned work. Second, they created new identities as active creators in the virtual world by connecting and forming relationships with numerous people there. They experimented with different roles within the expanded network to discover and develop other aspects of themselves. Third, creators went through the process of individualization as their real world identities interacted with their new virtual identities. Based on the study's findings, suggestions were made regarding ways to promote positive uses of metaverse for adolescents. 본 연구는 메타버스 청소년 크리에이터의 다중정체성을 이해하기 위한 사례연구이다. 메타버스 플랫폼 ‘제페토’와 ‘로블록스’에서 크리에이터로 활동하고 있는 청소년 3명과의 심층면담, 메타버스 플랫폼 내 참여관찰, 그리고 현지 자료 조사를 통해 연구를 진행하였다. 수집된 자료는 질적 사례연구 방법을 활용하여 기술하고 분석한 뒤, 해석하였다. 그 결과 도출된 시사점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 현실 세계에서 연구 참여자들은 보통의 학생과 같은 모습을 보였다. 하지만 이들은 해야 하는 일을 모두 마치고 난 뒤, 예술가로 전환되어 창작 활동을 한다는 점에서 보통 청소년들과 차이를 보였다. 둘째, 가상 세계에서 이들은 수많은 사람들과 연결되어 관계를 맺으면서 적극적인 창조자로서 새로운 정체성을 형성해갔다. 즉, 확장된 관계망 안에서 크리에이터들은 다양한 역할을 시도해보며, 자신에 대한 또 다른 모습을 발견하고 발전시켰다. 셋째, 현실 세계 내 정체성과 가상 세계에서의 새로운 정체성의 상호작용을 통해 크리에이터들은 개성화의 과정을 거치는 것으로 보였다. 이러한 연구 결과를 토대로 청소년의 긍정적인 메타버스 활용을 위한 제언을 하였다.