대금산조의 바람직한 교본

최상화 한국음악사학회 1991 한국음악사학보 Vol.7 No.1

경기 산타령(선소리)의 장단에 관한연구

최상화 한국전통음악학회 2010 한국전통음악학 Vol.- No.11

서울굿 노래가락의 선율에 관한 연구

최상화 한국무속학회 2007 한국무속학 Vol.0 No.14

이 글은 서울굿 노랫가락의 선율을 연구한 글이다. 서울굿 노랫가락의 특징은 다음과 같다. 서울굿 노랫가락의 가창방식에 있어서 사설은 절과 절이 분명히 단락 지어지지만 음악은 절과 절이 계속 이어지는 연속성을 갖는 것이 서울 노랫가락의 특징이다. 장단구조는 한 장단이 5소박, 6소박, 8소박 등으로 다양하게 나타나 장단의 길이가 불균등 하다. 따라서 시조나 경기민요 노랫가락과는 다른 장단이라 할 수 있다. 출현음에 있어서 5음이 모두 출현하는 경우는 없고, 초장 끝 장단인 6소박 장단과 중장 끝 장단인 8소박 장단은 완전 종지(Perfect cadence)로 끝나는 느낌을 준다. 그러나 종장의 끝 장단인 8소박 장단은 반 종지(Half cadence)로 끝나는 느낌이 없다. 따라서 다음 절의 초장의 이어져야 음악적으로 자연스럽다. 음폭에 있어서는 한 장단 안에서 가장 낮은 음과 높은 음과의 차이는 최고 장 6도 이다. 선율진행에 있어서는 대체로 모든 장단이 첫 박을 상행 도약 한 후 하행진행 하는 경향을 보인다. 이는 경기민요권이 가지고 있는 특징이기도 하다. 따라서 선율진행에 있어서는 경기민요의 노랫가락과 유사한 점이 있다.

프로젝트 공기단축을 위한 동시시공 일정시스템

최상화,임태경,이동은 대한건축학회 2010 大韓建築學會論文集 Vol.26 No.3

<P>This paper presents a system called "Advanced Concurrent Construction Scheduling System (CS<SUP>2</SUP>)" for crashing project completion time(PCT) using concurrent engineering. CS<SUP>2</SUP> implements a strategy to overlap critical activities without additional resource input. It takes a risk against the alternative method(high speed-high cost) which requires additional resource input to shorten the PCT. The mathematical concepts relative to concurrent engineering (i.e., the probability of rework, the amount of rework, and criteria applying overlapping rate, etc.) are clearly defined. The procedures to formulate the variables are explained in detail. It provides an automated system which can effectively deal with a large network by complementing the existing researches which are limited to handing a small network having a few activities. How to apply the various concepts and constraints(e.g., merge event and large networks) relative to concurrent engineering are detailed. CS<SUP>2</SUP> integrates and automates the following procedures; (1) importing schedule data from P3, (ingcomputing the probability of rework and the amount of rework by considering activity characteristics(predecessor"s evolution and successor"s sensitivity) along with specific overlapping rate, and (3ngcomputing the variability of PCT and PCC when overlapping rate are changed. It improves concurrent construction based scheduling system by dealing effectively with the uncertainty of activities" duration caused by activity overlapping, maximizes the usability of schedule data obtained from commercial CPM softwares(e.g., P3, SureTrak), and treats effectively the variability of the PCT(or PCC). This system is implemented as a MATLAB software. Case studies verify the usability and the validity of the system.</P>

2007년 여름 북서태평양 이산화탄소 분압의 공간 변동성

최상화,김동선,김경희,민홍식 한국해양과학기술원 2008 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.30 No.3

In order to study spatial variabilities and major controlling factors, we measured fugacity of CO2 (fCO2), temperature, salinity and nutrients in surface waters of the North Pacific (7o30'~33o15'N, 123o56'E~164o24'W) between September~October 2007. The North Pacific and the marginal sea were distinguished by fCO2 distribution as well as unique characteristics of temperature and salinity. There was a distinct diurnal SST variation in the tropical North Pacific area, and surface fCO2 coincidently showed diurnal variation. In the North Pacific area, surface fCO2was mainly controlled by temperature, while in the marginal sea area it was primarily dependent on alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations. Air-sea CO2 flux showed a large spatial variation, with a range of -6.10~5.06 mmol m-2 day-1. The center of subtropical gyre of North Pacific acted as a source of CO2 (3.09±0.95 mmol m-2 day-1). Tropical western North Pacific (i.e. the 'warm pool' area and the subtropical western North Pacific) acted as weak sources of CO2 (1.07±1.20 mmol m-2 day-1 and 0.50±0.53 mmol m-2 day-1, respectively). In the marginal sea, however, the flux was estimated to be -0.68±1.17 mmol m-2 day-1, indicating that this area acted as a sink for CO2.

Anti-inflammatory and Anti-bacterial Effects of Aloe vera MAP against Multidrug-resistant Bacteria

최상화,신해순 한국생약학회 2017 Natural Product Sciences Vol.23 No.4

Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are highly dangerous nosocomial pathogens, cause the symptoms of skin infections, pressure sores, sepsis, blood stream and wound infections. Unfortunately, these pathogens are immune to the most common antibiotics, such as, carbapenem, aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolone. Therefore, it is imperative that new and effective antibiotics be developed. In the present study, the antimicrobial effects of Aloe vera MAP (modified Aloe polysaccharide) on Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter aerogenes, and clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa and clinical Acinetobacter baumannii were comprehensibly investigated. Prior to the growth inhibition effect measurement and antibiotic disc diffusion assay on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and selected multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, antimicrobial resistance screening was performed for the multidrug-resistant bacteria obtained from clinical isolates. The results for showed the Aloe vera MAP had a concentration-dependent effect on all of examined bacteria, particularly on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant experiments were also performed dose dependently effects to confirm the beneficial physiological effects of Aloe vera MAP.

2002년 여름 북서태평양 표층 해수의 이산화탄소 분포 특성

최상화,김동선,심정희,민홍식 한국해양과학기술원 2006 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.28 No.4

We measured the fugacity of CO2 ( fCO2), temperature, salinity, nutrients and chlorophyll a in the surface water of the western North Pacific (4o30'~33o10'N, 144o20'~127o35'E) in September 2002. There were zonally several major currents which have characteristics of specific temperature and salinity (NECC, North Equatorial Counter Current; NEC, North Equatorial Current; Kuroshio etc.). Surface fCO2 distribution was clearly distinguished into two groups, tropical and subtropical areas of which boundary was 20oN. In the tropical area, surface fCO2 was mainly controlled by temperature, while in the subtropical area,surface fCO2 was dependent on total inorganic carbon contents. Air-sea CO2 flux showed a large spatial variation, with a range of .0.69~0.79 mmole m.2 day.1. In the area of AE (Anticyclonic Eddy), SM (Southern Mixed region) and NM (Northern Mixed region), the ocean acted as a weak source of CO2 (0.6~0.79 mmole m.2 day.1). In NECC, NEC, Kuroshio and ECS (East China Sea), however, the fluxes were estimated to be .0.3 mmole m.2 day.1 for the first three regions and .1.2 mmole m.2 day.1 for ECS respectively, indicating that these areas acted as sinks of CO2. The average air-sea flux in the entire study area was 0.15 mmole m.2 day.1, implying that the western North Pacific was a weak source of CO2 during the study period.

<창부타령>을 통한 굿거리장단 교육 및 개선 방안

최상화,이광훈 한국국악교육연구학회 2017 국악교육연구 Vol.11 No.1

This study aims to improve creative learning by raising historical understanding of Korean music such as the origin and developmental formation of jangdan (rhythmic patterns), particularly through an example of gutguri jangdan, one of the representative Korean traditional jangdan. To this end, the current study makes a comparison between the janggu jangdan of Lee Chun-hee’s Gyeonggi folk song <Changbutaryeong> and that of Sin Hyun-ju’s Seoul-gut <Changbutaryeong>, known as Gyeonggi folk song <Changbutaryeong>’s origin. The findings of the study are as follows. First, the origin of the term ‘gutguri’ is various, but it is generally known that the ‘gutguri’ used in Gyeonggi-gut is derived from the meaning of “perform gut on a grand scale.” It is also played by a variety of rhythmic variations among different genres. Secondly, Gyeonggi folk song <Changbutaryeong>, the representative folk song of gutguri jangdan, was developed from Seoul-gut <Changbutaryeong>. As for the content of lyrics/verses, Gyeonggi folk song <Changbutaryeong> tells a story of longing for a lover, whereas Seoul-gut <Changbutaryeong> tells a story of praying for peace in one’s family. The difference indicates each song’ character, and this phenomena has influenced the change of musical forms and rhythmic patterns. Thirdly, Gyeonggi folk song <Changbutaryeong> is played in 12/8 time, a four-beat structure subdivided into triple units, while Seoul-gut <Changbutaryeong> is played in the same 12/8 time, and 6/8 time, a two-beat structure subdivided into triple units (called semi-gutguri jangdan). This is attributed to the differences of music styles which each music pursues. After examining the etymology and origin of gutguri jangdan, the study poses a question of whether it is right to teach gutguri jangdan through unilateral educational activities. This reflection offers an opportunity to understand gutguri jangdan which can be changed based on types of performances. It is believed that such research can raise understanding and interest in more creative learning activities of jangdan instruction. 국문초록 본 연구는 한국전통장단의 대표적인 장단인 굿거리장단의 예시를 통해 음악교육에 있어 장단의 유래, 발전형태 등 음악사적 이해를 높여 창의적 학습 향상을 높이는 데 목적을 두었다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서 굿거리장단의 대표적인 민요인 경기민요 명창인 이춘희의 <창부타령>과 그 어원인 신현주가 부른 서울굿의 <창부타령>에 나타난 장구 장단 비교를 통해 도출한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 굿거리장단의 용어에 대한 유래는 다양하나 대개 경기굿에서 쓰는 굿거리는 “굿을 걸게 쳐라”는 뜻의 유래로 일반적으로 알려져 있으나, 여러 장르에서 다양한 리듬의 변형으로도 연주되고 있다. 둘째, 굿거리장단의 대표민요인 경기민요 <창부타령>은 서울굿 <창부타령>에서 발전되었으며, 사설의 내용은 경기민요 <창부타령>은 임을 그리워하는 내용의 가사로 이루어 져있으며, 서울굿 <창부타령>은 집안의 축원을 빌어주는 내용으로 이루어져 있다. 이는 각 노래의 성격을 의미하여 이러한 현상은 음악형식과 장단에 변화를 주었다. 셋째, 경기민요 <창부타령>은 3소박 4박자계 12/8의 굿거리장단을 사용하였으며, 서울굿 <창부타령>에서는 3소박 4박의 12/8 박자의 굿거리장단과 3소박 2박의 6/8박자의 반 굿거리장단이 사용된다. 이러한 이유는 두 음악이 추구하는 음악양식이 다르기 때문에 나타난 결과로 볼 수 있다. 이와 같이 굿거리장단의 어원과 유래를 살펴 본 결과 ‘우리가 일방적으로 교육하여 습득한 굿거리장단의 교육활동이 과연 올바른 것인가?’ 하는 의문점을 통해 공연 연행에 따라 달라지는 굿거리장단 구조를 이해할 수 있다. 이러한 연구를 통해 장단교육의 보다 더 창의적 학습 활동의 이해와 관심을 높일 수 있을 것이다.

세종실록 봉황음 복원 연주를 위한 소고

최상화 무용역사기록학회(구 한국무용사학회) 2009 한국무용사학 Vol.10 No.-

무속음악의 장단연구

최상화 한국전통음악학회 2003 한국전통음악학 Vol.- No.4