중국 당대(唐代) 천수천안관음보살 도상의 형성과 전개

천정민 미술사연구회 2024 미술사연구 Vol.0 No.47

본 연구는 중국 당대 천수천안관음보살(千手千眼觀音菩薩) 도상에 집중하여 현전 유물을 유형 분류하고 그 성격을 고찰한 것이다. 천수관음은 천 개의 손과 천 개의 눈으로 중생을 구제하는 밀교계 보살로 도상에서 그 성격을 확인할 수 있다. 기존의 천수관음 연구는 지역별 혹은 시기별 특징에 집중하여 개괄적으로 살폈다. 일본에서는 변화관음의 예로 다룬 연구가 다수이며, 최근에 와서야 개별 유물에 관한 연구가 이루어졌다. 이러한 상황에서 중국 천수관음 유물에 대한 구체적인 분류를 통한 보다 새로운 시각의 연구가 요구된다. 당대 천수관음은 사천이나 돈황과 같은 밀교 유행지를 중심으로 활발히 조성되었다. 본고에서는 현전 유물을 분석하여 세 유형으로 분류하였다. 독존(獨尊)형 A 천수관음은 10개 내외의 대수(大手)와 간략한 소수(小手)를 갖추었으며 독존형 B는 40대수를 지닌 도상이다. 경변(經變)형은 40대수와 소수로 이루어진 광배, 그리고 28부중과 같은 다수의 권속을 둔다. 기존에 조성되었던 다면다비관음 도상과 경전의 도해, 지역간 교류를 통해 독존형과 경변형 도상을 형성한 것으로 생각된다. 사천에서는 독존형과 경변형이 모두 등장하여 여러 경전과 모본이 유입되었던 것으로 보인다. 돈황은 일찍이 40대수와 28부중을 설한 경전을 소의경전으로 하여 경변형 도상이 조성되었으며 여러 지역으로 전파하였다. 천수관음은 다면다비라는 특수한 성질을 시각적으로 보여주는 존상으로, 당대에 유입되어 다양한 과정을 거치며 도상이 정형화되어 지속적으로 신앙되었다. 본 연구는 선행연구를 토대로 당대 천수관음 도상의 유형별 특징과 전개 양상을 밝히고 동아시아 천수관음 연구에 새로운 가능성을 제시하고 있다. The following study focuses on the Thousand-Armed and Thousand-Eyed Avalokiteśvara iconography of Tang dynasty China in a classification of the types of extant relics in this category as well as an examination of their characteristics. The Avalokiteśvara in question is an Esoteric bodhisattva who offers salvation to all living beings by means of his one thousand arms and one thousand eyes. Previous research on the Thousand-Armed and Thousand-Eyed Avalokiteśvara has tended to provide an overview of the particulars of a region or time period, with more recent studies beginning to turn their attention toward individual artifacts. Such circumstances call for fresh perspectives regarding academic inquiry into the Thousand-Armed and Thousand-Eyed Avalokiteśvara of Chinese origin. Centers for Esoteric Buddhism such as Dunhuang and Sichuan served as bustling production sites for Thousand-Armed and Thousand-Eyed Avalokiteśvara in Tang dynasty China. This study divides extant artifacts of the Thousand-Armed and Thousand-Eyed Avalokiteśvara into three types. The solitary deity type A has approximately ten large hands and simple small hands, while the solitary deity type B is adorned with forty large hands. The Bianxiang type consists of a bodhisattva who has forty large hands in addition to an aureole with small hands, accompanied by a retinue of twenty-eight devas. The solitary deity and Bianxiang iconography likely formed out of earlier iconography, sutras, and cultural interactions. The solitary deity and Bianxiang types coexist in Sichuan, whereas Dunhuang has been home to Bianxiang iconography since the very beginning of Thousand-Armed and Thousand-Eyed Avalokiteśvara production. The iconography common to Thousand-Armed and Thousand-Eyed Avalokiteśvara runs a varied course throughout the history of its standardization and formation. This study builds on the foundation of previous research to shed light on the characteristics and developmental aspects of the Tang dynasty Thousand-Armed and Thousand-Eyed Avalokiteśvara relative to each type of its iconography, thereby offering a new approach in terms of research on the Thousand-Armed and Thousand-Eyed Avalokiteśvara in East Asia.

発音指導実践における実習生と学習者のインタラクション

千仙永(천선영) 한국일본어학회 2016 日本語學硏究 Vol.0 No.48

본고에서는 발음에 특화한 교육실천에서 학습자와의 상호작용을 통해 교육실습생(이하, 실습생)이 무엇을 배워가는지에 대해 분석, 고찰한다. 본 연구에서 분석대상으로 하는 연구필드는, 2012년도 도쿄 도내의 대학원에 설치된 발음지도에 특화한 실천이다. 실습생의 배움을 관여관찰하고 인터뷰를 실시했다. 본고에서는 교사경험을 지닌 한 명의 실습생의 배움에 착목한다. 학습자와의 상호작용을 통하여 실습생은 다음의 4가지의 발음학습실태에 대해 배워간 것으로 밝혀졌다. (1)발음학습에 열심히 임하는 학습자의 자세와 달성감 (2)발음학습을 유연하게 받아들이는 학습자의 자세 (3)발음학습에 있어서의 학습자의 자기수정능력 (4)발음에 대한 불안감 위와 같이 실습생은 학습자가 갖고 있는 발음학습에 관련된 가능성에 대해 깨닫고, 학습자에 대한 이해를 높여간 것으로 밝혀졌다. 일본어교사를 위한 음성교육을 지원하기 위해서, 발음에 특화한 교육실천이 필요하고, 그 발음지도실천에 있어서 학습자와의 상호작용이 디자인되어진 환경을 만들어갈 필요가 있다고 시사하였다. 학습자와의 상호작용이 디자인되어진 발음지도실천에서, 실습생 혹은 교사는 학습자가 갖고 있는 발음학습의 가능성을 발견할 수 있고, 그 발음학습의 가능성을 이끌어내는 서포트를 실천할 수 있을 것이다. The purpose of this study is to analyze the learning of practitioners in practice teaching of pronunciation they obtained through their interactions with Japanese language learners while teaching pronunciation. Based on the learning of practitioners, I discuss the practice teaching of Japanese pronunciation to support practitioner learning. I investigated a practice teaching specializing in pronunciation at the Graduate School in Tokyo. I took participant observations at the pronunciation class and interviewed the practitioners. In this paper, I focus on a practitioner who has experience as a Japanese language teacher. Through interaction with the Japanese language learners, I found that the practitioner learned about Japanese language learners. (1) Their devotion and achievement to learn pronunciation in learning pronunciation (2) Their flexible attitude towards learning pronunciation (3) Their self-correcting capabilities in Japanese pronunciation (4) Their anxiety about pronunciation Thus, the practitioner came to deepen their understanding of the potential of Japanese language learners in learning pronunciation. This study shows that practice teaching can support practitioner learning when a practitioner finds and develops the potential of Japanese language learners in learning pronunciation. Hence, it is necessary for practitioners to be provided with an opportunity to develop the learners’ potential in order to develop themselves.

音声教育実践における実習生間の意見交換

千仙永(천선영) 한국일본어학회 2017 日本語學硏究 Vol.0 No.52

본고의 목적은, 발음에 특화한 교육실천에서 실습생 사이의 의견교환을 통해 실습생이 무엇을 배워가는 지에 대해 분석하고 고찰하는 것이다. 본 연구에서 분석대상으로 하는 연구필드는, 2012년도 도쿄 도내의 대학원에 설치된 발음지도에 특화한 음성교육실천이다. 실습생의 배움을 관여관찰하고 인터뷰를 실시했다. 본고에서는 봄 학기의 음성교육실천에 참여한 여러 명의 실습생이 음성교육을 계획하고 성찰하는 데 사용한 메일링 리스트(ML)의 199건의 내용을 분석했다. 먼저 ML이 어떤 기능을 하고 있었는지, 어떤 내용이 공유되고 있었는지를 밝혔다. 다음으로 ML내용의 특징을 분석하고, 마지막으로 ML에서의 의견교환을 통한 실습생의 배움에 대해 고찰하였다. ML은 실습생에 의한 음성교육활동, 학습자의 모습, 음성교육의 환경이라는 세 축을 기반으로, 계획하고 회상하는 장으로서 기능하고 있었다. ML의 특성으로는, 음성에 대해 문자로 쓰는 작업이 수반된다는 점을 들 수 있다. 음성을 문자언어화 함으로써 음성에 관한 성찰이 이루어졌음을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 실습생들은 ML을 이용하여 계획과 회상을 되풀이함으로써 ‘음성교육의 계획, 실행, 회상, 재구축이라는 사이클’을 형성하였다. 이러한 성찰을 통해 음성교육에 특화된 전문성이 향상된 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 앞으로 음성교육의 발전 및 지원을 위해서, 실습생 간의 음성교육에 특화된 의견교환의 장을 만들어갈 필요가 있음을 시사한다. 음성교육에 대해 계획하고 회상할 수 있는 의견교류의 장을 마련해가는 것을 통해 음성교육에 특화된 전문성을 향상시켜나갈 뿐 아니라 음성교육의 질도 높여갈 수 있을 것이다. 또한, 본 연구에서 착안한 ML처럼 인터넷을 통한 실습생 간의 의견교환의 장은 교육현장의 벽을 뛰어넘어 새로운 배움의 장으로서 기대된다. The purpose of this study is to analyze the learning of teacher practitioners in teaching Japanese pronunciation obtained through exchange of opinions between the teacher practitioners. Based on their learning, this study discusses the support in teacher practitioners’ learning. In 2012, participant observations and interviews were conducted at a pronunciation class at a Graduate School in Tokyo. First, this paper analyzes the contents of the mailing list (ML), which includes 199 contents used for planning and reflecting on pronunciation teaching by teacher practitioners. Second, the characteristics of the ML contents are analyzed. Third, the learning gained by teacher practitioners through exchange of opinions in the ML is discussed. It is found that the ML functioned as a place to conduct reflection and planning mainly on three axes: (1) pronunciation teaching activities by teacher practitioners, (2) the state of learners, and (3) the environment of pronunciation teaching. In the ML, extualization was done through writing about the pronunciation. Teacher practitioners made cycles of planning, execution, reflection and reconstruction. In this way, the teacher practitioners improved their professional skills. Hence, in developing and supporting pronunciation teaching, it is necessary to create a place to exchange opinions specializing in pronunciation teaching between teacher practitioners. As a support to pronunciation teaching for teacher practitioners, it will be possible to improve the quality of pronunciation teaching and improve professional skills by providing an environment to exchange opinions on planning and reflection on pronunciation teaching. In addition, the exchange of opinions between teacher practitioners through the internet, like the ML in this study, will be able to create a new learning field beyond the walls of educational fields.

淸末 女性解放論에 관한 一考察 - 『天義』報를 중심으로 -

천성림(Chun Sung Lim) 이화여자대학교 한국여성연구원 1992 여성학논집 Vol.8 No.-

Before the revolution of 1911 the main current of feminism in China was liberal feminism. However, "T'ien-i"(『天義』) which published by the pioneers of Chinese anarchists like Liu Shih-pei(劉師培) and his wife Ho Chen(何震) had more radical characters than the liberal feminism, because all writers for T'ien-i pao unfolded their feminism inspiring socialism and anarchism. They wrote confidently of the day when all gavrnment would be eliminated. Liu said, "Therefore, we stand for realizing the natural eqality of man, destroying artificial inequality, overthrowing every organ of rule, abolishing every association based on class or occupation, and uniting all the people of the world into one great mass to plan the complete happiness of mankind." Liu then drew up a sequence of stages beginning with the abolition of state and proceeding through eliminating national and racial boundaries, equalizing power, pleasure, and pain, and finally reaching absolute sexual equality. They advocated that home revolution, sex revolution and social revolution had to be performed at the same time, and reported that women of the lower classes, eapecially, women worker's miserable conditions as the product of industrialization under the pressure of imperialism, and pointed out that the causes which brought out their miserable conditions were up to inequality of distribution of property and exploitation of capitalists. More significantly, Liu wrote frequently of how industrialization resulted in the division of society into two classes, capitalists and workers. It is presummed that these feminism of "Tien-i" were influenced theoretically from the socialistic feminism of Europe which had predominated from the late 19th to early 20th century. Especially the feminism in "T'ien-i" has an eye to realization of eqality rather than liberty. Eventhough it was a diffrent line from the feminism which was the main current, it is thought to have a historical significance in the point that the violent anti-feudalism which was reflected in it is connected with the criticism on feudalism in New Culture Movement.

다발성 뇌전이암 환자에서의 전뇌방사선치료

천용일,김원택 부산대학교 병원 암연구소 2009 부산대병원학술지 Vol.- No.25

発音指導実践における実習生と学習者のインタラクション-実習生の学びを中心に-

천선영 한국일본어학회 2016 日本語學硏究 Vol.0 No.48

The purpose of this study is to analyze the learning of practitioners in practice teaching of pronunciation they obtained through their interactions with Japanese language learners while teaching pronunciation. Based on the learning of practitioners, I discuss the practice teaching of Japanese pronunciation to support practitioner learning. I investigated a practice teaching specializing in pronunciation at the Graduate School in Tokyo. I took participant observations at the pronunciation class and interviewed the practitioners. In this paper, I focus on a practitioner who has experience as a Japanese language teacher. Through interaction with the Japanese language learners, I found that the practitioner learned about Japanese language learners. (1) Their devotion and achievement to learn pronunciation in learning pronunciation (2) Their flexible attitude towards learning pronunciation (3) Their self-correcting capabilities in Japanese pronunciation (4) Their anxiety about pronunciation Thus, the practitioner came to deepen their understanding of the potential of Japanese language learners in learning pronunciation. This study shows that practice teaching can support practitioner learning when a practitioner finds and develops the potential of Japanese language learners in learning pronunciation. Hence, it is necessary for practitioners to be provided with an opportunity to develop the learners’ potential in order to develop themselves. 본고에서는 발음에 특화한 교육실천에서 학습자와의 상호작용을 통해 교육실습생(이하, 실습생)이 무엇을 배워가는지에 대해 분석, 고찰한다. 본연구에서 분석대상으로 하는 연구필드는, 2012년도 도쿄 도내의 대학원에 설치된 발음지도에 특화한 실천이다. 실습생의 배움을 관여관찰하고 인터뷰를 실시했다. 본고에서는 교사경험을 지닌 한 명의 실습생의 배움에 착목한다. 학습자와의 상호작용을 통하여 실습생은 다음의 4가지의 발음학습실태에 대해 배워간 것으로 밝혀졌다. (1)발음학습에 열심히 임하는 학습자의 자세와 달성감(2)발음학습을 유연하게 받아들이는 학습자의 자세(3)발음학습에 있어서의 학습자의 자기수정능력(4)발음에 대한 불안감위와 같이 실습생은 학습자가 갖고 있는 발음학습에 관련된 가능성에 대해 깨닫고, 학습자에 대한 이해를 높여간 것으로 밝혀졌다.일본어교사를 위한 음성교육을 지원하기 위해서, 발음에 특화한 교육실천이 필요하고, 그 발음지도실천에 있어서 학습자와의 상호작용이디자인되어진 환경을 만들어갈 필요가 있다고 시사하였다. 학습자와의 상호작용이 디자인되어진 발음지도실천에서, 실습생 혹은 교사는 학습자가 갖고 있는 발음학습의 가능성을 발견할 수 있고, 그 발음학습의 가능성을 이끌어내는 서포트를 실천할 수 있을 것이다.

상호 문화적 관점에서 바라본 외래어 학습의 의미 - 일본어과와 도덕과의 연계수업 실천 사례연구 -

천선영(千仙永) 한국일본어학회 2022 한국일본어학회 학술발표회 Vol.2022 No.9

임지비배론 (林地肥培論)

천명명 (川名明) ( Akira KAWANA ) 한국산림과학회 1977 한국산림과학회지 Vol.34 No.1

The nutrient elements which are used in forest fertilization vary from country to country. The development of forest fertilization is influenced by different national interests and/or economic situtations. The fertilized area/year of each country is shown. As one can see, Korea will have one of the largest fertilized. forest area in the world. Nevertheless, attention needs to be paid from the technical viewpoint, since the development has been very rapid. The fertilization techniques, kinds of nutrient element, amounts of dosage, types of fertilizers, estimation of their efficiency, leaf analysis, ecological or physiological aspects of forest fertilization, tree species, wood qualities, forest vegetation, damages such as deseases, insects, frost, wind and snow, are discussed in relation to forest fertilization. Finally, the problem of eutrophication of water is discussed. The technical assessment will become necessary in introducing new techniques into the field.

1880년대 전반 조선의 서구적 교섭(交涉) 개념 수용과 통리교섭통상사무아문 정비 -김윤식(金允植)의 대외인식변화와 활동을 중심으로-

천관우(千寬宇) 한국역사연구회 2024 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.134

As the existence of the Foreign Office(統理交涉通商事務衙門) shows, modern diplomacy in Joseon was institutionalized in the name of ‘intercourse(交涉)’ with some restrictions. Originally, ‘intercourse’ had a negative connotation of interacting with foreigners and was perceived as a kind of disruption in Joseon. But its meaning was redefined to correspond to intercourse, which refers to the dispatch of a envoy according to the Western custom in treaties signed by East Asian countries. This paper identifies this as the Western concept of intercourse and explores the process of limited institutionalization of modern diplomacy by adopting this concept in Joseon, focusing on the activities of Kim Yun-sik.<BR/> The Western concept of intercourse is particularly relevant to the function of the resident envoy system. In principle, ‘intercousrse(交涉)’ corresponds to the relationship between states, but it can also refer to the correspondence(交涉往來) between consuls and local officials, as well as to judicial proceeding/justice(交涉事件, 案件).<BR/> Despite some limitations, it should be noted that Joseon sought to institutionalize the functional aspects of diplomacy represented by envoys through the Western concept of intercourse. Rather, it is symbolic of the historical situation of Joseon in the 1880s that the presence of Qing forced Joseon to adopt only the functional and practical aspects of modern diplomacy centered on envoys through the name of ‘intercourse’ instead of explicit and full diplomacy.

부분 후두 절제술 후 발생한 기관절개공 재발암의 전종격동 기관절개술 및 재건술 1례

천용일,신성찬,이병주,이종근 대한이비인후과학회 부산,울산,경남 지부회 2023 임상이비인후과 Vol.34 No.4

Tumor recurrence at the tracheostoma following laryngectomy for glottic cancer is difficult to treat due to its anatomic structures. Incidence of stomal recurrence after total laryngectomy ranges between 5%–15%. Risk factors for stomal recurrence include the site of tumor, T-staging, nodal metastasis and previous tracheostomy. Salvage surgery for stomal recurrence requires aggressive excision and reconstruction. Herein, we present a case of anterior mediastinal tracheostomy and reconstruction for stomal recurrence after partial laryngectomy.