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작업기억의 음운루프에서 내현적 조음억제행동의 자동화에 대한 연구
정용석,박주용,박창호 한국인지및생물심리학회 2015 한국심리학회지 인지 및 생물 Vol.27 No.2
Baddeley’s study (1986, 2000) suggesting that phonological loop of working memory consists of phonological store and articulatory rehearsal system used the paradigm that articulation of memory items could be suppressed by rehearsing irrelevant syllables simultaneously in the immediate serial recall task. He did not consider seriously whether articulatory suppression should be covert or overt. Chung et al. (2013) obtained the result that covert articulatory suppression could be automatized and working memory performance could be influenced by this. From the viewpoint of verbal mediation theory (Vygotsky, 1962), repetitive performance could facilitate speech automatization in the covert articulatory suppression condition, but inhibit it in the overt condition. And the effect of speech automatization, if it happens, could be distributed over all the memory items. Experiment 1 probed phonological similarity effect at each serial position of memory items in the covert and overt articulatory suppression condition. The result showed that the covert condition observed generally more accurate responses, and phonological similarity effect at the middle position as well as the late (recent) positions. Experiment 2 probed the repetition effect of performing memory tasks, which showed that the covert condition resulted in generally better performance and the tendency of interaction between articulatory suppression condition and repetition. The results of both experiments could be explained roughly by the speech automatization hypothesis, which suggests that Baddeley’s model of phonological loop should be modified in consideration of automatization of articulatory suppression behaviors. Limitations of this study and suggestions for further study were discussed. 작업기억의 음운루프가 음운저장고와 조음시연장치로 구성된다는 Baddeley의 연구는 즉시순차회상 과제에서 기억항목에 대한 조음을, 이와 무관한 음절을 시연시킴으로써, 억제시키는 기법을 사용하였다. 이때 조음억제를 외현적으로 하는지 내현적으로 하는지는 심각하게 고찰하지 않았는데, 정용석 등(2013)은 내현적 조음억제가 조건에 따라 자동화되어 작업기억 수행이 영향을 받을 수 있다는 결과를 얻었다. 언어중재이론(Vygotsky, 1962)에서 보면 내현적 조음억제에서는 반복이 언어자동화를 촉진시키지만, 외현적 조음억제에서는 반복이 언어 자동화에 방해가 될 것이다. 그리고 조음억제행동의 자동화가 일어난다면 그 효과는 기억항목 전체로 확산될 가능성이 있다. 실험 1은 기억항목 간의 음운유사효과를 조음억제 유형에 따라 제시위치별로 살펴보았다. 그 결과, 내현적 조음억제 조건에서 외현적 조음억제 조건에 비해 정반응수가 전반적으로 더 좋았으며, 내현적 조건에서는 중간 제시위치 항목에 대해서도 음운유사효과가 관찰되었다. 실험 2는 기억과제의 반복 수행 효과를 살펴보았는데, 내현적 조건의 수행이 전반적으로 우수하였지만, 조음억제 유형과 반복 여부의 상호작용 경향성이 관찰되었다. 두 실험의 결과는 대체로 언어 자동화 가설로 설명될 수 있으며, 이는 Baddeley의 음운루프 모형이 조음억제행동의 자동화를 고려하여 수정될 필요가 있음을 시사한다. 본 연구의 제한점과 후속 연구에의 제안 등을 다루었다.
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鄭鎔碩 단국대학교 미소연구소 1990 미소연구 Vol.4 No.-
The successful development of European Communities brought about a design of Asian-Pacific regional economic organization in the area. The conception of the regional economic organization was initially conceived by a Japanese professor and it captured the mind of prime minister Ohira Masayoshi in the later part of 1970's Prime minister Ohira disclosed a plan for 'Asian-Pacific Solidarity' to be developed by his government. In this Stage, the U.S. Senator John Glenn urged America should study a scheme for an Asian-Pacific economic organization. Australian government also expressed its interest in that idea. At last, a thought on an economic regional organization came up to the president Chun Doohwan of the Republic of Korea in the early 1980's. He discussed it with President Ronald Reagan of the U.S. and tried to persuade Asian leaders to join in the project. The main conception of Asian-Pacific regional organization deliberated by Japan., America, Australia and South Korea, was generally economic and exclusive. The members of the organization to be included were limited to Anticommunist countries. The Soviet Union in prior to any initiative launched by Asian leaders for such regional organization, proposed an 'Asian Collective Security Conference' in the late 1960's. This regional conference was only for military security talks. But Mikhail S. Gorbachev sets forth a regional organization plan in which mutual exchange and cooperation in the field of economy, trade, science and culture could be promoted. He proposed to call up a 'Pacific Conference.' The Soviet conception of Asian-Pacific regional conference was extended from security talks to economic and cultural with Gorbachev. The reason why Gorbachev elevated the security business to economic one is simple. The Soviet urgently needed economic helps from the Asian-Pacific countries. Besides that necessity, the Soviet also felt it was high time for them to improve their bad image reflected in the region as Communist devils. As a result, directions of Asian-Pacific regional organization sought by both western countries and the Soviet came to accord with each other. In this sense there might not be conflicting interests between the conception of Asian-Pacific regional organization on the part of western countries and that of the Soviet Union. However, as far as the Soviet demands consistently American military withdrawal from South Korea and nuclear free zone in the region, there should remain political disaccord between America and the Soviet. This conflict of interests would hinder enhancement of Asian-Pacific regional organization including the Soviet Union. At this juncture the Soviet would not give up its efforts to develop economic interests in the region because of the presence of American troops in Korea. Therefore, there seems to be a great chance in which Asian-Pacific regional cooperation to be enhanced among all nations including the Soviet Union.
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