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장세룡 ( Se Yong Jang ) 대구사학회 2007 대구사학 Vol.88 No.-
This article searched critically the concept of public Sphere of Jurgen Habermas. Habermas said that in 18th century France, appeared the Public Sphere which is realm of rational discourse that realized ``ideal discourse situation`` mediated monarchical state and world of social life. But the realm was transformed structurally by appearing diverse mass media that are distorted by capitalist society after 19th century. The reason to consider the concept of Public Sphere so important is that because it was set up as preceding condition of modern democracy, it supplied new perspective to radical democracy. That is abstract sphere which founded on salons, academies, cafe, theatre, franc-macon loges of network voluntary associations and non-official sociabilite. Furthermore that was constituted by read of books, journals, press and conversation of polite. In consequence it is theoretical apparatus which revealed new socio-political consciousness in public sphere which separated from state and transcend family`s private life which required by commercial secular life of individual of capitalist society. By this pre-supposition I examined religious-political struggles of (1) absolute monarchy vs Jansenist/Parlementary and (2) Philosophes vs Anti-philosophes. And concluded the first is realm of Reprasentative Offentlichkeit where representation and its content are contradicted. The second is bourgeois public sphere where philosophes/anti-philosophes` common interests are practiced in public opinion.
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장세룡(Se Yong Jang) 대구사학회 2000 대구사학 Vol.59 No.1
In this article, I have noticed that the General Will of Rousaeau premised the fact, in spite of the limit of each person and the inequality of ability in people for finding a public good in practice, that could project the development of people`s ability to enhance moral liberty and civil equality. Moreover I have recognized in the process of decision-making to determine the General Will, Rousseau acknowledged danger and difficulty of unanimous agreement in reality. So according to my analysis, Rousseau searched to confirmation of public good through rule of majority in precondition to sustain improvement of civil voter`s ability and independent of equal individual. And this analysis leads to conclusion that the rule of majority implicit the meanings of useful tool finding the General Will after establishing the social legitimacy and civil enlightenment. But it is not valid to discover the community which fulfilled his expectation in ideal or in reality. In this respect we can understand what he means in that phrase, `forced to free` by devotion to his country.
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장세룡 ( Se Yong Jang ) 대구사학회 2004 대구사학 Vol.76 No.-
Liberty is one of the most important thoughts of Rousseau. How can we catch the way Rousseau use the liberty? Rousseau classified the concept of liberty into four sorts such as natural, civil, moral and/or political liberty. Natural liberty is a conjectured liberty that is assured by idealized natural state. Civil liberty is the production made from the agreement of original social contract and the performance of people`s sovereign. Moral and/or political liberty is the one achieved by people`s autonomous decision-making. In general many scholars accept the prescription of Isaiah Berlin to Rousseau`s recognition on liberty. He claimed that Rousseau`s liberty is not a negative but a positive one. However, his thought also implicates the characteristic of negative liberty which is reflected in the presupposition; that is, peoples should be `forced to be free` by laws. Rousseau comprehended the positive law, which is enacted by realization of people`s general will, as an instrument to assure civil liberty. In fact the arguments of Rousseau on liberty are very complex. Thus the two concepts of liberty classified by Berlin can not be properly applied to Rousseau`s thought. Rather Rousseau`s notion crosses and traverses the Berlin`s two concepts of liberty. By this point I believe that Rousseau`s thought serves as a means of searching for the third concept of liberty for present day society.
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