국제경제법상 보편주의와 지역주의의 상보적 발전

임대성(Yim Dae Seong) 국제법평론회 2014 국제법평론 Vol.0 No.40

Universalism became official through the concept of the international community, which was acknowledged through practices and principles. The Vienna Convention on the Law of the Treaties, a treaty law enforced in 1969, was the first international document to mention an international society. Article 53 defines jus cogens as "accepted and recognized by the international community of states as a whole as a norm from which no derogation is permitted and which can be modified only by a subsequent norm of general international law having the same character." The same was stipulated in Article 53 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations, which was enforced in 1986. Also, the Draft Declaration on the Rights and Duties of States declares that "the states of the world form a community governed by international law." Regionalism has long been regarded as an important concept in international relations. The phenomenon, wherein close and concentrated economic, political, and social exchanges occur between countries in the same region or in adjacent neighborhoods based on geographic distribution, can be said to be regionalization, whereas towards that end, the artificial and political process of fine-tuning policies between countries and of forming beneficiary relations can be said to be regionalism, a concept opposed to universalism. That is, regionalism refers to the position by which to maintain regional spontaneity and yet promote solidarity and cooperation, based on regional specificity. Regionalism, under international law, generally does not necessarily form rules/principles or substantial portions of international human rights law or international economic law. The problem of regionalism is raised chiefly in connection to the problem of the universality of international law, and when reflecting regional specificity to amend and apply general rules, regionalism takes the pattern of norms. Such regionalism assumes a stronger meaning when, in the regional scope of effects, it implies principles or rules in the regional scope of validity, or means regional limitations in the scope of the validity of universal rules or principles. In the former case, rules and principles carry a positive meaning, making them binding only on the member countries in a specific region. In the latter case, regionalism carries a negative meaning, exempting countries in a specific region from universal rules or principles. Such concerns and doubts about the WTO system that various countries had led to the widening spread of the FTA system. As seen in the through DDA negotiations, the member countries were disappointed about the WTO system under which they had to sharply confront each other, and felt that the trade system that they wanted would be distant. They thus moved to pursue FTAs to effectively establish their own trade systems. While overcoming the time- and effort-consuming multilateral trade system required reaching a consensus, FTAs are now being widely used. Regionalism pursues cooperation in a region, an economic bloc, and some countries, and the FTA-centered regionalism in the field of trade, shedding regional constraints, moves to pursue cooperation between countries, with the aim of promoting commerce. In the field of trade, regionalism focuses on conducting trade between countries, and FTAs between countries are also included in the concept of regionalism. Specifically, regionalism in the field of trade, through regional trade agreements, refers to governments' measures to promote and liberalize trade, or to cooperation in lifting trade barriers by shedding regional constraints. It is very important to note that through discussions of universalism, international law is operated under a single global system. It should not be forgotten, though, that international law will be influenced by regional systems formed through treaty reservation an

EU 국경조치의 TRIPS 합치성에 관한 연구

성재호(Sung, Jae Ho),임대성(Yim, Dae Seong) 한국국제경제법학회 2012 국제경제법연구 Vol.10 No.1

지적재산권의 시행은 지적재산권의 침해를 방지하고 침해에 대한 구제방법을 확보하는 것을 의미하므로, 지적재산권의 실효성 있는 보호와 보장을 위해 매우 중요하다. 위조 및 불법복제의 급증에 대응하기 위해 선진국들은 지적재산권의 시행을 강화하는 방안을 마련하였고, 이와 같은 TRIPS-Plus 경향은 ACTA를 비롯한 다양한 시도를 통해서 확산되고 있다. EU는 제3국에서의 지적재산권 보호 수준을 높이고, 국경에서 지적재산권의 관리·감독을 강화하겠다는 의지를 신통상정책안에 담았다. 이러한 EU의 의지는 역내 입법과 양자간 FTA, 더 나아가 최근의 ACTA에 그대로 반영되어 있다. 그러나 이와 같은 TRIPS-Plus 방식의 지적재산권 시행에 대해서 선진국과 개발도상국간의 이해관계가 첨예하게 대립하고 있으므로 양측의 입장을 살피고 향후 방향성을 검토해 보는 것은 매우 중요한 과제이다. 본고에서는 EU의 지적재산권 시행 중 위조 및 불법복제상품에 대한 국경조치에 관한 규정을 살펴보고, 이들 조치의 WTO 합치성을 검토한다. 우선 EU 이사회 규칙 1383/2003과 한-EU FTA에 반영된 국경조치 규정을 통해서 EU의 TRIPS-Plus 지적재산권 시행 규칙의 특성을 분석하고, 최근 타결된 ACTA의 국경 조치 규정을 비교하여 검토한다. 이를 통해 최소기준으로서의 TRIPS협정을 넘어서는 EU TRIPS-Plus 국경조치의 주요 특징을 파악할 수 있다. 둘째, EU의 TRIPS-Plus 국경조치를 특허침해상품에 대한 국경조치와 수출예정 상품과 통과 중 상품에 대한 국경조치로 나누어 WTO 사례를 중심으로 합치성을 검토하고자 한다. 특허침해상품과 수출예정 상품에 대한 국경조치는 제4절의 요건이 충족된다는 전제 하에 최대기준으로 작용하는 TRIPS협정에 합치하는 방향으로 취해질 수 있다. 그러나 통과 중 상품, 특히 제네릭 의약품에 대한 국경조치는 지적재산권의 보호와 공중보건에 대한 고려라는 대립되는 가치의 추구, GATT 및 TRIPS협정 규정의 해석에 따라 TRIPS협정에 합치되지 않는다. 이에 대하여 향후 WTO 패널의 결정을 주목해야 할 것이고, 최소기준뿐만 아니라 최대기준으로서 작용하는 TRIPS협정의 가치가 재검토되어야 할 것이다. 지적재산권 보호에 있어서 주요 선진국과 어깨를 나란히 하고 있는 우리나라도 TRIPS-Plus 경향의 수용 여부와 향후 전개 방향에 대해 심도 있는 논의를 전개해야 한다. The enforcement of intellectual property rights means the prevention of infringing intellectual property rights and the secure of remedies, and it is very important to protect IPRs effectively. It has been at the center of the debate in various international forums, regional or bilateral negotiations on economic partnership or free trade agreements. Following the footprint of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights(TRIPS) of the World Trade Organization(WTO), one of the most profitable deals for developed countries are now pushing for TRIPS-Plus standards on IP enforcement as a new strategic priority to deal with a rapid increase of the counterfeit and piracy. In order to strengthen IPR enforcement and streamlining procedures, the EU are reviewing the rules for customs taking action at the EU border. The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement(ACTA) aims to establish a comprehensive international framework that will assist its members effectively to combat the infringement of IPRs. However, developed countries have met well-founded resistance from the developing countries in IP negotiations within the framework of the WTO and the World Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO). This paper attempts to review the EU border measures to the counterfeit and piracy and examine the TRIPS consistency of EU border measures. We can find the main features of EU TRIPS-Plus border measures beyond the minimal standards of TRIPS. And we can also find that seizing goods merely in transit (unlike goods involving patent infringement or goods destined for exportation) based on alleged IP infringements according to the law of the transit country may run counter to the TRIPS obligation. If one takes the balance that TRIPS establishes between IP protection, free trade and other societal concerns seriously, the additional IP protection that upsets this balance should equally be scrutinized for its TRIPS consistency. We should pay attention to the panel’s next decisions at the WTO and discuss the acceptance of TRIPS-Plus trend or not.

곡류의 박편처리가 육성기 한우의 성장능력과 영양소 소화율에 미치는 영향

최윤재(Y . J . Choi),장기(K . Jang),조광근(K . K . Cho),이태훈(T . H . Lee),권영민(Y . M . Kwon),설재구(J . K . Seol),임대성(D . S . Yim) 한국영양사료학회 1994 韓國營養飼料學會誌 Vol.18 No.4