‘상태 명사’ 개념을 중심으로 본 베르베르어 명사 체계에 관한 연구

임기대(LIM Gi-Dae) 한국아프리카학회 2016 한국아프리카학회지 Vol.49 No.-

베르베르어의 특징은 여러 면에서 한국어나 서구어와 많은 차이를 보인다. 베르베르어는 오랫동안 구두어의 전통을 유지한데다 지배어의 영향으로 체계화되지 못했다. 게다가 여러 방언들은 베르베르어의 내적 변이를 가속화시켰다. 가장 기본적인 명사 형태조차 차이를 보이며, ‘상태 명사’ 개념은 여러 면에서 더욱 복잡한 모습을 보인다. 이 문법적인 개념은 ‘자유 상태’와 ‘병합 상태’라는 쌍으로 대립 형태를 보인다. 하지만 실제로 사용이라는 측면에서는 여전히 많은 화자들이 이런 개념에 대해 의식적이지 않고, 특히 지역에 따라서는 이 개념을 거의 사용하지 않는 곳도 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 이에 대한 특성을 규명하려는 작업은 최근 들어 많은 진전을 보이고 있다. 게다가 마그레브에서 베르베르어는 향후 공식어의 위상을 확보할 가능성이 점점 더 높아지고 있는 상황이다. 이미 베르베르어 화자가 가장 많은 모로코와 알제리에서는 공식어의 위상을 확보하고 있고, 문법 정립에도 많은 관심을 보이고 있다. 프랑스를 비롯한 유럽 내 이민자 중에 베르베르어 화자가 많다는 사실 또한 이 언어의 위상을 가늠케 한다. 상태 명사는 여러 면에서 베르베르어 어휘의 다양한 특성을 보여주기도 하지만 보편적인 특성을 보이지 않는 문법적 요소이다. 프랑스어와 아랍어에서의 차용, 그에 따라 상태 명사에도 예외적인 어휘들이 많이 발견된다. 체계적인 문법 연구라는 차원에서 향후 더 구체적인 사례들을 수집하여 연구해야할 필요가 있어 보인다. The characteristics of the Berber languages are different from Indo-European languages and Korean in many ways. The Berber languages are essentially orally transmitted. Moreover, these languages are scattered in vast and diverse regions. Even the forms of noun appear differently, and the "noun of the state" in particular, show us the complexity of the Berber language. This grammatical concept belonging to two types of states, namely Free State/State of annexation, alternates between the characteristics of the original noun in Berber. The berbérs also use, but very seldomly, the terms such as free state and construct state. Despite this, the research conducted on the characteristics of the noun of annexation is implemental in creating a scientific combination of undeniable importance. This scientific research has also explored the Berber area in its many political dimensions in the Maghreb. Berber is also the second most spoken language in France. The state opposition is one of the most delicate points of the Berber grammatical system. By contrast, this grammatical system does not show the universal traits. One can find many French and Arabic borrowings, and accordingly features salient in the nouns of annexation features, there are many exceptional cases. The consecutive studies are needed to systematize the grammatical traits.

`베르베르`의 다양성 -지중해성(性)과 아프리카성(性), 비영토성(性)에 관한 연구-

임기대 ( Lim Gi-dae ) 부산외국어대학교 지중해지역원 2017 지중해지역연구 Vol.19 No.2

The term `berber` is a term that is excluded or tabooed in the logic of < centralism >. Centrism, it has been fixed for a long time by < Western centrism >. Due to < western centralism > we understood `berber` with an outward gaze rather than our vision. After simply the Aboriginal or Arab invasion, the term “Berber” was changed in vague terms as “Arab-Berber”. This view is a narrow view of the Maglev region, where Berber is the majority. It is Africa, but it has a common memory with the Mediterranean civilization, and it mixes with Berber culture which is an Islamic but indigenous culture. How should we accept the unique Islamic culture of this region? Perhaps we should escape from centrism and look at this area with our own open eyes. Even if you look at the Berber culture, which was a peripheral culture, its own cultural characteristics are different according to the way that is related with other cultures. This Maglev region allows Berber culture to become a rich culture of multifarious cultures. In this article we will look at the characteristics of the Berber culture in the Sahara-Sahel region, including Maghreb. And we will look how far the Berber culture is spreading today and continuing its multicultural identity. This is to confirm the cultural dynamics and transversal content of the region due to cultural pluralism and crossing of surrounding cultures. It is also an attempt to study Berberism as a postmodern discourse.

모로코와 이스라엘의 외교 관계 복원과 서사하라 문제에 관한 연구

임기대 ( Lim Gi-dae ) 부산외국어대학교 지중해지역원 2021 지중해지역연구 Vol.23 No.1

Morocco and Israel established diplomatic relations. There are countries in the Maghreb country that have a long history with Jews. Jews had settled down and lived before Christianity in Morocco. After the independence of Morocco in the 20th century, many Jews left Morocco. However, Morocco and Israel still have a secret relationship. Western Sahara became the subject of the deal in the establishment of diplomatic relations between Morocco and Israel in 2020. Western Sahara is a very sensitive issue that still contributes to the border closures with neighboring Algeria. Under these circumstances, the impact of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Morocco and Israel on the dynamics of the region seems very complex. This study consider the above points and look at the establishment of diplomatic relations between Morocco and Israel in the following situations. First, analyzing Morocco’s strategy (Africa, among other things West Africa) for the long-standing special relationship between Morocco and Israel and for the establishment of diplomacy with Israel. Second, the Western Sahara is a very sensitive issue in relations between Morocco and Algeria, and it is an important variable that determines the dynamics of the two countries. Lastly, Algeria considers that Western Sahara conflict is a case of de-colonization, so sovereignty of Western Sahara cannot be admittied. This study deals with content of post-independence de-colonialization policies and the dilemma that Algeria faces today’s Western Sahara matter. This is because Algeria’s domestic situation has not recovered since Corona-19, showing limits to its diplomatic capabilities. Algeria is urging the international community to resolve the issue, but the this issue might be watched for now as the inauguration of the new U.S. president.

『마그레브, 민족과 문명 Maghreb, peuples et civilisations』 -Camille & Yves Lacoste 외 23인-(Editions La Decouverte, Paris, 2004)

임기대 ( Gi Dae Lim ) 부산외국어대학교 지중해지역원 2011 지중해지역연구 Vol.13 No.1

프랑스어권 아프리카 ‘사헬’ 지대의 구조적 문제와 쟁점들에 관한 연구 - 말리를 중심으로 -

임기대 ( Gi-dae Lim ) 서울대학교 불어문화권연구소 2017 불어문화권연구 Vol.27 No.-

Bien qu’il n’apparaisse sur la carte que comme une longue bande de terres arides formees de pays parmi les plus pauvres du monde, le Sahel s’avere un espace reliant l’Atlantique a la mer Rouge, le monde arabo-musulman a l’Afrique noire en partie chretienne. Cet aspect strategique le place au centre des preoccupations des grandes puissances qui y voient un enjeu decisif pour leur securite. La region du Sahel est de celles dont on ne parle qu’au gre des crises et des securites. Crises alimentaires, politiques, violences ethniques, mais aussi conflits armes dont la guerre au Mali en 2013 constitue un des exemples. En effet, profitant de frontieres peu demarquees sur le terrain et quasi impossibles a controler, ainsi que de la faiblesse des Etats, de multiples trafics sevissent dans la region, dans une impunite quasi totale. Les revenus de toutes ces activites criminelles fort lucratives alimentent les islamistes, entretenant l’insecurite a travers toute la region. Bref, la croissance des refugies, les changements climatiques ainsi que l’instabilite de la region influence sur la cohesion sociale en modifiant la structure de la societe. Dans cette situation, le role de l’Algerie et la France vont grandir dans cette region.

아프리카 기후환경 변화와 ‘사헬(Sahel)’ 지역 난민 문제에 대한 고찰

임기대 ( Lim Gidae ) 아프리카미래학회 2024 아프리카와 미래 Vol.5 No.0

This study focuses on the issue of climate change in Africa, as it is closely related to the current societal challenges of climate change. By focusing on the Sahel region of Africa, which is also facing the brunt of climate change, this study seeks to understand the region and reflect on the Christian mission rooted in the creative order. The Sahel region of Africa is often referred to as the ‘coup d'état belt’ because of the extreme instability it experiences due to desertification, civil war, poverty, and various forms of trafficking and terrorism. The instability in the region is directly linked to the survival of the local population, many of whom have been displaced. This problem is not only destabilising the region, but also neighbouring regions and disrupting traditional borders and boundaries. This study examines the problems created by climate change in the Sahel region. To do so, it diagnoses the global problem of climate change and discusses the various opinions of the international community. Next, we examine extreme weather events in Africa, focusing on recent examples. Extreme weather events are not limited to specific regions of Africa, but are occurring simultaneously across the continent, adding to their severity. In Africa, the Sahel region is experiencing the most severe climate change. In this region, desertification, colonisation and regional instability have enabled terrorist groups to operate, leading to civil wars and coups. This cascade of insecurity is taking its toll on the region's people, who are facing the worst of it. This understanding of the current situation in the Sahel can be used as a basis for not only understanding the region, but also for rethinking issues such as Christian mission and refugee reception.

러시아-우크라이나 전쟁을 통해서 본 모로코와 알제리의 관계 변화 양상 연구

임기대 ( Lim Gidae ) 아프리카미래학회 2024 아프리카와 미래 Vol.4 No.0

The United Nations cast votes with intentions to impose sanctions on the Russia-Ukraine war. The Maghreb countries, Morocco and Algeria, have similar yet distinctive foreign policies. Algeria, which maintains close ties with Russia, and Morocco, an Arab Islamic state favoring pro-Western policies, not participating in the sanctions against Russia, is not easy to understand. This illustrates that the international relations of Maghreb countries are more multi-dimensional and complex than perceived. Moreover, the fact that Russia was not isolated, even though the West intended to do so, reflects the nature of international order. This paper investigates how the diplomatic lines of Morocco and Algeria differ through the lens of the Russia-Ukraine war from an African and Middle Eastern scholar's perspective. By examining the differences in stance with Western countries and why sympathy for Ukraine does not spread in this region, we aim to report that the foreign policies of Morocco and Algeria aspire for 'pragmatic neutrality'. This could lead to contemplation on whether they are seeking new foreign relations outside of their traditional diplomatic relations within the colonial rule of France and the Arab Islamic world in an increasingly complex world.

최근 전개되고 있는 모로코와 알제리 간 대결과 갈등의 양상 연구: 서사하라를 중심으로

임기대 ( Lim Gi Dae ) 아프리카미래학회 2023 아프리카와 미래 Vol.1 No.0

aghreb region with the establishment of diplomatic relations between Morocco and Israel in 2020. The Western Sahara region is a highly sensitive issue that has contributed to the closure of the border with neighboring Algeria, and is also the main reason for the two countries' diplomatic break. This study examines the Western Sahara problem that occurs after diplomatic relations between Morocco and Israel, the recent conflict between Morocco and Algeria due to the Western Sahara problem, the conflict between Spain since 2020, and the importance of Western Sahara, which is evaluated as a strategic value. Through this, it is possible to understand the current issues between Algeria and Morocco in the Maghreb region, and to examine the interests of neighboring countries.

『L`Algerie et la langue francais : L`alterite partagee』 -Rabeh Sebaa- (Editions Dar El Gharb, Alger, 2004)-

임기대 ( Lim Gi-dae ) 부산외국어대학교 지중해지역원 2017 지중해지역연구 Vol.19 No.3

사하라-사헬(Sahara-Sahel)지역의 기후 환경 변화와 지역 불안 요소에 관한 연구

임기대 ( Lim Gi Dae ) 한국복음주의선교신학회 2021 복음과 선교 Vol.54 No.-

This article aims to examine the problems of inequality due to climate and environmental changes in the Sahara-Sahel region of Africa and the resulting instables elements. The Sahara-Sahel region has all the problems facing mankind today. The region is experiencing serious difficulties and conflicts due to climate change, population growth and poverty. In addition, the growth of terrorist groups in the region has become a major threat to regional stability. The elements of regional instability has recently been damaging civilians beyond confrontation between the government and militant groups. Local people are forced to choose the path of refugees. In addition, they are joining various trafficking activities and terrorist groups, raising regional instability. Terrorist groups are growing under the influence of political and social inequality and instability, but local people themselves cannot solve the problem and foreign contries, especially France, are actively involved in military intervention. However, the French military's intervention has intensified the problem and conflict rather than stabilizing the region. Therefore, more than ever, we must seek new ways of governance to ensure the lives of local people in Sahara-Sahel region. These issues suggest a lot for local missionaries who are keen on missionary work in the Sahara-Sahel area and Korean churches for evangelical propagation in the Sahara-Sahel area to understand the region.