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이준일 한국헌법학회 2022 憲法學硏究 Vol.28 No.3
According to the Juvenile Act, which regulates the judicial system related to investigation, prosecution, or trial procedures targeting juvenile delinquency, ‘juvenile’ means a person under the age of 19, that is, a person of the age of 18 and lower. Since the Civil Act refers to a person of the age of 19 and higher as an ‘adult’ and a person under the age of 19 as a ‘minor’, a juvenile under the Juvenile Act and a minor under the Civil Act have the same meaning. Meanwhile, the Criminal Act stipulates that a person under the age of 14, that is, a person of the age of 13 and lower, is called a ‘criminal minor’ and should not be punished. The Juvenile Act categorizes ‘delinquent juveniles’ into criminal juveniles, juvenile delinquents, and juvenile at risk of committing a crime, and stipulates that only criminal juveniles can be subject to punishment or protective measures, while juvenile delinquents and juveniles at risk of committing a crime can only be subject to protective measures. There are 10 types of protective measures under the Juvenile Act, but it is argued that the upper limit of the age for juvenile delinquent between the ages of 10 and 13, to which only protective measures can be imposed, should be lowered to expand the scope of criminal juveniles subject to punishment. Similarly, it is argued that the related regulations should be repealed because protective measures are imposed only on the grounds of the risk of crime even though there is no fact of violating the Penal Code for juveniles between the ages of 10 and 18 who can be subject to protective measures. Legal issues related to juvenile delinquents should be discussed from the perspective of the principle of proportionality of responsibility and punishment, the duty to protect constitutional rights and the principle of prohibition of excessively deficient protection, and the principle of equality and proportionality. And legal issues related to juvenile at risk of committing a crime should be discussed in terms of the principle of clarity and equality. 소년의 비행을 대상으로 하는 수사절차나 기소절차 또는 재판절차 등에 관한 사법제도를 규율하는 「소년법」에 따르면 ‘소년’은 19세 미만인 자, 즉 18세 이하인 사람을 의미한다. 「민법」은 19세 이상인 사람을 ‘성인’으로, 19세 미만인 사람을 ‘미성년자’로 지칭하므로 「소년법」에 따른 소년과 「민법」에 따른 미성년자는 같은 의미다. 한편 「형법」은 14세 미만인 사람, 즉 13세 이하인 사람을 ‘형사미성년자’로 부르면서 처벌하지 않는다고 규정한다. 「소년법」은 ‘비행소년’을 범죄소년, 촉법소년, 우범소년으로 구분하여 범죄소년에 대해서는 형벌 또는 보호처분, 촉법소년과 우범소년에 대해서는 보호처분만 가능하도록 규정하고 있다. 「소년법」에 따른 보호처분은 10가지가 열거되어 있는데 보호처분만이 부과될 수 있는 10세 이상 14세 미만의 촉법소년의 연령 상한선을 하향하여 형벌이 부과될 수 있는 범죄소년의 범위를 확대하여야 한다는 주장과 함께 마찬가지로 보호처분이 부과될 수 있는 10세 이상 19세 미만의 우범소년은 형벌 법령을 위반한 사실이 없는데도 범죄의 위험성만을 이유로 보호처분이 부과되어 있어 이와 관련된 규정들을 폐지해야 한다는 주장이 제기되고 있다. 촉법소년과 관련된 쟁점은 책임과 형벌의 비례성원칙, 기본권보호의무와 과소금지원칙, 평등원칙, 비례성원칙의 관점에서, 우범소년과 관련된 쟁점은 명확성원칙과 평등원칙의 관점에서 논의되어야 한다.
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Panax ginseng: a candidate herbal medicine for autoimmune disease
이준일,박경선,조익현 고려인삼학회 2019 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.43 No.3
Panax ginseng Meyer (P. ginseng; Korean ginseng) is well known for its medicinal properties. It canalleviate pathological symptoms, promote health, and prevent potential diseases via its antiinflammatory,antioxidant, homeostatic, and other positive effects on biological metabolism. Althoughmany studies have determined effects of P. ginseng on various diseases, such as cardiovascular, neurological,and immunological diseases, little is known about the effect of P. ginseng on autoimmune diseases. Here, we review a few reports about effects of P. ginseng on autoimmune diseases (e.g., multiplesclerosis, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, atopic dermatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis) and suggest thepossibility of P. ginseng as a candidate herbal medicine to prevent and treat autoimmune diseases as wellas the need to study it.
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방사선 치료시 인공고관절 삽입에 의한 불균질면에서의 선량분포 평가
이준일,김성환 대구보건대학 1999 대구보건대학 論文集 Vol.19 No.-
When a patient was irradiated with prosthetic hip, the dose distribution was changed according to inhomogeneous materials. The density, effective atomic number, and the composition of material had influence on absorbed dose distribution. In this study, the influence of inhomogeneous material(Ti) was measured using a polyethylene phantom, which consisted of various diameter of titanium, with film dosimetry. As a result, the backward dose showed 29.5% increase by backscattering, the forward dose showed 28% decrease by absorption, and the side dose showed 7% increase by scattering, when ￠25 ㎜ diameter Ti was used. In addition forward dose was in inverse proportion to the thickness of prosthetic material. When the prosthetic hip of patient is an irradiated filed, we must carefully study the absorbed dose distribution.
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이준일 헌법재판소 2011 헌법논총 Vol.22 No.-
According to the Adoption Act Covering Special Cases (AACSC), biological parents should sign a legally established adoption consent form. Problem is that waiver of parental rights as well as parental consent for adoption are included in this form. As a result, the waiver of parental rights that the Civil Act does not allow, was introduced, and biological parents who want to have their child adopted according to the AACSC have an obligation to waiver parental rights. Such waiver of parent rights is unconstitutional, because it violates the constitutional right to family life and the constitutional duty of the state that it should protect constitutional rights of people against infringement of the third parties. In addition, although the waiver of parental rights could be substantially consistent with the Constitution, it is formally unconstitutional, because it has no legal ground or, even if any of the grounds, enforcement regulation allows a new institution that can not be predicted in its mother law (AACSC). It is reasonable to abolish the waiver of parental rights that is able to avoid the minimum liability of parents and legitimize the abandonment of child, yet is glorified as an inevitable means in order to promote the adoption, known as the best interest of the child. 입양특례법에 따른 입양에 동의하는 친부모는 입양동의서를 제출해야만 한다. 문제는 입양동의서에는 입양에 대한 동의뿐만 아니라 친권포기의 의사가 표시된다는 점이다. 이에 따라 민법상 허용되지 않는 친권포기제도가 도입되었고, 자녀를 입양특례법에 따라 입양시키고자 하는 친부모는 친권을 포기해야 하는 의무가 부과된다. 이러한 친권포기제도는 헌법상 보장된 가족에 관한 권리를 침해하고, 이 권리를 제3자의 침해로부터 보호해야 할 국가의 의무에 위반되어 위헌이다. 또한 비록 내용적으로 헌법에 합치하는 제도일지라도 전혀 법률의 근거가 없거나 있다고 하더라도 모법에서는 예상할 수 없는 제도가 시행규칙에서 비로소 허용된 것이므로 헌법에 위반된다. 부모로서 부담해야 할 최소한의 책임마저 회피할 수 있도록 만들고, 자녀의 유기를 합법화하면서도 마치 아동에게 최선의 이익이 되는 것처럼 알려진 입양의 촉진을 위하여 불가피한 수단인 것처럼 포장되어 버린 친권포기제도는 폐지되는 것이 타당하다.
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