高句麗의 征服과 爵位(試論)

李玉 연세대학교 국학연구원 1981 동방학지 Vol.27 No.-

학령기 아동을 위한 방과후 보육 국제비교연구

이옥 덕성여자대학교 고등교육연구소 1997 敎育硏究 Vol.5 No.-

This study reviewed the literature related to the afterschool child care system and programs of five developed countries. Afterschool care in Japan, France, Germany, Sweden, and the United States of America were reviewed and analyzed with respect to the historical/societal background of afterschool care, present enrollment rate of children in the programs, education and inservice programs for teachers and Staffs, program activities, actual cases of program, and characteristics of each program. And the implication of the afterschool care in five countries for the Korean afterschool care was discusseded.

청소년자녀에 대한 아버지의 양육태도 관련변인 : The Variables Related to Fathers' Childrearing Attitudes toward their Children in Adolescence.

이옥,장혜정 덕성여자대학교 고등교육연구소 1995 敎育硏究 Vol.4 No.-

This study was to confirm the relationships between fathers' child rearing attitudes toward their children in adolescence and the variables : (a) father's personal background variables, (b) familial variables, (c) psychological factors and (d) their children's characteristics. The questionnaires to gather the date included a parental childrearing attitude scale, which was based on the Bigner's developmental-traditional childrearing attitude scale, Rosenberg's self-esteem, scale, and Revised Temperant Questionnaire. The Items to assess the familial variables, the father's personal background variables were included in the questionnaires. The total sample in the study consisted of 358 fathers whose children were in the first grade from 7 high schools in Seoul. The study revealed that fathers' childrearing attitudes toward their children in adolescence were related to the fathers' background variables, familial variables, self-esteem, and children's characteristics. Relatively young fathers and highly educated fathers had developmental child rearing attitudes. The fathers with employed wife, small number of children, and high self-esteem tended to have developmental childrearing attitudes. When a child was a son and an easy child, his father's childrearing attitude tended to be developmental.

[본원연구사업동향/동정] 육아정책개발센터 설립

이옥 한국여성개발원 2005 여성정책포럼 Vol.11 No.-

「허영의 시장」(Vanity Fair)에 나타난 인간조건과 속물근성

이옥 청주대학교 국제협력연구원 2007 國際文化硏究 Vol.25 No.-

The basic purpose of this paper is to examine the literary world of William M. Thackeray And his view of life in Vanity Fair. Thackeray has less pathos and humour thAn ChArles Dickens, And his intellect makes him witty And shows his sarcastic and cynical temperament. In Vanity Fair Thackeray shows his critical interpretation of reality through satire. The title of Vanity Fair was borrowed from the John Bunion's Pilgrim's Progress, and "Vanity" is the desire to be thought well of by the world. This, for Thackeray, has become the motive of human behAvior and the human condition. The Victorian society described in Vanity Fair is full of materialism and snobbery whose influence is prevalent throughout the novel. The subtitle of Vanity Fair, 'A Novel without a Hero', provides A convenient way to discuss the world that Thackeray depicts in the novel. Thackeray's chArActers are the products of A certain stage of social development. Their destructive self-seeking reflects the selfishness of industrial capitalism. Becky Sharp is fated to pursue rank and wealth relentlessly, because she lives in a society in which money and social status are the only real values. Becky is an example of what is wrong with nineteenth-century England. Thackeray thinks that all men have worldly and vain ambition and desire. There is nobody who can escape being the object of Thackeray's satire and criticism. We clearly see that every character has weAkness, stupidity, egoism and the vanity of human wishes. Also all human beings can not be happy even though their desires were filled, because everybody is striving for what is not worth having. Unsatisfied greediness is a tragic necessity for human existence and an instinctive condition of human beings.

호밀밭의 파수꾼(The Catcher in the Rye)에 제시된 새로운 미국인의 꿈

이옥 청주대학교 인문과학연구소 2012 人文科學論集 Vol.44 No.-

The Catcher in the Rye is, superficially, Holden's personal narrative of his three days attempt to find a fixed reality, free of the adult “phoniness”. Holden's story is narrated in a mysteriously intimate way as in interior monologue or unconscious verbal practice. Holden is similar to many other characters in American literature and belongs to the tradition of the American Adam who is isolated from the corrupt society. In a sense, American literature is the interpretation of the meaning of American dream which is the cultural myth of America. J. D. Salinger shows readers of The Catcher in the Rye that the fundamental obstacle to American dream does not lie in any social defect but in the human character itself. Salinger, through The Catcher in the Rye, criticizes American vulgar culture and spiritual poverty in the process of American new economic prosperity. This paper is focused on the recognition of Holden's spiritual enlightenment. Holden begins in a screaming rage against a society of adults, immorality, and patently false, but he ends by establishing love and acceptance as a saving grace. When the innocent girl, Phoebe, rides on a carousel horse, Holden suddenly cries and experiences a moment of universal harmony, which he has never felt before. And he meets an aesthetic moment when he feels liberated autonomously from all those outside conflicts and warring elements in a mysterious, inexplicable way. In this way Holden goes through a kind of spiritual redemption and regeneration by the zen ideas.

상악 부분 무치악 환자의 치료 옵션

이옥 이화여자대학교 임상치의학대학원 2009 개원 6주년 기념 학술강연회 Vol. No.

상악 부분 무치악에 대한 치료 계획은 물론 여러가지 복합된 조건들 즉, 심미적인 요소, 최후방치아의 존재 여부, 잔존 residual ridge의 형태, abutment의 상태, 환자의 요구 및 재정 상태 등을 고려해야 하지만, 크게 implant restorations를 포함해서 fixed or removable prosthesis 둘 중 하나를 선택해야 한다. 일반적으로 고정성 보철물이 가철성 보철물보다 여러가지 측면에서 유리하다고 한다. 모든 측면에서 보면 임프란트 고정성 보철물에 치료 계획의 최우선 순위를 둘 수 있다. 상악 무치악 환자에 있어서 치과의사로서 치료 계획의 option과 그 선택의 다양성을 인지하고 환자와 함께 적절한 치료 계획의 수립을 위하여 다음과 같은 점들을 고려해야 한다. 우선 이런 환자에 대한 보철물을 수복 할 것인가 말 것인가를 결정해야 한다. 스웨덴의 Carlsson은 대구치의 상실의 경우 심지어 제이소구치까지의 상실에도 불구하고 나머지 치아만으로도 저작 기능에 큰 장애가 없다고 하여 premolar occlusion 또는 short arch라고 명명하기도 한다. De Van은 1952년 JPD에서 "Our purpose should be the preservation of what remains rather than the meticulous restoration of what is missing."라고 언급했지만 Tzakis등은 1990년 IJOMI에서 "Therefore, when treating patients, the objective of the clinician should always be to restore the masticatory system to a level approximating completely dentate persons."라고 상반된 견해를 보이고 있다. 일반적으로 masticatory efficiency는 치아의 저작 면적, 즉 치아 수가 많으면 증가된다. 이런 측면에서 보철물로 수복을 할 경우에는 가철성으로 할 것인가 또는 고정성으로 할 것인가를 선택해야 하는데, removable partial denture에 대한 문헌들은 대부분 RPD 하기 전에 치주치료를 하였고 그리고 매 3개월 마다 scaling and root planning을 하여 유지를 하여 abutment의 동요도나 치주적 문제 없이 좋은 long term data를 보여주고 있다. 환자의 번거롭고 불편감을 제외하더라도 여기에 상반되는 견해가 더 지배적이다· De Van 1952년 JPD에서 "A partial denture is a device for losing one's teeth slowly, painfully, and expensively."라고 언급하였고, 심지어 Warehaug은 "One may ask if the patientwould not be better off by having the lost tooth replaced by a partial denture."라고 하면서 만약에 수복을 원한다면 "The correct answer is probably that a removable partial prosthesis has even more unfavorable consequences than has a bridge."에서 나타나듯이 가철성 보다는 고정성 보철물을 적극 추천하였다. 위의 두가지 측면을 다 함께 이용하는 telescoping restoration을 치과 치료의 한 option으로 사용할 수도 있다. 현재 치과에서 사용되는 수복물 들은 그 자체가 환자에게 해를 주지 않고, 다만 그 주위의 환경적 요인들 그리고 환자 본인의 host factors에 의해 문제를 야기할 수 있다. 그렇다면 가철성 보철물을 하지 않고 고정성 보철물을 고려할 때 cantilever를 해야 하는 경우가 있는데, 이런 경우 Randow 등에 의하면 distal cantilever는 시간이 지날수록, cantilever 수가 증가 할수록, 그리고 distal abutment의 pulp status(신경치료 여부)에 따라 technical failure가 증가 된다. 그러나 mesial cantilever 예를 들자면 제일 소구치의 상실로 제이소구치 그리고 제일대구치를 splint해서 제일소구치에 pontic을 다는 형태는 보통의 crown and bridge의 것과 같이 좋은 결과를 나타낸다. 그래서 bilateral cross-arch splinting cantilever를 제외하고는 가급적 distal cantilever 형태의 restoration은 자연치아 또는 임프란트 모두의 경우에서 피하는 것이 좋다. 얼마나 오래 구강내에서 사용할 것인가 ? 이 문제 또한 치료 계획의 수립시에 큰 영양을 줄 수 있는 요소이다. 대한치과보철학회에서 조사한 바에 따르면 모든 보철물을 다 포함하여 7.5년이 평균 수명이다. 외국의 대표적 문헌에는 1970년 JADA에 발표된 Schwartz등의 조사는 crown and Bridge가 평균 10.3년 그리고 그와 동일한 조사를 한 Walton등은 1984년 JPD에 8.3년이라고 발표하였다. 그 차이는 Walton은 군인을 대상으로 하여 일반인과 달리 본인이 경비 부담을 하지 않은 결과로 연수가 차이가 난다고 볼 수 있다. 그렇다면 이렇게 일반 보철물과 달리 임프란트 보철물 수복 치료는 어떠한가? Long term data에 있어서 위와 같은 survey는 아직 구체적으로 많지는 않지만 Naert등에 의하면 single tooth implant는 11년 심지어 15년에 95% 이상의 survival rate를 가지고 있다고 발표한 것으로 보아 점점 더 그 life-span은 길어질 것이다. 그러니 3-unit fixed partial denture(bridge) 보다 single tooth implant가 훨씬 longevity가 길다고 할 수 있다 이렇듯 임프란트 보철 수복이 치과치료에 있어서 treatment of choice가 됨은 여러가지 요인을 비교 분석해도 다른 치과 치료 option 보다 월등하다는 것은 부인할 수 없다. 그렇지만 환자의 요구, 경제적 문제, 수술 동반해야 하는 번거로움, 치료 기간 문제 등으로 현재 우리의 일반 치과 치료 option을 잘 활용하는 것이 임프란트 치료 계획과 더불어 전반적인 치과 계획의 수립에 기초가 되어야 한다. 상악의 부분 무치악인 경우에 구치부에서의 support는 Removable partial Denture, Fixed Partial Denture, 그리고 implant Restoration에서 다 같이 얻을 수 있다. 하악의 RPD와 달리 상악의 RPD는 palate에 major connector가 지나감으로 residual ridge나 palate에서 support 얻을 수 있다. 이것은 구치부 수복에 특히 중요한 역할과 의미를 가지고 있다. 위에 언급한 것과 같이 다양한 상악 부분 무치악의 치료 option을 여러 가지 clical case와 함께 살펴 보고, 그리고 앞에서 언급한 다양한 치료 option이 이행되는 clinical case를 보면서 환자의 치료 계획 수립에 도움이 되고자 합니다.

『권능과 영광』에 나타난 각성의 은총

이옥 청주대학교 인문과학연구소 2009 人文科學論集 Vol.38 No.-

In The Power and the Glory which is one of Graham Greene's Catholic novels Greene describes the faith of his protagonist, the whisky priest, to be more pious while experiencing suffering and despair. The Whisky Priest falls into despair and suffers because of his sins but finally he gains the grace of awakening to arrive at eternal salvation by means of repenting his sins sincerely. The human agonies and inner struggles are vitality of arriving at the God's genuine love. Greene's view of salvation is identical with the doctrine of the fortunate fall. The climax of The Power and the Glory comes when the Whisky Priest is thrown into prison. The prison scene, with its suggestions of purgatory, is the crucial moment in this novel as it marks a decisive change in the story. The Whisky Priest comes to understand the shortcomings of his fellow prisoners, which leads to his love of humankind and to his own salvation with spiritual awakening. He is miraculously saved from pride, complacency, conceit and self-satisfaction. Greene stands against all kinds of strict christian doctrines and comprehends them in a most humanistic way. He shows a critical attitude to the law-abiding christians, exposing their lack of human-understanding and concrete love. In his faith the law is made for man and man is prior to the law. He believes that human salvation can be expected here on earth rather in heaven and concrete love is an avenue for human salvation. It is through his love for his illegitimate daughter, Brigitta, that the Whisky Priest is ultimately redeemed. In his dedication to Brigitta and deserted people the Whisky Priest begins to orient himself into the scheme of God. He opens his heart to grace and he begins his journey of recognition.

새커리의 세태풍자 : 『허영의 시장』에 드러난 개인의 욕망과 사회적 상황

이옥 청주대학교 인문과학연구소 2015 人文科學論集 Vol.50 No.-

This paper aims to read W.M. Thackeray’s Vanity Fair paying special attention to the author’s satiric criticism of human life and the Victorian society. The subtitle of Vanity Fair , ‘A Novel Without a Hero’, provides a convenient way to discuss the world that Thackeray depicts in the novel. The characters in Vanity Fair are the embodiments of types through which Thackeray reveals the general corruption of human nature and society by greed and snobbery. Thackeray’s definition of snob is ‘one who meanly admires mean things.’ The most powerful motivating force of character’s actions in Vanity Fair is, as the title suggests, vanity, from the influence of which nobody is free. In a society dominated by materialism and snobbery, people are either snobs or threatened by snobbery, and each is prey to their own vanity and false illusion. Becky Sharp, the most interesting character is fated to pursue rank and wealth relentlessly, because she lives in a society in which money and social status are the only real values. Her carrer is itself a grand exhibition of the whole Victorian society with its vices, pretensions and hypocrisy. We are in sympathy with her rebellion against an unjust society and with her desire to conquer it, even when she is cruel and her means are unethical.

권능과 영광(The Power and the Glory)에 나타난 그레엄 그린(Graham Greene)의 신앙관

이옥 청주대학교 인문과학연구소 2013 人文科學論集 Vol.46 No.-

In The Power and the Glory Graham Greene asserts the vitality of the Roman Catholic Church, and he attempts to explain the value of its beliefs. For all his weakness Whisky Priest, the main character, becomes the representative not only of his church but of the cumulative wisdom of western humanism. Whisky Priest, in his namelessness, his frailty, his desire to be free from his terrible responsibility, his cowardice, is clearly of the type of everyman. The scene of prison cell which is a microcosm of the sinful world is the crucial moment in The Power and the Glory as it marks a decisive change in the story. Whisky Priest comes to an appreciation of God in Man during that night he spends in a crowded prison cell. In the filth and stench he sees human nature at its lowest; and he identifies the evil in the world with that in himself. He comes to understand the shortcomings of his fellow prisoners and find homogeneity in human beings. He sees and feels God in the poor and helpless; and he finds it possible to pity the half-caste who seeks to betray him. The people whom the priest meets are all symbolic of some aspect of the human condition. Greene's view ofsalvation is identical with the doctrine of the 'fortunate fall'. Greene stands against all kind of strict Christian doctrines and comprehends them in a most humanistic way. He believes that the law is made for man and man is prior to the law. Pious, church-going women in The Power and the Glory, harmless but complacent in their uncharitable self-righteousness, are among the invincibly ignorant. Love in Greene's work involves pity or compassion, and unless one has experienced pain and guilt in one's own life, one can feel no compassion for the pain and guilt of others.