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李秉東,趙炳贊 동국대학교 새마을연구소 1979 새마을硏究 論文集 Vol.1 No.-
[1] The policies in Korea have stressed major emphasis upon the big cities and agricultural policies upon the big farmers, which means that the petty farmers and small farmers who comprise an absolute majority of agricultural population of Korea have been neglected completely in every policy. A petty farmer is a poor farmer who should earn non-agricultural income to make a living as their meager plot (less than 1 ha) yields insufficient crops to sustain the family. About 69% of farmers belong to this category. Many of petty farmers are in heavy debts, some of them reduced to the tenants. In Boeun-gun (country, Chungchung-bukdo (province), where wee surveyed for this study, 295 households, 67% of 440 households in 11 natural villages get into debt of average 330,000 won due to the insufficient living cost and simple reproduction. 27.5% of farm households in Boeun area are tenants, wholly or partially, their rent running about 50% of their harvest. [2] Annual non-agricultural income for a farm household in Boeun area is average 718,113 won, about 34.3% of its entire income. Non-agricultural income divides into; side job incom 8.5%, salaries and wages 77.6%, irregular wages 10.5%, others 3.4%. As side job, however small in size, requires land and capital, it is unsuitable for the petty farmers who lack both. Other income, mainly rent and interest, is out of question for the petty farmers and irregular wage can not be regarded as source of the stable income. Most important non-agricultural income for the petty farmers, therefore, is salaries and wages as shown in Boeun area. Salaries and wages, which comprises, 77.6% of non-agricultural income for the petty farmers, are earned by the farm youth (88.6% of regular wage earns is 16∼35 year old) who moved to the cities (53.2% in big cities, 24.5% in small cities) as the urban workers. [3] As the only way to increase non-agricultural income for the petty farmers is to increase their salaries and wages, we have two ways to achieve it. One is to promote their migration to the big cities and the other is to establish industries in the rural area to attract their manpower. The former, however, is hardly desirable since it leads to the concentration in the urban areas, deepening the gap between cities and rural areas. The only way left is the the latter, which means the industrialization of the rural area. As the industrialization of the rural area requires investment of the enormous sum of social overhead capital, the rural area is in great disadvantage which should be covered by the Government with tax and financial aid. To promote the industrialization of the rural area, the rural area should be divided into the small economic spheres according to their conditions, not administrative units, and the Government should put emphasis upon the less advantageous areas. [4] The industrialization of the rural area as the permanent way to increase non-agricultural income for the petty farmers should be considered as a national policy, not as a local community problem, for their problem stems from and reflects various factors covering the every aspect of a nation as a whole. The industrialization of the rural area to increase non-agricultural income, therefore, should be achieved in the light of the national development with the balanced growth of both cities and rural areas.