英語音韻過程

李杜澈 상명대학교 논문집 1989 상명대학교논문집 Vol.24 No.-

Phonology is not a static system in which an established unit remains unchanged in all its occurrences. Rather it is a dynamic system where units change as they come into contact with other units in the system. Such changes are referred to as phonological processes. Our main concern here is with the environments- neighboring units- in which a sound can be influenced in larger units such as a syllable, a morpheme, or a word, and by the supra segmental units such as stress and intonation. In this paper, we will pay close attention to the phonological changes which occur when certain sound sequences are placed side by side through the combination of morphemes into words, and words into sentences. We classify the phonological processes into such categories as assimilation(which consists of regressive, progressive, and reciprocal assimilation), deletion, epenthesis, coalescence, dissimilation, metathesis. neutralization, and weakening or strengthening. We also describe the nature of the phonological systems in which a number of different processes can be identified in American English. In describing various phonological processes, we introduce distinctive features and formulated phonological rules so that we can explain where and how and why language undergoes phonological processes in this paper.

영어 음운 현상 - Rhyme을 중심으로 -

이두철 한국영어학학회 2000 영어학연구 Vol.- No.10

英語 語形成의 生産性

李杜澈 상명대학교 어문학연구소 1993 語文學硏究 Vol.1 No.-

This paper aims to survey children's acquisition of English word-for-mation and search for some principles which they apply to their acqui-sition of word-formation. Clark and Berman (1984) assumes that English native children learn word-formation by using four principles. Here in this paper are the four principles analyzed and clarified in the view-point of adquacy of each principle. Four principles are as follows: 1. Principle of transparency of meaning: Known elements with one-to-one matches of meaning to form are more transparent for constructing and interpreting new words than elements with one-many or many-one matches. 2. Principle of formal simplicity: simple forms are easier to acquire than more complex ones, where simplicity is measured by the degree of change a form. The less a word form changes, the simpler it is. 3. Principle of productivity: those word-formation devices used most often by adults in word innovations are preferred in the language for constructing new word forms. 4. Principle of convention: for certain meanings, a conventional word or word-formation device exists that should be used in the language community. This paper attempts to clarify whether or not each principle is ad-equate in terms of Aronoff(1976), Bauer(1983), and Chomsky(1970)'s theory and verify their generality.

英語 語形成 制約 小考

李杜澈 상명대학교 어문학연구소 1994 語文學硏究 Vol.2 No.-

This paper aims to survey (1) what rules should be necessary in English word-formation, (2) what kinds of constraints the rules should be accompanied by so that the rules might be productive in word-formation, and (3) how the rules should be ordered if they are ordered. The henceforth summary is quoted in Aronoff(1976:l03-4): the notion of a word-fromation rule is developed as an operation on a base, accompanied by various constraints on the base. The base is a word, a member of a major lexical category. Each word-formation rule specifies the unitary syntacticosemantic class of which its base must be a member. The base is also a fully specified phonological entity of unique form. The operation is both syntacticosemantic and morphophonological. It specifies the semantics of its output as a compositional function of the meaning of the base, and assigns the output to a specific major lexical category in a specific subcategorization. The morphophonological operation is phonologically unique, and takes place at one of these levels in the phonological derivation of the base: the input to the phonology, between the cyclic and word level rules, or the output of the phonology. The operation also assigns a boundary to the affix it produces. This boundary is dependent on the level of the phonoloy at which the morphophonological operation applies. Constranints, both morphological and phonological, may be specified on the form of the base. Phonological constraints may be either negative or positive, and they are absolute: only items which meet the constraints may serve as bases for the word-formation rule in question.

최적성 이론과 기저표현

이두철 상명대학교 어문학연구소 2001 語文學硏究 Vol.11 No.-

中英語의 借用語

李杜澈 상명대학교 어문학연구소 1996 語文學硏究 Vol.4 No.-

This paper aims to survey and analyze the loarnwors in Middle English in the viewpoint of the Norman Conquest which influenced the existing words of Old English and changed their pronunciation and forms so greatly that Middle English might be a language seemingly different from Old English which had also been called Anglo-Saxon language before the Norman Conquest in 1066. The impact of the Norman Conquest on the Old English language, like that made by the earlier Norse-speaking invaders, was to a large extent confined to the word stock, though Middle English also showed some instances of the influence of French idioms. A huge body of French words were ultimately to become part of the English vocabulary, many of them replacing English words that would have done for us just as well. Just as French words were borrowed, so too were French spelling conventions. Some of the apparent innovations in Middle English spelling were, in fact, a return to earlier conventions. Therefore suffice the influence of the Norman Conquest on Old English to point out here merely that Middle English acquired, as it were, a new look, even though this paper would not survey and analyze all the loanwords borrowed in the Middle English period.

英語 語形成 硏究Ⅱ : 英語合成語(English Compounds)를 中心으로

李杜澈 상명대학교 논문집 1992 상명대학교논문집 Vol.30 No.-

This paper aims, first, to analyze the internal structure of English compounds and their meanings and, secondly, classify them in terms of their types and, thirdly, catch their generality in terms of word-formation and, finally, check up their productivity and word-formation rules. In the result of this study, we expect second languages learners to learn more accurately than ever before and produce, to some extent, such well-formed compounds as English native speakers can produce as they will. As for second language learners, not native speakers, it is considerably difficult to distinguish between English compounds and syntactic phrases because they lacks native speakers' intuition. Here in this paper, we propose 'know-how' to distinguish English compounds from English syntactic phrases by introducing Chomsky-Halle(1968: 16-22)'s Lexical Stress Rule, Nuclear Stress Rule, and Compound Rule, Stageberg(1965: 108-110)'s Principle of Divisibility, Wiliams(1981: 248)'s Right-hand Head Rule, Selkirk(1982: 21)'s Feature Percolation, Marchand(1969) and Bauer(1983)' classifications of compounds, and other relational theories.

영어 음절 두음 제약

이두철 상명대학교 어문학연구소 2000 語文學硏究 Vol.9 No.-

This study aims to research the internal structures of an English syllable and various distributions of segmental phonemes in an onset of a syllable. Firstly, we will discuss how to analyze the internal structure according to some syllabification and suggest an appropriate method for describing English words by showing each corresponding syllable template. Secondly, we will research various distributions of segments in an onset of a syllable which is composed of an onset and a rhyme which consists of a nucleus (or a peak) and a coda. This paper will focus on phonotactics in an onset of a syllable and try to research distributions of onset segments and to exemplify some kinds of constraints which are needed for describing correct distributions in an onset and clarify the phonotactics of onset Segments in terms of sonority scale of each segment mostly according to Giegerich (1992).

영어의 음운규칙 소고 : 동화, 중화, 그리고 삭제를 중심으로 in terms of Assimilation, Neutralization, and Deletion

이두철 상명대학교 어문학연구소 1998 語文學硏究 Vol.8 No.-

영어의 말소리들은 말소리들의 배열체 속에서 일정한 음소(phoneme)가 주변의 음성적 환경의 영향 때문에 그 음소의 고유한 음가가 변화하는 여러 가지 현상들이 나타난다. 그런 현상들 중에서 동화(assimilation), 중화(neutralization), 생략(deletion) 현상에 초점을 두고 그 변화 현상의 원인과 과정과 결과를 파악하고 그것을 규명하는 방법을 기술하는데 본 연구는 역점을 둔다. 영어의 말소리들을 이루고 있는 음소들이 실제로 발성되는 음운과정(phonological process)에서 앞뒤의 다른 음소들의 조음방법이나 조음장소 또는 유성 무성의 음성적 특징에 영향을 받을 수가 있다. 그런 영향으로 인해서 음운의 음가가 변하는 것은 일반적으로 발음의 용이성과 경제성을 추구하려는 자연스러운 경향 때문이다. 그런 음운변화 현상들로는 동화, 중화, 생략, 삽입, 음위전환, 융합, 이화 등의 현상들이 있다. 본 논문은 먼저 동화, 중화, 생략 현상으로 간주할 수 있는 음운변화 현상에 초점을 두고 각 음운현상 별로 대별하여 고찰하고 각 음운과정에서 음운변화(phonological change)의 일반적 현상을 포착하고 그것을 음운규칙(phonological rule)으로 설정하고 필요하다면 적당한 제약(constraint or condition)을 첨가하고 보완하여 기술하고 아울러 음운규칙들을 형식화(formalization)하는 방법의 연구에 역점을 둔다.

영어 파생어의 형태변형과 음운변형

李杜澈 상명대학교 어문학연구소 1996 語文學硏究 Vol.4 No.-

This paper aims to survey how to transform, adjust or trim some word-forms which are not appropriate as a base to which a derivative affix can be added to derive a new word. With a view to make a decision whether or not to trim or adjust a word-form that is a base-word to which a derivative affix can be added, some points of veiw should be considered in English derivation before an affix is added to the word-form -- a base of a new word. Compounding has been very common in English wordformation, as in other Germanic languages as well, from earliest times. Old English has bli??heort 'blitheheart(ed),' eaxlgestella 'shoulder-companion, that is, comrade,' breostnet 'breast-net, that is, corslet,' leornungcniht 'learning retainer(knight), that is, disciple,' waerloga 'oath-breaker, devil(warlock),' worold-cyning 'world-, that is, earthly-king, 'fullfyllan' to fulfil,' and many other such compound words. Another type of creating derivatives is affixation, the use of prefixes and suffixes. Many affixes were at one time independent words, like the insignificant-seeming a- of aside, alive, aboard, and a-hunting which was earlier -on with the usual old loss of -n in this word when unstressed and followed by a consonant, and the -ly of many adjectives, like manly, godly and homely, which has developed from Old English lic'body'. In order to research word-forms which should be trimmed or adjusted by combining words and affixes, Morphological Adjustments are discussed in 2.1. and Phonological Adjustments are surveyed in section 2.2. Finally, Conclusion is drawn in 3.