중앙아시아 튀르크계 유목민 영웅 서사시 『데데 코르쿠트의 서』 고찰

이난아(Nan A Lee) 한국이슬람학회 2016 한국이슬람학회논총 Vol.26 No.1

An epic is the collection of stories that deals with the courage of people. If a country has abundant amount of legends and epics, it could mean that their history is that much more resplendent. Heroic epics are in the memories of all communities and races. Important historical events were transformed into stories and certain rules that are common in various communities and cultures were embedded into the stories. In this sense, one of the important common characteristics of epics is that they become abundant in the form of orally transmitted literature and are passed down to future generations. Epics written in what can be called the repository of the Turks, the Dede Korkut Kitabı are narratives that carry valuable racial identity that cannot be calculated into certain amount of money. The stories included in Dede Korkut Kitabı are about the conflicts of Oghuz tribe, who resided in the landscape of Syr Darya located to the east of Caspian Sea and Aral Lake, with other tribes in the area. The book contains the preface that explains who Dede Korkut is, and twelve stories, which are believed to have been orally passed down and was recorded in writing between 15th and 16th centuries. The reason behind this belief is that the characteristics of the language, orthography, and phoneme indicate that the text cannot have been written earlier. The existing works are the Dresden woodblock-printed book that is consisted of preface and 12 stories, and the woodblock-printed book in the Vatican library that is consisted of preface and 6 stories. The stories included in the book sometimes shows the epic characteristics, but what is notable is that it includes realistic contents of daily life. The work is assessed as the fruit of literature along the boundary of epics and folktale. Most of the narrative is written in prose, but the dialogues are generally written in verses with innate rhythm. The work can be considered as an epic, fairy tale, or history. For instance, surrealistic incidents occur and characters with superhuman powers appear in the stories. Also, fairies and god of death also appear, which shows the fairy tale side of the work. Additionally, the epic includes the lives of Oghuz Turks and culture, which shows the historic aspect to this work. In conclusion, Dede Korkut Kitabı connotes the social aspect, belief, customs, lives, history, culture, and tradition of the Oghuz Turks, and is a cultural masterpiece that also includes important informations of other contemporary tribes

문학교육의 활성화 방안 연구 -『이스탄불, 도시 그리고 추억』의 문학 공간 답사 콘텐츠를 중심으로 -

이난아(Nan-A,LEE) 한국중동학회 2016 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.36 No.3

It is undeniable that literary space is a factor of an author's life and experience. Istanbul is a city which had an extremely great influence on Orhan Pamuk's works and in which most of his works were set, making literary field investigation on it effective for understanding Orhan Pamuk and his works. Especially unlike the spaces Pamuk transformed and created in his works of fiction, actual spaces were reflected in Istanbul: Memories and the City according to the autobiographical nature of the work, offering an advantage in a sense that the field investigations on the city can let people experience the literary spaces from the work more vividly. Various literary spaces in Istanbul are more than just spaces in Pamuk's novels; they are the spaces in which the author was born and has lived to date and which have been settings of his diverse works. Hence, making field investigations on various parts of the city described in his works is one of the ways to understand the past and future of the author and Istanbul. In programs for students, encouraging students to understand the author alongside the anthropogeographical traits of the region related to the author's work by appropriately arranging the author's biographical factors and the historical, literary, geographical, and cultural inheritance-related factors of the region should precede. For deepening and expanding knowledge in the course of education, it would be desirable for the lecturers and students to participate together in activities including planning, executing, and evaluating the field investigations on literary spaces. However, as the subject of this study, Istanbul, is a city in a foreign country—which means that visiting the region can be difficult for some students—development of teaching materials and aids for achieving similar effects without an actual field investigation is necessary. Overcoming the limitations of two-dimensional contents for literary education can only be possible through proposing and actively utilizing various models of educational contents in the sphere of the humanities by preparing contents from multiple angles. With that as the basis, inducing the combination of literary space resources in which literature and space are combined and culture industry will contribute to the development of culture industry in a comprehensive sense.

히잡 착용 문제를 둘러싼 이슬람주의와 세속주의 갈등 및 충돌연구 - 오르한 파묵의 소설『눈』을 중심으로

이난아(Lee Nan-A) 한국중동학회 2006 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.27 No.1

  It is almost natural for collisions and conflicts to arise concerning differences on culture and religion in Turkey, located at the border of the East and the West. Orhan Pamuk deals with collisions and conflicts between the East and the West in almost all of his novels released until now and especially in his recent work 『Snow』. These aspects collisions and conflicts lead to a bloodshed coup d"etat.<BR>  In 『Snow』, diverse features of modern Turkey"s reality are presented in a small city named Kars as the background. According to Orhan Pamuk, the temporal background of 『Snow』is from 1992 to 1996. This novel portrays the continuing political polarization in Turkey, in other words, the collisions and conflicts between Islamism and secularism.<BR>  The characters in『Snow』are mostly placed within structure of conflict. They neither try to understand or nor accept people with contradicting opinions from theirs. It is because all people, of Islamism or secularism, with faith towards God or atheist, live with ignorance towards each other. Theologians endlessly question the meanings of God and secularists even perform bloody coups for their ideologies. Islamists also criticize people pursuing the Western ways for casting aside their Islamic identities and becoming atheists. However, those who receive such criticisms are not perfect supporters of the West but people who are going through conflicts between two cultures. It can be seen in Orhan Pamuk"s other novels such composition of confrontations of characters.<BR>  The collision of Islamism and secularism in 『Snow』is expressed by a suicide of girls wearing Hijaps, a symbol of resistance and identity in Islamic society. Problems on wearing Hijap lead school authorities who block female students who insist on wearing Hijap to cause a suicide incident of the girls. Not long after, such conflict reached its height, even leading to a homicide incident of the principal who carried on the secular government"s order of banning the wearing of Hijap. This is the story of girls committing suicide because of the secular government"s policy of banning the wearing of Hijap. This can be summarized as conflict of conservative Islamism, which puts up Hijap as a symbol, and secularism, which pursues modernization. However, when carefully reading the novel, readers can understand that the reason they committed suicide is not largely related with the banning on wearing Hijap. Instead personal misfortunes such as resisting their parents forcing girls marriage with men who they do not wish to marry. In this way, women who appear on 『Snow』 put on Hijap, take off Hijap, or even commit suicide depending on their interests and their environment, aside from religious ideas. It can be seen that Islamists and secularists by only maintaining arguments, failing to reach to conclusion.<BR>  Pamuk might have wanted to say that Islam is one of many religions in the world and that analysis, acceptance, and understanding as well as application of general Islamic order can change depending on personal beliefs, ideals, and environment. It is also important to restate that the suicide reasons of girls wearing Hijap were not because of religious reasons, but personal reasons such as their environments and circumstances.<BR>  Pamuk emphasizes problems on muslim women who suffer from mental and physical mistreatment concerning problems on Hijap by portraying the conflict between radical Islamism and secularism, a still important issue in modern Turkey. Pamuk used a small border city named Kars as a stage for such portrayal. It can be said that the conflicts and collisions of religious and political incidents in the novel concerning Hijap are not mere fictions but actual reflections of present Turkey. It is still unknown perspectives and solutions to these problems, but what is sure is that solutions using physical po

터키 여성주의 작가 할리데 에딥의 생애와 작품연구 - 『세비예 탈립』과 『창녀를 쳐라』를 중심으로

이난아(Lee Nan-A) 한국중동학회 2005 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.26 No.1

  The Women"s problems in Turkey, which started to be discussed in the Tanzimat era, had a significant change in the Republican era. There were insufficient studies, activities and inconsistencies on women"s problems in the Tanzimat and Constitutional era. Authors in these eras usually depicted women who stayed indoors. However, some authors such as Namik Kemal, Ahmet Mithat put their heart and soul to raise the position of women in the society. Women depicted in the works made in these eras usually did not have their own occupations, but they tried to raise their position only to be good wives and mothers. However, it is quite significant to see that since the Tanzimat era, writings on women"s problems were started to be written and the position of women in the society started to be partly discussed due to the influence of the West. Especially in this era, it is obvious that women"s problems were dealt through literary works and periodicals, and they started to be reflected in various classes in the society.<BR>  The fundamental change on the position of women in the Turkish society was brought to relief to the society at large with the proclamation of The Republic of Turkey, and it was no exception on the field of literature. For the first time in this era, women were depicted actively and were equally treated as male characters in literary works.<BR>  The first author in Turkish Literature who dealt actively with women"s problems and setting women as the main characters in her works, was Halide Edip, a female writer. All of her works issue about women"s problems in Turkey with great interest with conscience. Most women characters in Halide Edip"s works try to demonstrate their identities in their families and the society. As a natural result, these women characters have difficulties and conflicts with their inner nature, families and the society. This fact can be seen as the reflection of Turkish women going through tough realities in Turkish society. In other words, Halide Edip depicted the conflicts of women characters in her works, trying to give courage to Turkish women indirectly. As mentioned above, this is an obvious example that how literary works reflect social thoughts and goals of that era.<BR>  Halide Edip asserted the women"s rights on education, opposition toward polygamy, accessing outdoors, attending social gatherings, working, divorce, not covering their head and body, selecting their own husbands, making organizations and political rights in most of her works. This fact proves that she reflected her own identity as a feminist through her literary works.<BR>  Halide Edip examined closely the conflicts of Turkish women during the contemporary changes of the Turkish history, and through the examination of those conflicts, she tried to make social reforms for a better society, which makes her an important author in Turkish literature. Not only did her efforts have great affection on contemporary Turkish authors, but also on the Turkish society. However, there still exist dual standards, discriminating men and women, due to the influence of traditional Islamic culture.<BR>  There are negative opinions on Halide Edip, claiming her political opinions inconsistent, but she made a great issue about the Turkish women"s problems through her literary works, and we have no contradictions on the fact that she is trying to show the lives of Turkish women through her own. She aggressively broke common ideas of the present era with her actions, and dealt with great confidence the will and identity of women in her literary works. Due to these reasons, Halide Edip will be immortal in the history of Turkish literature.

키르기스 문학에 나타난 근대적 여성상 모색 : 소설 『자밀라』를 중심으로

이난아(Nan A Lee) 한국이슬람학회 2021 한국이슬람학회논총 Vol.31 No.1

The increasing pace of globalization has significantly affected our lives in many profound ways. One of the consequences of globalization is the rise of intermarriage, i.e., the marriage between couples of different nationalities or different social, economic, religious, or racial backgrounds. Globalisation and multiculturalism break down cultural boundaries and barriers, and the diversity has also been prominent in literature. Amid this global trend, world-reowned literary works are also introduced in Korea. Worldwide, various literary works chose their topics or subjects from their own culture. These literary works reflect various values, traditions, and hardship through the formation of a nation and changing times. The most popular Kirghiz writer in Korea is Chinghiz Aitmatov, a novelist who introduced Kirghiz literature to the world. Aitmatov became famous during the era of the Soviet Union and the Soviet regime recognized his outstanding literary talent, which made his work a global asset. After the collapse of the Soviet regime and Kyrgyzstan’s independence, he became one of the most beloved writers, not only in his country, but also in other Turkic Nations. In particular, he has established himself as a belonged to. In Chinghiz Aitmatov’s works, the life and history of the Kirghiz people are intertwined, and they have the elements such as human and nature, community and history, individual and community, individual and war, war and community, love and nature. One of Aitmatov’s significant works is the novel Jamila and this work reflects author’s literary point of view and his will. The novel is about a married woman, Jamila, who had an affair and left the village with her partner. In the novel, Jamila represents a woman who escaped from the customs in those days when women were the object of possession and domination. Jamila is well worth mentioning as a symbol of a modern woman who sought freedom and liberation in that she was a subjective person who resisted the custom of kidnapping and obtained the love she wanted. This story is a reflection of using love to defy the existing customs and societal expectations as Jamila is a woman who rejects her husband who does not love her, seeks happiness through another person who she wants, and a woman who takes charge of her own life, defying the societal and custom pressure of the time. Based on the novel, Jamila is a woman who writes her history, resists old customs, practices what she truly believes without looking back, and places the greatest value on the spiritual rather than the material.

문학공간의 박물관 콘텐츠 확장 사례 연구 -오르한 파묵의 『순수 박물관』을 중심으로-

이난아 ( Nan A Lee ) 한국이슬람학회 2013 한국이슬람학회논총 Vol.23 No.3

Orhan Pamuk has been attempting to destroy genres in his many works to date, especially in the novel The Museum of Innocence in which ‘fiction’formed into ‘existence’ for the first time in history of global literary. In other words, through museum contents which bring fiction into reality, it shows the possibilityofextensioninliterature. The Museum of innocence is story about a man who longs for a woman all his life, a woman he met during a short love affair. He collected all the items which were soaked with the woman’s memory and towards the end he makes a museum to exhibit these collections. The main character Kemal does no prove his love with people or emotions but instead proves his love through objects related to his lover, and attempts to preserve them for eternity. This is like reminiscing and commemorating the object of fiction which does not exist as a tangible object, and as the evidence of its existence are collected and exhibited in the museum, artistic imagination can be created into reality. Furthermore it can be a belief and a commitment to prove that one can lead this without a doubt. The museum which treasures the past likes to recollect memories, and it is a location where the instinct of people who do not want to lose their memory can coincide. In the case of this novel The Museum of Innocence,it reflects the Turkish society of its time, and the museum is born againfilled with the love story between two young people of that period. The distinction between existing literary museums and The Museum of Innocence is that as Pamuk was writing his work piece, he bought a building to transform it into the museum. Furthermore, the structure or the layout of the exhibit was planned by the writer. A management similar to this has an impact on the means of description of the novel, and Kemal describes the displays in the museum and his tangled situations while they are unfolded. In other words, Pamuk used the museum and its collections as materials to write, and as it is described in the novel, the museum was built. Pamuk describes by persistently connecting the displayed objects in the museum with the story in the novel to draw the reader’s principles, which give the reader a feeling that they are walking around the museum while holding the book. For example, as The Museum of Innocence is a catalogue of novel and museum performing a double role, on one hand it makes people question whether the museum was established while the writer was writing the novel or after the whole novel was written. Like this The Museum of Innocence goes beyond the space of fiction of the novel and transforms it into physical space so that readers can personally experience the space of reality again, memories between the two lovers came to exist in the museum forever, and through their love and the exhibited objects in the museum, it becomes more memorable to the reader.

『내 이름은 빨강』에 나타난 동,서양 갈등: 동,서양 회화(繪畵)를 중심으로

이난아 ( Nan A Lee ) 한국이슬람학회 2005 한국이슬람학회논총 Vol.15 No.1

Due to the geographical feature as a region of convergence between the East and West, Turkey has had frequent contact with other mass cultures accordingly, resulting in having diverse conflicts until the present time. Among these conflicts, one of the most outstanding factors is the conflict caused by the clash of the Eastern and Western civilizations. 『My Name Is Red』 which portrays the intense anguish of artists in Istanbul, the capital of Ottoman Empire in the 16th century, begins with a monologue of Elegance who is a murdered miniaturist. The background before and after the murder is attributed to the fact that Eniste publishes a book which is secretly commissioned by the Sultan. Eniste starts adoring Venetian paintings after seeing a certain portrait during his visit to Venice as a member of delegation. He convinces Sultan and starts working on a secret book which would include Western style paintings. Because of Eniste`s Western style paintings, many miniaturists suffer and agonize over the selection between traditional and Western brushwork. Thus, the main structure of this novel is the conflict and clash of Eastern and Western paintings and it is manifested through an acute conflict among the characters. Olive, who is a miniaturist that becomes a murderer afterwards, is the one who experiences the most conflicts. He experiences mental unstableness that goes to the point where he even kills his own colleague. Therefore, at the end of the novel, he says he wants to give his best as a miniaturist and wishes to go to India. Adopting Western brushwork, fear of changing what one already has, and curiosity for new things tensely conflict inside himself. Especially, the deadly way of `murder` elevates the conflict and brings out how immense the seriousness of the matter and its consequences are. In the end, Pamuk wants to deal with the clash of culture, civilizations and values in 『My Name Is Red』. At the opening of the book, there is a phrase quoted from the Koran which says `To God belongs the East and the West.` It means both the East and the West belong to God. However, Black, who is on a mission to discover the murderer in the novel, tells Olive that `The East is the East, and the West is the West`. This means there is a difference between the East and the West in terms of thought pattern and idea. However from God`s perspective, the two worlds are not individually separate, they are rather two-civilizations which influence each other. Therefore, the clash of the two civilizations can not act as a positive element. In this novel, it does not draw any conclusion on the clash of the Eastern and Western civilizations which even incurs the murder. Nevertheless, it proposes another meaningful contemplation on the ancient clash of the Eastern and Western civilizations through the comment of Butterfly who says `An artist should never succumb to hubris of any kind, he should simply paint the way he sees fit rather than troubling over East or West.

소설 『알리와 니노』에 나타난 아제르바이잔의 정체성 문제

이난아 ( Lee Nan-a ) 한국이슬람학회 2018 한국이슬람학회논총 Vol.28 No.2

Situated right in between the Islamic world and the European world, the identity of Republic of Azerbaijan as a nation was very much shaped and influenced by the two distinct worlds. Such geopolitical factor of the Republic of Azerbaijan inevitably led to the coexistence of diverse cultural, ethnic and religious values as well as conflicts and clashes of contradictory beliefs and practices. The novel 『Ali and Nino』 is set in the Caucasus region, which was a melting pot of various cultures during the turbulent era of the early 20thcentury. The novel, which revolves around the love story of Ali and Nino, vividly demonstrates the conflicts and clashes of different cultures, religions, lifestyles, customs and values prevalently witnessed during the early 20th century in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Although marrying a woman of different religion was condemned with in the Islamic society, Ali, the male protagonist, marries Nino, a Christian woman from the Western culture. Through the power of love, he overcomes their reconcilable differences he encounters in a world he is unable to understand or relate to. Throughout the novel, Ali also displays the tenacity of successfully preserving his identity as a Muslim even during the trials and tribulations of the turbulent era, marked by the Westernization of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The fact that Ali loves the ‘desert’ while Nino loves the ‘wood’ symbolizes the different values and upbringings that set the two individuals apart. Ali and Nino both accept the fact they hold different values, yet they do not force their values upon each other. For instance, Ali does not particularly stand against the Islamic law, Sharia, yet this does not mean that he conforms to it either nor does he compel Nino to adhere to it. In other words, he is ready to embrace cultures different from his and wiling to find a suitable halfway point that satisfies both of them. In short, 『Ali and Nino』 is a story about a pair of lovers that undergoes an identity crisis as they become involved with each other and walk on the borderline of two different worlds, yet, ultimately overcomes the crisis through the power of love. The naming of their soon to be born baby ‘Tamar’, a name that is used in both Christianity and Islam, shows their willingness to retain both identities as a Muslim and a Christian. Through the struggles of Ali and Nino to define and preserve their identities, the novel implies that an identity, in its true sense, is founded on a particular ethnicity, culture or religion, instead, is formed while one autonomously and independently strives to create a world of harmony.

터키 제작 한국전쟁 영화의 특징적 양상 연구 -전쟁 트라우마 문제를 중심으로- *

이난아(Lee, Nan-A) 한국중동학회 2017 韓國 中東 學會 論叢 Vol.37 No.3

The Korean War is part of the past, but it is also a continuance of the past and its effects still linger in today’s society. We must accept and recognize the importance of continuance, and put our heart and soul into many different fields so that this tragedy does not happen again. In this case, in the study of Korean War movies made in Turkey, a nation that participated in the Korean War, it is very important to recognize and ruminate, considering the Korean War situation. This paper attempted to awaken the social·personal pain and tragic family drama present in the 「Evening Sun」 and 「Bride Ezo」 melodrama films about Korean War that were made in Turkey. These films were about disabled veterans who had wounds and were still suffering the effects of the Korean War, along the sufferings of their families and loved ones after the war. The scenes in 「Evening Sun」 and 「Bride Ezo」associated with Korean War are brutal. The destructive scene does not come out in addition to the scene where the main character looks back on the battle. In the movies about the Korean War, they go on out of stage but the war is used as a fact that changes the future of the characters. 「Evening Sun」 is about war veteran Nazmi whose life was affected by the Korean War. He became disabled and he was afflicted with heart disease due to the trauma. This movie is based on the novel with the same title written by a famous Turkish novelist. It is almost the same as the novel but the only difference is the main character appears as a war veteran of the Korean War and the disabled veteran’s experiences after the war are the basic setting of the beginning and development of the movie. 「Bride Ezo」 has artistic value and popular appeal, so it has been remade three times with the same title. This movie is about one woman whose husband got sent to the Korean War and died. In other words, this material is about a woman who is a war veteran’s wife who got separated from her love because of the Korean War, and after she killed herself from experiencing trauma indirectly. If we take a broader view, it can be said that the film focuses on the tragedy of a family that has been shattered by the Korean War. The Korean War movies made by Turkish melodrama all have something in common: they are based on the love between men and women, war trauma and the aftereffects. We can see that war is not just a conflict between nations but also a tragedy involving individuals and families.

터키 제작 한국전쟁 영화의 특징적 양상 연구

이난아(Lee Nan-A) 명지대학교 중동문제연구소 2016 중동문제연구 Vol.15 No.2

This paper aims to examine the image of Korea and Korean people reflected in the films made in Turkey against the backdrop of the Korean War. As Turkey’s interest in Korea grew after its participation in the Korean War, Turkish movie directors made films about the Korean War with support from the Ministry of Defense in Turkey. Between 1951, right after the outbreak of the Korean War, and 1983, 15 Korean War films were made. Although those movies were set in Korea, they were never actually filmed in Korea due to several limitations. The 15 movies share some similarities in that they include documentary films in the introduction or midsection that reflect the historical circumstances of Korea and the trend of world politics around the period of the Korean War. They also reflect the gruesome reality of Korea that was undergoing a war. In the films, the image of Korea and Korean people is reflected and reproduced on the basis of the brutal image of the Korean War. Particularly, the movies describe the painful misery that Turkish people held about the Korean War. This is related to the sympathy that they feel for Korean people and the movies do not portray any negative images of Koreans at all. A majority of the images of Korea or Korean people reflected in the Korean War films made in Turkey are used as a tool to highlight the tragedy of the war, the bravery of Turkish troops and the sense of cooperation. This is a common and widely accepted characteristic among a series of war pictures.