낭독체에 나타난 중국인 학습자들의 운율구 실현 양상

윤영숙(Youngsook Yune) 한국음성학회 2008 음성과학 Vol.15 No.4

The purpose of this paper is to examine how Chinese speakers realize Korean prosodic phrases in the reading of Korean texts. Prosodic phrase, in this study, is defined as basic unit of spoken language which can be perceived as purely separate phonetic unit by both hearer and speaker, and is realized with a coherent intonational configuration. Prosodic phrase plays an important role in both speech production and perception. In the second language acquisition, prosody influences the accuracy and fluency of spoken language. The main purpose of this study is to describe the aspect of syntagmatic operation of prosody that produces prosodic phrases. We have specifically examined the relations between the prosodic phrase's boundary and its syntactic status. Furthermore, we examined internal syntactic structure of each prosodic phrase. And the results of each analysis were compared to the aspects of prosodic phrases' formation produced by native Korean speakers. The results show that Chinese speakers tend to coincide the prosodic phrases with syntactic structure more than native Korean speakers.

중국인 학습자들의 한국어 억양구 경계톤 실현 양상

윤영숙(Yune Youngsook) 한국음성학회 2010 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.2 No.4

The purpose of this paper is to examine how Chinese speakers realize Korean intonation phrase (IP) boundary tones in the reading of a Korean text. Korean IP boundary tones play various roles in speech communication. They indicate prosodic constituents' boundaries while simultaneously performing pragmatic and grammatical functions. In order to express and understand Korean utterances correctly, it is necessary to understand the Korean IP boundary tone system. To investigate the IP boundary tone produced by Chinese speakers, we have specifically examined the type of boundary tones, the degree of internal pitch modulation of boundary tones, and the pitch difference between penultimate syllables and boundary tones. The results of each analysis were compared to the IP boundary tones produced by Korean native speakers. The results show that IP boundary tones were realized higher than penultimate syllables.

L2 억양에서 나타나는 모국어 간섭과 언어 보편적 간섭현상의 상호작용: 피치대역을 중심으로

윤영숙(Youngsook Yune) 한국음성학회 2021 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.13 No.4

본 연구는 제 2언어 억양습득 과정에서 나타나는 언어 보편적 간섭현상인 피치대역(음역) 축소현상과 모국어 간섭현상이 어떤 양상으로 상호작용하며 한국어 습득과정에서 어떤 순서로 나타나는지 중국인 한국어 학습자들을 통해 살펴보았다. 본 연구에는 7명의 한국어 원어민 화자와 초․중․고급 수준의 중국인 한국어 학습자 각 10명 총 37명이 발화 실험에 참여하였다. 연구 참여자들은 난이도가 다른 한국어 담화 4개와 이를 중국어로 번역한 중국어 담화 4개를 낭독 발화하였다. 한국어화자와 중국인 학습자들이 산출한 음성자료는 음성분석 프로그램 Praat을 사용하여 각 문장별로 Pitch span, Pitch level, Pitch dynamic quotient(PDQ), 왜도와 첨도를 측정하였고 이후 언어 간 분석, 그룹 간 분석, 그룹 내 분석을 통해 두 현상의 상호작용양상을 살펴보았다. 언어 간 분석결과 중국어는 한국어보다 높은 Pitch span과 Pitch level로 특징지어졌다. 이를 바탕으로 초․중․고급 중국인 학습자들의 한국어 발화문에 대한 그룹 간 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 초급과 중급 학습자들에게서는 모국어 간섭보다는 음역 축소현상이 두드러지게 나타났으며 고급 학습자들은 음역 축소현상이 완화되어 한국 화자에 근접한 양상을 보여주었다. 중국인 학습자들이 발화한 목표어인 한국어와 모국어인 중국어 문장을 대상으로 한 그룹 내 분석에서도 숙달도가 높을수록 모국어와 목표어 간 피치 편차가 줄어들어 음역 축소현상이 완화되었다. 문장 내 피치 변동 범위를 파악하기 위한 PDQ분석에서 중국어 문장은 한국어 문장보다 음역 변동범위가 크다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그룹 간 분석에서는 초․중급 학습자들의 PDQ가 한국어와 중국어보다 현저히 낮은 값을 보였다. 고급학습자들도 한국어나 중국어보다 낮은 수치를 보였으나 한국어에 근접한 양상으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 바탕으로 숙달도가 낮은 화자일수록 음역 축소 현상이 두드러지게 나타나며 고급 화자의 경우 목표어인 한국어와 유사한 양상으로 실현됨을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구의 분석 대상인 음성학적 층위에서는 모국어 간섭현상이 뚜렷하게 관찰되지 않았다. In this study, we examined the interactive aspects between pitch reduction phenomena considered a universal language phenomenon and native language interference in the production of L2 intonation performed by Chinese learners of Korean. To investigate their interaction, we conducted an acoustic analysis using acoustic measures such as pitch span, pitch level, pitch dynamic quotient, skewness, and kurtosis. In addition, the correlation between text comprehension and pitch was examined. The analyzed material consisted of four Korean discourses containing five and seven sentences of varying difficulty. Seven Korean native speakers and thirty Chinese learners who differed in their Korean proficiency participated in the production test. The results, for differences by language, showed that Chinese had a more expanded pitch span, and a higher pitch level than Korean. The analysis between groups showed that at the beginner and intermediate levels, pitch reduction was prominent, i.e., their Korean was characterized by a compressed pitch span, low pitch level, and less sentence internal pitch variation. Contrariwise, the pitch use of advanced speakers was most similar to Korean native speakers. There was no significant correlation between text difficulty and pitch use. Through this study, we observed that pitch reduction was more pronounced than native language interference in the phonetic layer.

중국인 학습자들의 한국어 낭독 문장 피치곡선의 변동 양상

윤영숙(Yune, Youngsook) 한국음성학회 2013 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.5 No.2

The purpose of this study is to examine the variation of pitch contour observed in the reading of Korean sentences produced by Chinese Korean-learners. In the reading context, Korean sentence intonation can be described by considering accentual phrases’ pitch pattern and intonational phrases’ boundary tone. But when APs and IPs connect to each other to form sentences, another aspect of speech production must be considered, that is declination of pitch contour. So, in order to examine how Chinese speakers produce Korean sentence intonation, we have analysed the sentences’ pitch contours produced by fourteen Chinese speakers differing in proficiency, and compared them to pitch contours produced by six Korean native speakers. The results show that Chinese speakers tend to decline the pitch contour in shorter sentences, but for longer sentences, the declination was not observed. Moreover, even though Chinese speakers produced sentences with declination, internal tonal modulation differs from native speakers.

운율 층위에 따른 중국인학습자들의 한국어 유기음화 적용 양상

윤영숙(Yune, Youngsook) 한국음성학회 2017 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.9 No.4

The aim of this study is to examine whether Chinese Korean learners (CKL) can correctly produce the aspiration in ‘a lenis obstruents /k/, /t/, /p/, /ʧ/+/h/ sound’ sequence at the lexical and post-lexical level. For this purpose 4 Korean native speakers (KNS), 10 advanced and 10 intermediate CKL participated in a production test. The material analyzed consisted of 10 Korean sentences in which aspiration can be applied at different prosodic boundaries (syllable, word, accentual phrase). The results showed that for KNS and CKL, the rate of application of aspiration was different according to prosodic boundaries. Aspiration was more frequently applied at the lexical level than at the post-lexical level and it was more frequent at the word boundary than at the accentual phrase boundary. For CKL, pronunciation errors were either non-application of aspiration or coda obstruent omission. In the case of non-application of aspiration, CKL produced the target syllable as an underling form and they did not transform it as a surface form. In the case of coda obstruent ommision, most of the errors were caused by the inherent complexity of phonological process.

KFL중국인학습자들의 한국어 동형다의 종결어미 발화문에 대한 원어민화자의 지각 평가 양상

윤영숙(Youngsook Yune) 한국음성학회 2020 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.12 No.4

본 논문은 중국인 한국어학습자들이 발화한 한국어 동형다의 종결어미 ‘-(으)ᄅ 걸’ 대한 한국어 원어민화자들의 지각양상을 분석하고 이를 바탕으로 ‘-(으)ᄅ 걸’의 청지각적 의미 변별에 결정적인 역할을 하는 운율변수를 한국어 교육적 관점에서 분석하는 데 목적이 있다. 동형다의 종결어미는 하나의 형태로 두 개 이상의 의미를 전달하는 종결어미를 일컫는다. 지금까지 외국인학습자들을 대상으로 한 동형다의 종결어미에 대한 연구는 외국인학습자들의 발화문을 원어민 화자의 발화문과 비교‧분석하여 음운론적‧음성학적 유사점과 차이점을 분석하여 발화정확도나 오류유형을 측정하는 데 집중되었다. 이로 인해 원어민화자와의 유사성과 차이점이 ‘-(으)ᄅ 걸’의 의미 판별에 실제로 유의미한 작용을 하는지에 대한 청지각적 연구는 이루어지지 못했다. 본 연구에서는 중국인 한국어학습자들의 동형다의 종결어미 문장이 한국어 원어민화자들에게 어떤 양상으로 지각되는지 분석하여 동형다의 종결어미 억양교육에 필요한 운율 규범을 상정해 보고자 한다. 본 연구의 실험자료 산출에는 한국어 숙달도 중‧고급에 해당하는 10명의 중국인 한국어학습자들이, 지각 실험에는 20대의 한국인 원어민화자들이 참가하였다. 분석 자료는 ‘-(으)ᄅ 걸’이 추측으로 사용된 두 문장과 후회로 사용된 두 문장이다. 10명의 중국인화자들이 4개의 실험문장을 4회 반복 발화분이 지각실험 자료로 사용되었다. 지각실험참가자들은 실험 자료를 들으면서 문장 경계성조의 억양에만 의존하여 ‘-(으)ᄅ 걸’의 의미와 정확성 정도를 판별하였다. 25명의 청취실험자들의 지각실험 결과를 바탕으로 정확한 추측, 추측, 모호함, 후회, 정확한 후회로 지각된 문장들의 운율변수, 즉 경계성조, 경계성조의 기울기, 경계음절과 선행음절 간 피치편차, 경계음절의 피치레벨을 측정하였다. 통계분석 결과 상기된 모든 운율변수가 ‘-(으)ᄅ 걸’의 의미변별과 유의미한 관련이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 즉 운율변수가 커질수록 추측으로 작아질수록 후회문장으로 지각됨을 관찰할 수 있었다. 그러나 로지스틱 회귀분석을 통해 의미변별에 가장 핵심적인 역할을 수행하는 운율변수는 피치편차임을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 ‘(으)ᄅ 걸’의 발화에서 마지막 두 음절의 피치 조절로 두 의미를 변별하여 발화할 수 있음을 의미하며 ‘-(으)ᄅ 걸’의 억양교육에서 보다 객관적이고 유의미한 규범적 운율 요소로 적용될 수 있을 것이다. The aim of this study is to investigate the perceptive aspects of the polysemic sentence final ending “-(eu)lgeol” produced by Chinese Korean learners. “-(Eu)lgeol” has two different meanings, that is, a guess and a regret, and these different meanings are expressed by the different prosodic features of the last syllable of “-(eu)lgeol”. To examine how Korean native speakers perceive “-(eu)lgeol” sentences produced by Chinese Korean learners and the most saliant prosodic variable for the semantic discrimination of “-(eu)lgeol” at the perceptive level, we performed a perceptual experiment. The analysed material constituted four Korean sentences containing “-(eu)lgeol” in which two sentences expressed guesses and the other two expressed regret. Twenty-five Korean native speakers participated in the perceptual experiment. Participants were asked to mark whether “-(eu)lgeol” sentences they listened to were (1) definitely regrets, (2) probably regrets, (3) ambiguous, (4) probably guesses, or (5) definitely guesses based on the prosodic features of the last syllable of “-(eu)lgeol”. The analysed prosodic variables were sentence boundary tones, slopes of boundary tones, pitch difference between sentence-final and penultimate syllables, and pitch levels of boundary tones. The results show that all the analysed prosodic variables are significantly correlated with the semantic discrimination of “-(eu)lgeol” and among these prosodic variables, the most salient role in the semantic discrimination of “-(eu)lgeol” is pitch difference between sentence-final syllable and penultimate syllable.

한국어 중의성 문장에 대한 중국인학습자들의 발화양상

윤영숙(Yune, Youngsook) 한국음성학회 2017 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.9 No.2

The aim of this study is to investigate the prosodic aspects of ambiguous sentences in Korean produced by Chinese Korean Learners (L1: Chinese, L2: Korean). In Korean, sentence ambiguity can be caused by homonym or syntactically ambiguous structure. In spoken language however all ambiguity can be resolved by different prosodic features according to the meaning that they transmit. In this study we examined whether Chinese Korean Leaners also distinguish, in production, ambiguous sentences on the basis of prosodic characteristics. For this study 4 Korean natives speakers and 10 advanced Chinese Korean learners participated in the production test. The material analysed constituted 10 Korean sentences in which 6 sentences are lexically ambiguous and 4 sentences contain structural ambiguity. The results show that Korean native speakers produced ambiguous sentences by different prosodic structure depending on their semantic and syntactic structure. Chinese speakers also show distinct prosodic structure for different ambiguous sentences in most cases. But in the phonetic realization, the internal pitch range was greater for Korean native speakers than Chinese learners.

중국인학습자들의 한국어 의문사의문문과 부정사의문문에 대한 한국어원어민 화자의 지각양상

윤영숙(Yune, YoungSook) 한국음성학회 2014 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.6 No.4

Korean wh-questions and yes-no questions have morphologically the same structure. In speech, however, two types of questions are distinguished by prosodic difference. In this study, we examined if Korean native speakers can distinguish wh-question and yes-no questions produced by Chinese Korean leaners based on the prosodic information contained in the sentences. For this purpose, we performed perception analysis, and 15 Korean native speakers participated in the perception test. The results show that two types of interrogative sentences produced by Chinese Korean leaners were not distinguished by constant pitch contours. These results reveal that Chinese Korean leaners cannot match prosodic meaning and prosodic form. The most saliant prosodic feature used perceptually by native speakers to discriminate two types of interrogative sentences is pitch difference between the F0 pick of wh-word and boundary tone.

KFL중국인학습자들의 한국어 의문사의문문과 부정사의문문의 피치실현과 지각양상

윤영숙(Yune, Youngsook) 한국음성학회 2013 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.5 No.4

In Korean, wh-question and indefinite yes-no questions have the same morphemic and syntactic structure. In speech, however, these two types of questions are distinguished by a prosodic difference. In this study, we examined if Chinese Korean leaners can distinguish between these two types of questions in production and if they can correctly perceive the different meaning of a question based on the prosodic information. For this purpose, we analysed two types of interrogative sentences produced by 5 native speakers and 15 Chinese Korean language leaners. The results show that the 5 Korean native speakers produce two types of questions by a salient prosodic difference, i.e., difference of prosodic structure, different pitch range of wh-phrase and indefinite phrase, and different boundary tone. However, for the 15 Chinese speakers, the two types of questions were not distinguished by the same prosodic features but in the perception analysis they were able to distinguish between the two types of questions easily.

L2 억양에 나타나는 L1억양의 긍정적 전이와 부정적 전이 양상

윤영숙(Yune, Youngsook) 한국음성학회 2016 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.8 No.4

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Japanese(L1) on the production of Korean accentual phrases(L2). Korean and Japanese have a similar prosodic structure. But different from Korean, Japanese is a pitch accent language. So each word has its own pitch accent. And pitch accents are maintained in the sentence intonation. This difference will have a negative influence on the production of Korean sentence intonation. For this study 4 Korean natives speakers and 10 advanced Japanese learners of Korean participated in the production test. The material analysed constituted 11 Korean sentences, six of which contain formally identical Sino-Korean and Sino-Japanese words. The results show that the initial pitch pattern of Korean accentual phrases was affected by Japanese pitch accent types and this interference was greater for formally identical Sino-Korean and Sino-Japanese words. But besides initial tones of accentual phrase, some positive interference was observed in the internal tonal pattern of accentual phrase. In the phonetic realization, the internal pitch range and initial pitch rising of accentual phrases was greater for Japanese learners of Korean than native speakers of Korean.