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유재형,김영근,김명기 대한비뇨의학회 2014 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.55 No.8
Purpose: There is some debate over the necessity of ureteral stenting after laparoscopicureterolithotomy. We evaluated the need for ureteral stenting after retroperitoneal laparoscopicureterolithotomy (RLU). Materials and Methods: Between January 2009 and January 2013, 41 patients underwentRLU to remove upper ureteral stones. The retroperitoneal approach was used inall patients by a single surgeon. A double J (D-J) stent was placed in the first 17 patientsafter the procedure but not in any of the next 24 patients. Results: The mean patient age, serum creatinine levels, and stone size were not significantlydifferent between the two groups. The stone-free rate was 100%. The meanoperative time was significantly shorter in the stentless group than in the stent group(59.48 minutes vs. 77.88 minutes, p<0.001). Parenteral analgesic use and anticholinergicmedication use were observed in the stent group only. The blood loss, drainremoval day, and hospital stay were not significantly different between the two groups. No other significant complications occurred during or after the operation in anypatients. Conclusions: RLU is a safe and effective treatment modality for large impacted ureteralstones. In this study, D-J stent placement was not necessary after RLU. In the future,large-scale studies of RLU without D-J stenting, especially on the frequency of the developmentof complications according to the surgical technique, may be needed.
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위 대장암에서 Polypeptide Hormones와 Amine 출현에 관한 면역조직화학적연구
유재형,송계용 중앙대학교 의과대학 의과학연구소 1989 中央醫大誌 Vol.14 No.4
In order to study the distribution pattern and histogenesis of endocrine cells containing several polypeptides and ainine of gastric and colonic adenocarcinoma, 1 performed immunoperoxidase staining for gastrin, somatostatin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide and serotonin respectively in 30 cases of surgically resected gastric carcinoma and 20 cases of surgically resected colonic carcinoma. The results were as follws: 1. The positive cells of four polypeptides and amine are more abundant in the nonneoplastic glands than those in the neoplastic lesions. 2 . The positive reaction of endocrine cells are variable in two neoplastic lesion. No serotonin positive cells in gastric adenocarcinoma and no gastrin positive cells in colonic adenocarcinoma are demonstrable. 3. The presence of more than one hormone is frequently demonstrable in the nonneoplastic glands rather than those in the neoplastic glands of two adenocarcinomas. 4. The positive reaction of endocrine cells of the neoplastic lesion in stomach depends upon the differentiation of tumor cells, showing stronger reaction in the more differentiated type. 5. Therefore, according to the pattern of several polypeptides and amine positive cells in the gastric and colonic adenocarcinoma, it is suggested that gastrointestinal endocrine cells are supposed to be arised from the precursor cells of endodermal origin.
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柳在馨 청주대학교 학술연구소 2003 淸大學術論集 Vol.1 No.-
Breach of a bilateral treaty by one of the parties does not ipso facto put an end to the treaty, but only(apart from any questions of international responsbility which arise) entitles the other party to invoke the breach as a ground for terminating the treaty or suspending its operation. This has been accepted as customary international law where the breach is a material breach, or breach of an essential provision of the treaty; however, the matter is less certain in respect of other kinds of breach. Those maintaining that any breach creates a right for the other party to cancel the treaty maintain that it is not always possible to distinguish essential from non-essential provisions, that the binding force of a treaty protects non-essential as well as essential provisions, and that it is for the injured party to consider for itself whether violation of a treaty, even in its less essential parts, justifies its cancellation. The Vienna Convention(Article60) provides that it is only a material breach of a bilateral treaty by one of the parties which entitles the other to invoke the breach as aground for terminating the treaty or suspending its operation in whole or in part. A "material" breach is defined as "a repudiation of the treaty not sanctioned by the Convention, or the violation of a provision essential to the accomplishment of the object or purpose of the treaty"(Article 60.3). A party may lose its right to invoke the breach if, after becoming aware of the facts, it expressly agrees that the treaty remains in force or continues in operation, or must by reason of its conduct be considered to have acquiesced in the maintenance in force or in operation of the treaty(Article 45). In the case of a material breach of a multilateral treaty the situation is more complicated. Since several states will be parties to the treaty, but not all of them will be affected by the breach in any but the most general way, a right to terminate the treaty needs to be carefully limited. Article 60.2 of the Vienna Convention provides for termination of the treaty only when the parties(other than the defaulting state) unanimously so agree; they may agree to terminate it in the relations between themselves and the defaulting state(which has much the effect of expelling the defaulting state from participation), or as between all the parties. Otherwise the remedy is by exercise of the right to suspend the operation of the treaty in whole or in part. The Vienna Convention goes on to provide that the first three paragraphs of Article 60(ie those so far mentioned) do not apply in certain circumstances. First, of course, they are without prejudice to any provision in the treaty applicable in the event of a breach. Second, they do not apply to provisions relating to the protection of the human person contained in treaties of a humanitarian character, in particular to provisions prohibiting any form of reprisals against persons protected by such treaties. In conclusion, as long as the peaceful resolution between the intended partise is primary obligation (Article 65.2ㆍ3), it is not possible to go ahead, in regard to the relief of the party in good faith resulting from the breach, beyond that of termination or suspension of the operation of a treaty regarding "material breach" as defined by the Article 60 of the above mentioned convention, given the current situation. Accordingly, procedure must be clarified, and misuse of power in operation should be prevented in this case.
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柳在馨 청주대학교 학술연구소 2004 淸大學術論集 Vol.3 No.-
The purpose of interpreting a treaty is to establish the meaning of the text which the parties must be taken to have intended it to bear in relation to the circumstances with reference to which the question of interpretation has arisen. Principle of simultaneity means a principle which stipulates that "the Wording of Treaty shall be interpreted in the light of the rules of general international laws effective at the time of entering into treaty and also in accordance with the meaning of the contemporary terminology". This principle is basic principle of contract in the context of domestic laws. However, important thing is that this principle is also applied to the interpretation of international treaty. Even though the scope of this principle is applicable only to the study on the rules of interpretation of treaty, theory of inter-temporal law can be classified into the rules of simultaneity and other rules. International laws have been often classified into treaty between different countries, multinational treaty, open treaty, and closed treaty, etc. However, we can see that it is possible to classify into treaties where principle of simultaneity is applied and the other opposite cases as a study on the theory of inter-temporal law as well as on the other principle of interpretation besides this classification.
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위종양에 있어서 H-ras P^(21) 종양유전자단백의 발현에 관한 면역조직화학적 관찰
유재형,김성남,김미경,박언섭,박용욱,송계용,홍연표 중앙대학교 의과대학 의과학연구소 1992 中央醫大誌 Vol.17 No.1
To observe the increased expression of the human H-ras p21 in tumor cells of gastric neoplasms including 10 cases of adenomatious polyp, 10 cases of cases of early gastic carcinoma and 20 cases of advanced carcinoma, immunohistochemical studies were carried out by using avidin-biotin-complex immnoperoxidase method in formalin fixed tissue sections. The results were as follows: 1. The increased expression of H-ras p21 in gastic carcinoma depended upon the tumor differentiation. 2. Although advanced gastric carcinoma demonstrated stronger positive reaction of H-ras p21 than early carcinoma and adenomatous polyps, no correlation among advanced carcinomas and H-ras p21 expression was observed in relation to depth of tumor size, tumor invasion and lymph node metastasis(p>0.05). 3. Although the adnomatous polyp of stomach showed less positive reaction of H-ras p21 than that of gastric carcinoma, there were positive focally in 3 cases and diffusely in 2 cases. Therefore, the result of this investigation suggested that increased expression of H-ras p21 was involved in the process of multistep carcinogenesis of gastric carcinoma.
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LiF - BeF2 용융염상에서 금속과 금속 산화물의 불화 용해반응
유재형,황두성,정원명,우문식,이규일,박진호,박소진 한국공업화학회 1999 응용화학 Vol.3 No.1
A conversion technology of long-lived radioactive nuclides is to separate the elements involved in spent fuel and convert them into physical and chemical type suited to fuel for transmutation. This study has been investigated the experiments tar fluorination-dissolution of Zr , UO₂, and CeO₂. These compounds are components involved in spent fuel and especially, Zr is the cladding material of fuel. The fraction of fluorination-dissolution was increased linearly with time. Zr and UO₂ were converted respectively 24.2,5.2% after 3hours. CeO₂ was converted into fluoride only 0,19%. This is considered to be due to the solubility of H₂ in the LiF-BeF₂ molten salt. Because hydrogen is used to reduce CeO₂ to CeF₃ but the solubility of H₂ is very low in the molten salt.
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