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원유한(Won Yoo Han) 역사실학회 2001 역사와실학 Vol.19·20 No.-
The silhak ideology of the late-Joseon dynasty is mainly known for its social reforms, which had a mix of nationalistic and modern-minded traits. The history of silhak is understood to have developed during the cross over from medieval ideals, a period of foreign invasions(l592-1598) which emphasized honor, tradition and social standing, to more modem ideals which emphasized practicality, objectivity, and empirical evidence. Silhak were avidly studied in the period after independence, especially in the 1950s. It is known as a field of study that left many discoveries and accomplishments in the fields of Korean History and Korean studies. Early on I have studied the history of the commodities and monetary economy of practical scientists as a part of my research on the history of the late-Joseon dynasty′s monetary economy. Additionally, to have a more broad, objective understanding of the commodities and monetary economy of the silhakja(實學者), I have studied the monarchy, the high-level officials, and the rural scholars in detail. Furthermore, by chronologically organizing the accomplishment of many silhakja, I have been able to give a personal input on the creation, development, and defining of the silhak. However there has always been something that doesn′t fail to escape my mind every time I write a paper on this topic. That is the view point that silhak should expand from the point of view of a few important scholars to a wider historical view point Moving our point of view to the historical perspective means answering the following questions. One, where was the first place that created and developed the silhak of the late-Joseon dynasty? Two, what were the developmental stages that the silhak had to go through that eventually led to our opening our borders to foreign nations? Have these historical positions been correctly appraised and recognized? Third, is it impossible to regulate the definition of silhak that embodies metaphysics, as it was done during the late-Goryeo and early-Joseon period? Reanalyzing these key factors seemed like the ideal way to have a deeper, better understanding of the creation, development, and historical stand point of the silhak. When the point of view shifted to a historical perspective, the following facts were observed. First, the area of study for the silhak expanded time-wise and space-wise. The period of establishment was traced back to early-Joseon, and the place of establishment was traced to Gaeseong(開城), the cultural center of the Goryeo dynasty which was outside of the Hanyang(漢陽) cultural realm. Secondly, authorities who believed that the role and position of the silhak movement of late-Joseon to be relative to those of the few progressive silhakja are thought to have had more influence socially than previously thought. These authorities included 430 high-ranking officials from a community of scholars from Gaeseong who supported the advancement of the silhak. Thirdly, the development of the silhak could be studied in three distinct stages. The first stage was the late-Goryeo and early-Joseon silhak, or ‘Ancient Silhak’. The second stage was the late-Joseon silhak, or ‘Medieval Silhak’. And the third stage was the silhak that need further studying, or ‘Modern Silhak’. Also a field of study that embodies all three of these eras, or ‘Korean Silhak’, can also be considered. Finally, by comparing and studying the monetary economy theories of the silhakja and enlightenment scholars and that of the monarchy, high-ranking officials and rural scholars of the same period, a fuller, more detailed understanding of the development of the silhak of the late-Joseon currency economy and how these developments led to the open-door policy of the enlightenment era, could be achieved.