카드뮴투여가 Balb/c 마우스의 면역반응에 미치는 영향

염정호,강현철,고대하 한국환경보건학회 1995 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.21 No.3

This study was designed to investigate the antibody production to sheep red blood cells(SRBC) and proliferation of mitogen-stimulated spleen cells in Balb/c mice which received cadmium chloride. The mice were divided into three independent groups which were one control and two experimental groups by the cadmium treatment or not. No specific treatment was done for the control group. One of two experimental groups, which is called pre-treatment group in this paper, was subcutaneously injected with low dose of cadmium chloride(0.5 mg/kg/day) for 5 consecutive days before the primary SRBC immunization. The other called non-pretreatment group was only pretreated with normal saline. Both experimental groups were intraperitoneally injected with high dose of cadmium chloride(5 mg/kg) 8 hours before the primary immunization. Mice were intraperitoneally immunized twice with 2% SRBC suspension containing $10^8$ cells. The results obtained were as follows, 1. The PFG responses to SRBC were significantly increased in two experimental groups, cadmium pretreatment and non-pretreatment compared with that of control group(p<0.05). 2. The total antibody titers to SRBC in cadmium treated groups were similar to that of control group, but titers of IgG antibody were significantly elevated(p<0.01). 3. The proliferation response of spleen lymphocytes to various mitogens was suppressed in proportion to the concentration of cadmium and the degree of cadmium accumulation in liver was increased in the cadmium treated groups. These results suggest that cadmium chloride could affect on mouse immune response, especially its cell mediated immune response could be decreased while its humoral immune response could be increased, which may not be influenced by the administration methods or pretreatment of cadmium to mouse.

영미법상 용선계약하에서의 프러스트레이션에 관한 연구 : 유류가격의 급등에 관하여

염정호 한국해사법학회 2008 해사법연구 Vol.20 No.3

문화와 첨단 ICT가 만나 실크로드 경주를 탐험하다 : 석굴암 HMD 트래블 체험관

염정호 한국지역정보개발원(구 자치정보화조합) 2017 지역정보화 Vol.105 No.-

일개 대학교 여학생들의 인유두종 바이러스 예방접종 의향에 영향을 주는 요인

염정호,정휘수,이동욱,박기흠,김누리 대한임상건강증진학회 2011 Korean Journal of Health Promotion Vol.11 No.2

Background: This study was done to identify factors that influence the willingness to be vaccinated with the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine in female college students eligible for a catch-up vaccination program. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 572 female students aged 18-26 years attending one selected university in the Gyeongbuk Province. From March 2 to 6, 2009, they completed a self-administered questionnaire on their HPV vaccination status. Thereafter, unvaccinated participants were educated about the vaccination program, and each participant’s willingness to be vaccinated was assessed. Results: Of the 572 participants, 18 (3.1%) were already vaccinated with the HPV vaccine. The number of participants advised to be vaccinated was 102 (17.8%). Of the 554 unvaccinated participants, 305 (55.1%) were willing to be vaccinated after being educated about the vaccination program. Of the emaining 249 unvaccinated participants, 116 (48.7%) refused the vaccine due to its high cost. Advice by family members was related significantly to the willingness to be vaccinated (odds ratio, 2.37; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-5.14). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the willingness to be vaccinated with the HPV vaccine could be increased in female college students if they are advised to do so by their family members after being educated about the vaccination program. 연구배경: 인유두종 바이러스(human papilloma virus,HPV)의 따라잡기 접종 연령층인 여자 대학생들에서 HPV 예방접종의 접종 의향과 관련된 요인들을 확인하기 위해수행하였다. 방법: 본 연구는 2009년 3월 2일부터 6일까지 경북에 소재한 일개 대학교에 재학중인 18-26세 여학생 572명에게 자기 기입 설문지를 이용한 단면연구이다. 연구 대상자들에게 접종여부를 확인 후 미접종자들을 대상으로 HPV 바이러스 예방접종에 대한 지식을 교육하였다. 그 후 향후 접종 의향 및 거부 이유 등을 확인하였다. 결과: HPV 예방접종을 받은 대상자는 18명(3.1%)이었으며 예방접종에 대한 권고를 받았던 대상자는 102명(17.8%)이었다. 554명의 미접종자 중 HPV 예방접종에 대한 지식을 교육한 후 향후 접종을 하겠다는 대상자는 305명(55.1%)이었다. 접종 의향이 없는 249명 중 116명(48.7%)은 고가의 비용으로 인해 예방접종을 거부하였다. HPV 예방접종 의향과 관련된 요인은 가족에게서 권고를 받은 경우(교차비2.37, 95% 신뢰구간 1.09-5.14)만이 유의하였다. 결론: 가족들로부터 HPV 예방접종에 대해 권고를 받았던 여자 대학생들은 예방접종 지식의 교육 후 접종 의향을 보였다.

해재용선계약상 선박임차인(나용선자)의 지위-대법원 2004. 10. 27 선고, 2004다7040 판결-

염정호 한국해사법학회 2008 해사법연구 Vol.20 No.1

최근 중국의 급격한 성장으로 인한 물동량 증가로 해운산업은 놀랄만한 성장을 하였다. 우리나라 해운산업의 초기에, 해상운송은 주로 해운회사가 소유한 선박으로 화물을 운송하였으나, 최근에는 용선선박이 소유선박보다 규모가 더 크거나, 심지어 소유선박 없이 용선선박만으로 운항하는 해운회사도 등장하였다. 이런 현 해운시장에서 용선에 대한 법적분쟁이 증가하고 있어, 용선 및 재용선에 대한 법적 연구 및 검토를 하고자 한다. 재용선의 계약조건은, 대부분의 경우, 주용선계약에서 용선료 또는 운임을 제외하고 동일하거나 법적으로 크게 문제가 되지 않을 정도의 사소한 부분만이 수정된다. 따라서, 용선자는 선박소유자에게 지급할 용선료 또는 운임과 자기가 재용선계약에 의하여 취득할 용선료 또는 운임과의 차액의 이득 또는 손해에만 이해관계를 가지게 된다. 최근에는 용선시장에 운임선도거래(freight forward agreement)가 성행함에 따라, 상대적으로 용선료 또는 운임의 차액에 대한 거래인 재용선계약이 더욱 빈번하게 체결되고 있다. 선박소유자가 소유한 선박이 용선된 후에 용선자가 본 선박을 재용선하여 운송 중 화물이 손상되었거나 사고가 발생하였을 경우, 피해자는 선박소유자와 용선자 중 누구에게 손해배상청구를 할 것이냐의 문제가 발생한다. 본 사건에서는 선박이 나용선과 항해용선의 형태로 여러번 순차적으로 재용선되었는데, 운송 중 발생한 화물의 손상에 대하여 선박소유자, 나용선자 및 항해용선자 중 어느 운송인이 운송 중 발생한 화물의 손상에 대하여 책임이 있는가에 대하여 검토한다. 본 연구는 본 판례의 검토․분석을 바탕으로 재용선계약에서 분쟁이 발생하였을 때, 해운업계 실무자가 법률적으로 대처할 수 있도록 교육적인 자료를 제공하였다는 데 의의를 둘 수 있다. Recently, there have been noticeable developments in the shipping industry due to the rapid growth in volumes of cargoes by the sudden growth of the People's Republic of China. There is a growing tendency for the disputes on the charter party in subletting the vessel to be on the increase with the expansion of the chartering activity. The terms and conditions of sub charter party is, in most cases, the same or with minor alterations except hire or freight as head charter party to the extent to be no problem legally. Accordingly, the Charterers have an interest only in the difference of profit or loss between head charter party and sub charter party. Nowadays, sub charter parties, contracts concerning the difference of profit or loss, have been made more frequently, especially because FFA (freight forward agreement) is more prevalent than ever. It is not so easy to decide the responsible party between the shipowners and the charterers in case the damage to the cargo or the accident happens during the transportation. This study is focused to analyze on the responsible party among shipowners, bareboat charterers and voyage charterers over the damage to the cargo occurred during the transportation in case the vessel is sublet several times. This study may be considered as significant in that by reviewing and analyzing this judicial case, it will contribute to provide the materials for people in shipping business for their educational purpose.

수은화합물에 의한 EMT-6 세포의 nitric oxide 생성과 관련된 요인에 관한 연구

염정호 大韓産業醫學會 1997 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.9 No.1

The effects of several factors on the nitrite synthesis were observed in the culture of EMT-6 cells which are originated from mammary adenocarcinoma of Balb/c mouse. The cells were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium containing 10% fetal calf serum. Amounts of nitrite in the culture media after 24 and 36 hours of culture were about 2fold, and 3-fold of those measured after 12 hours respectively. There were very close associations between the amounts of nitrite measured in the culture media. A significant nitrite synthesis by EMT-6 cells occured when IL-1 was added to the culture medium with other cytokines as IFNγ or TNFα One of each cytokines were less effective as an inducer of nitrite than the combinations of cytokines. When mercury chloride of cinnamte was added in the culture medium, the nitrite synthesis was dose-dependently decreased by the concentration of these materials. The viability of EMT-6 cells were kept on 95% or above in 36 hours after beginning of culture without and specific additives except cytokines. While after 48 hours it went down to 85% or less. These viability were decreased by the prolongation of culture time(48 hours or more), the addition of TNFα to cytokine mixture, and the higher concentrations of mercury chloride of cinnamate to culture medium. Simultaneous addition of the equimolar dose of selenium completely prevented mercurial compounds-induced inhibitions of nitrite syntheses. But the single addition of selenium neither influenced the viability of cells nor the productions of nitrite. These results suggest that the disorder of cell mediated immunity by mercurial compounds could be related to the inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis and selenium decreased the cytotoxicity of mercurial compounds.

Glutathione이 유기수은에 의해 유도된 Apoptosis에 미치는 영향

염정호,고대하,권근상,이미애 大韓産業醫學會 2002 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.14 No.4

Objectives : This study was performed to evaluate the critical role of glutathione(GSH) in methyl mercury chloride(MeHgCl) induced cell apoptosis. Methods : The effect of GSH in MeHgCl induced cell apoptosis was observed in mouse macrophage-derived RQW 264.7 cells in vitro. The cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's meduim(DMEM). Results : MeHgCl exerted a dose dependent cytotoxicity, as demonstrated by the MTT assay, which is an assay dependent partially on the mitochondrial function. Moreover, in the presence of NAC, a GSH precursor, the MeHgClinduced cutotosucity was significantly decreased whereas BSO, a specific GSH sythesis inhibitor, increased the MeHgClinduced cuytotoxicity. The MeHgClinduced DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation was consistent with the morphological alterations. The MeHgCl treated cells exhibited increasing annexin V_FITC binding to the phosphatidylserine(PS) translocated from the inner to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane and those cells with NAC pretreatment significantly exhibited decreasing annexin V-FITC binding compared to the cells treated with MeHgClonly, However BSO pretreatment markedly exhibited the increasing annexin V-FITC binding. The MeHgCl treated cells generated ROS, which was evidenced by the oxidation of dihydroethidine and the generation of the fluorescent product, dehidium, In addition, BSO pretreatment further enhanced the extent of ROS generation caused by MeHgClwhereas NAC pretreatment decreased the amount of ROS generation. MeHgCl led to a dose dependent decrease in the GSH content. Althogh MeHgCl exposure significantly reduced the GSH level, those cells that had a NAC pretreatment contained a higher level of GSH compared to the cells treated with MeHgClonly, In contrast, BSO pretreatment futher enhanced the extent of GSH depletion caused by MeHgCl. Conclusions : These results indicate that MeHgCl reduced the GSH content and impaired the defense against oxidative damage caused by ROS formation in RAW 264.7 pathway. Ultimately these results suggest that GSH plays a crucial role in protecting the activity against MeHgCl induced apoptosis.

니켈 및 코발트의 세포독성 기전에서 Nitric Oxide의 역할

염정호,오경재,유영천 대한산업의학회 2001 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.13 No.3

목적 : 이 연구는 RAW 264.7 cell의 배양조건에 니켈, 코발트 또는 iNOS의 competitive inhibitor인 NMLA를 여러 조건으로 처리하여 NO 생성의 변조유무 및 이와 관련된 ATP 생성과 세포생존율의 변조양상을 관찰하므로써 니켈 및 코발트가 염증반응을 일으키는 세포독성 과정에서의 NO 역할에 대해 알아보고자 실시하였다. 방법 : Balb/c 마우스의 복강내에 Abelson leukemia virus(A-MuLV)를 주입하여 발생시킨 대식세포주 RAW 264.7 세포의 배양조건에 니켈, 코발트 또는 iNOS의 특이억제체인 NMLA를 여러 조건으로 처리하여 NO 생성의 변조유무 및 이와 관련된 ATP 생성과 세포생존율의 변조양상을 관찰하였다. 세포생존율은 trypan-blue dye exclusion 방법을 이용하였으며 NO는 Hibbs 등(1987)의 방법에 따라 그 대사물질인 nitrite(NO2-)의 측정을 통해 간접 측정하였다. 또한, ATP는 세포막을 파괴한 후 luciferase와 ATP의 반응에 따른 발광정도를 luminometer로 측정하였다. 한편, 각 실험조건에서의 세포의 형태학적 변화는 inverted microscope(×400)를 이용하여 관찰하였다. 결과 : 기본배양조건에 cytokines과 여러 농도의 니켈 또는 코발트의 단독 및 동시첨가의 경우 두 금속 모두 50 μM, 48시간을 기점으로 NO 생성량은 첨가농도의 증가에 따라 용량의존적으로 증가하다가 그 이상의 농도 및 시간에서는 현저히 감소하였으며, 동일 조건에서의 세포생존율은 저 농도에서는 대조군과 차이가 없었으나 전반적으로 첨가한 금속의 농도증가에 따라 용량 및 시간 경과에 따라서 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 두 금속 모두 세포생존율 및 NO의 생성율이 높게 유지되는 50 μM, 48시간 배양 조건에서의 결과 또한, 니켈 및 코발트 첨가는 두 금속 모두 cytokines만의 첨가시보다 NO 생성을 더욱 증가시켰으며 ATP 생성정도는 NO 생성 양상과는 반대로 니켈 및 코발트 모두 대조군보다 현저히 감소하였다. 한편 동일 조건에서의 세포생존율은 ATP 감소양상과 비슷하였으며, 이러한 결과들은 두 금속의 동시첨가시 상가(additive)작용으로 나타났다. 한편, 니켈 및 코발트를 단독 또는 동시 첨가한 경우 모두에서 나타났던 NO의 증가와 ATP 감소 및 세포생존율의 감소는 iNOS 억제제인 NMLA를 전처리로 NO 생성은 감소하고 ATP 및 세포생존율은 증가하여 모든 경우에서 대조군 수준으로 완전히 회복되었다. 또한, 이러한 경향은 RAW 264.7 세포를 여러 실험 조건으로 배양한 후 세포상태를 inverted microscope로 관찰한 결과에서도 동일한 결과를 나타내어 니켈 또는 코발트의 첨가로 나타났던 전반적인 세포의 위축과 불규칙한 외형들은 NMLA의 전처리에서는 나타나지 않았다. 결론 : 이상의 결과에서, 니켈 및 코발트는 대식세포의 NO 생성을 증가시키며 이들 금속에 의한 ATP 생성 억제는 그 간 알려졌던 NO의 궁극적인 독성양상인 ATP 생성억제와 동일한 결과로서, 니켈 및 코발트는 대식세포를 활성화시켜 NO 생성을 증가시키고 NO는 ATP 생성을 억제하여 생존율을 감소시키는 것으로 사료된다. 한편, 니켈 및 코발트의 독성효과들은 NMLA를 전처리로 완전하게 억제되고 있어 니켈 및 코발트의 독성은 대부분 NO에 의해 매개됨을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 NO는 니켈 및 코발트의 염증유발 과정에서 중요한 매개역할을 수행하리라 사료된다. Objectives : The nickel and cobalt present in many industrial working environments and consumer products. They are two of the leading causes of allergic contact dermatitis, which is a typical delayed(type IV) hypersensitivity reaction. However, the mechanism by which nickel and cobalt causes this pathology is not well known. The nickel and cobalt induced contact dermatitis is mediated primarily through macrophages. This mechanism is similar to the autotoxicity procedure for NO. Therefore, this study was designed to examine whether the metals could modulate NO productihb and how the metals may affect ATP production and cell viability. In summary, the purpose of this study was to elucidate the role of NO in the nickel and cobalt induced cytotoxicity. Methods : This study is based on observations of cultures of RAW 264.7 cells which are originated from a tumor of Balb/c mouse that was induced by Abelson murine leukemia virus. RAW 264.7 cells were treated with either Ni, Co, Ni plus Co, or N-monomethyl-L- arginine(NMLA) for 24-72 h. The cytotoxicity of the nickel and cobalt was measured by cell viability and NO2-, and mitochondrial function was evaluated by adenosine triphosphate(ATP) production in RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, the morphology of cells was observed using an inverted microsope. Results : The NO2- synthesis of RAW 264.7 cells increased with increasing concentrations of Ni and Co up to 50 μM after 24 and 48 h of exposure to Ni and Co but then decreased if the concentration was greater than 50 μM and the time period was greater than 48 h. However, the viability of cells was decreased by Ni and Co exposure in a dose and time dependent manner. Therefore, 50 μM Ni or Co and 48 h of treatment were used in this study. A complete inhibition of NO2- synthesis by Ni or/and Co occurred when iNOS inhibitor, NMLA, were pretreated prior to addition of Ni or/and Co, whereas Ni or/and Co induced decrease of synthesis of ATP and viability completely recovered when NMLA were pretreated prior to addition of Ni or/and Co. Ni or/and Co(50 μM) induced the characteristic morphological features of cytotoxicity which is characterized by a shrinkage of cytoplasm and irregular shape of the cells, but the pretreatment of NMLA resulted in a recovered morphological change of the cells to their normal appearance. Conclusions : These results suggest that NO plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the cytotoxicity of nickel and cobalt, and nickel and cobalt may exert their toxicities by means of modulation of NO prduction. The results from this study may facilitate further understanding the role of NO of nickel and cobalt induced immune and inflammatory processes.

수은이 마우스의 체액성 및 세포성 면역반응에 미치는 영향

염정호,Youm, Jung-Ho 대한예방의학회 1995 Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Vol.28 No.1

수은이 마우스의 세포성 및 체액성 면역반응에 미치는 영향을 밝히고자 실험을 통해 얻은 결과를 다음과 같이 요약하는 바이다. $10^{-2}mM$이상의 농도에서 수은은 시험관내의 마우스 비장세포에 대한 명백한 독성 작용(toxic effect)을 나타냈다. 수은에 의한 마우스 생존을(survival rate)은 0.8mg(per 100g body weight) 이하의 농도에서는 100%생존율을 나타냈으며, 0.9mg 이상의 농도에서는 5일 이내에 100% 치사율을 나타냈다. Subtoxic 농도의 수은 투여에 따른 Arthus 및 DTH반응의 결과는 $Arthus(T_3)$반응에 있어서 수은 투여군과 대조군 사이에 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았던 반면, $T_{24},\;T_{48}$의 DTH반응은 수은 투여군이 대조군에 비하여 억제되었다. 수은 투여 마우스의 면양적혈구(SRBC)에 대한 항체반응을 측정한 결과 면양적혈구에 대한 총응집소가는 수은 투여 농도에 의존적으로 대조군의 값에 비해 억제되었다. 시험관 내에서 마이토젠에 대한 비장세포의 증식 반응은 수은 농도에 의존적으로 억제되었다. 수은 투여군의 IgE 생산은 농도 증가에 따라 $1.7\sim2.0$배의 수준으로 증가하였으며, $IgG_1$의 경우도 증가의 경향을 보였으나 대조군에 비해 큰 차는 아니었다. 이상의 결과를 살펴볼 때 수은 중독시 출현할 수 있는 면역반응의 변화로서, 초기에는 세포성 면역반응의 감소가 현저할 것으로 사료되나 중독이 진행됨에 따라 Ig농도의 상승을 제외한 체액성 면역반응의 전반적인 감소가 수반될 것으로 예측된다. The in vivo and in vitro humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of lymphocytes of BALB/c mouse exposed to mercury chloride$(HgCl_2)$ were investigated. In vitro exposure of the splenocytes to mercury chloride produced overt cytotoxicity in 3 hours period. The $IC_{50}$(the concentration required to inhibit a splenocyte viability by 50%) for mercury chloride was >0.1mM for cytotoxicity. In vivo mercury chloride exposed mice were significantly depressed delayed type hypersensitivity(DTH) response to sheep red blood cells(SRBC) in a dose-dependent manner compared with control group. Mercury chloride inhibited the proliferative responses of splenocytes to lipopolysaccharide, pokeweed mitogen, concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin in a dose-dependent manner. Hemagglutinin response to SRBC in mercury chloride exposed mice was significantly depressed in a dose-dependent manner compared with control group. After 7 weeks of mercury chloride exposure in vivo, mercury chloride induced an increase of nonspecific serum $IgG_1$ and IgE levels in BALB/c mice.

바다가 보이는 응접실 : 한국해운중개업 발전방향에 "작은 몸짓으로 큰 파문" 일으켜

염정호 한국해사문제연구소 2011 (月刊)海洋韓國 Vol.2011 No.2