동아시아 정주취락과 농경 출현의 상관관계

안승모(Sung Mo Ahn)(安承模) 한국신석기학회 2006 한국신석기연구 Vol.- No.11

본고는 동아시아에서 정주취락과 농경 출현의 상관관계를 분석하기 위한 시론적 성격의 글이다. 한반도 남부지방의 신석기 조·전기는 반정주의 수렵채집사회이며, 중기부터 조와 기장을 재배하는 정주취락이 등장한다. 정주취락은 신석기 말기에 해체되고 청동기시대에 다시 등장하여 농경사회로 발달되지만 초기철기시대에 다시 해체된다. 장강유역과 황하유역은 벼농사와 잡곡(조, 기장)농사의 기원지로 추정되고 있지만 완신세 초기의 수천 년간은 야영지적 성격의 유적만 산발적으로 확인될 뿐이다. 두 지역 모두 기원전 7∼6천년기에 벼와 기장을 재배하는 정주적 취락이 출현하였으나 벼는 여전히 야생종이며 조와 기장도 순화종으로 완전히 대체되지 않았을 수 있다. 생업에서도 작물 외에 야생식료가 차지하는 비중이 높기 때문에 해리스의 야생식료가 우세한 식량생산 단계, 스미스의 저차원 식량생산 단계에 해당한다. 순화작물이 중심이 되는 농업 단계는 신석기시대 후기에 시작된다. 요서지역도 황하유역보다 약간 늦은 기원전 6천년 무렵부터 조와 기장을 재배하는 정주취락이 돌연히 출현한다. 중국 동북지방과 아무르유역, 연해주에서 잡곡(조/기장) 재배는 황하유역에서 멀리 떨어질수록 출현 시기도 늦어지며 연해주 쪽으로 갈수록 어로를 중시하는 성주취락이 먼저 등장하고 이후에 식물재배가 추가된다. 한반도 동남해안과 러시아 연해주에서 조와 기장의 재배는 기원전 4 천년기 후반부터 출현하는데 정주도의 차이는 있지만 양 지역 모두 주로 어로를 기반으로 하던 반정주∼정주적 채집민이 식물재배를 수용하였다. 결론적으로 중국의 작물 기원지에서는 정주성과 식물재배가 거의 동시기에 출현하여 같이 발전하는 반면 작물이 2차 파급되는 주변 지역에서는 견과류와 어패류를 집중적으로 이용하는 정주취락이 먼저 형성된 기존 수렵채집 경제 속에서 작물 재배를 수용한다. 그러나 농업을 순화종이 생업의 중요한 부분을 차지하는 단계로 정의한다면 서남아시아나 유럽과 마찬가지로 동아시아에서도 정주가 농업에 선행한다. From the early Holocene, semi-sedentary fishing settlement appeared in region around the Korean East Sea, such a the Amur River Valley, Siberian Far East, and outheast coast of the Korean Peninsula. In contrast, in region around the Korean West Sea (Yellow Sea) such as China and western Korea, plant cultivation and sedentism appeared almost simultaneously, but the process varied with locations-in some area element of sedentism appeared radically, while they were gradually added to existing lifestyle in other areas. In China from final Pleistocene to early Holocene, pottery, heavy grinding stone tools, domestication of dogs, and burials seem to indicate a growing sense of territoriality and sedentism. In general, these early settlements seem to have been still half-mobile, half-sedentary: it was during the middle Neolithic that reliable evidences of sedentary settlement, plant cultivation, and animal domestication appeared, and it was as late as the late Neolithic that fully agricultural village were developed. Social differentiation began during the Middle Neolithic and increased during the late Neolithic. Intra-village differentiation appeared during the late Neolithic, but inter-village one was not developed until the Chalcolithic Longshan. Settlements during the middle Neolithic were at compound level, consisting of 2 to 5 houses. Village in which multiple house clusters and communities were combined appeared in the late Neolithic, while Liaoxi where village appeared in the middle Neolithic was an exception. In the middle Huanghe Valley, the dwelling size was small from the beginning. To the contrary, those in the lower Huanghe Valley, Jiang River Valley and northeast China consisted of large house occupied by extended familie, and during the late Neolithic houses decreased gradually in size and now were occupied by nuclear families. On outhern Korea, hint of social differentiation and sedentism appeared in the early Chulmun. From the Middle Chulmun small-scale cultivation in the sedentary settlement appeared and the settlement expanded to areas inland. Limited numbers of burials were constructed inside the house as wa the case in Xinglongwa culture. Regional tradition of pottery shape and design in the Middle Chulmun also indicates formation of segmentary society with a network of kinship. The houses decreased in size through the late Chulmun, and in the Final Chulmun settlements were dismantled as the degree of sedentism decreased. Large rectangular houses used by extended families reappeared in the early Mumun. During the middle Mumun, when agricultural villages were formed and their houses increased in number but decreased in areas, both intra- and intervillage level differentiation was identified. Villages were dismantled in the late Mumun again.

Van 형 차량의 보행자 충돌 사고 해석 모델

안승모(Seung-Mo Ahn),강대민(Dae-Min Kang) 한국기계가공학회 2008 한국기계가공학회지 Vol.7 No.4

The fatalities of pedestrian accounted for about 40.0% of all fatalities in Korea (2005 year). In pedestrian involved accident, the most important data to inspect accident is throw distance of pedestrian. The throw distance of pedestrian can be influenced by many variables, such as vehicular frontal shape, vehicular impact speed, the offset of impact point, the height of pedestrian, and road condition. The trajectory of pedestrian after collision can be influenced by vehicular frontal shape classified into sedan type, box type, SUV type and van type. Many studies have been done about pedestrian accident with passenger car model and bus model for simple factors. But the study of pedestrian accident by van type vehicle was much insufficient, and even that the influence of multiple factors such as the offset of impact point was neglected. In this paper, a series of pedestrian kinetic simulation were conducted to inspect relationship between throw distance and multiple factors with using PC-CRASH s/w, a kinetic analysis program for a traffic accident for van type. By based on the simulation results, multi-variate regression was conducted, and regression equation was presented.

한반도(韓半島) 청동기시대(靑銅器時代)의 작물조성(作物組成) -종자유체(種子遺體)를 중심(中心)으로-

안승모 ( Sung Mo Ahn ) 호남고고학회 2008 湖南考古學報 Vol.28 No.-

청원 소로리 토탄층 출토 볍씨 재고

안승모(Sungmo Ahn) 한국고고학회 2009 한국고고학보 Vol.70 No.-

松菊里遺蹟 出土 炭化米 考察

안승모 ( Sung-mo Ahn ) 국립중앙박물관 2011 고고학지 Vol.17 No.-

This paper tries to synthesize information on rice grains from the Songguk-ri Bronze agesites including finding context, measurements of size and features of rice grains as well as crop assemblage, and compare them with other Bronze age sites. Rice grains from the Korean Bronze age sites can be divided into two types-the Heunam-ri and Songguk-ri, with a length of 3.9mm being the dividing factor. The Songguk-ri type has a mean dimension of 4.0 to 4.3 mm in length, 2.3 to 2.6 mm in width, 1.6 to 1.7 in L/W, while the Heunam-ri type has measurements of 3.3 to 3.8, 2.1 to 2.3 mm, and 1.60 to 1.62, respectively. Considering the crop assemblages from other contemporary Bronze age sites in South Chungcheong Province, there are three possibilities in the Songguk-ri site that only rice was cultivated, or both rice and millets were cultivated, or rice, millets, barley-wheat, legumes were cultivated together. It appears that rice was stored and consumed as clean grains inside the dwellings in the Songguk-ri site, since charred rice remains within the dwellings consist of dehusked clean grains without any rice chaff or weed seeds. On the other hand, all of rice impressions on pottery were made by rice husks or spikelets, which indicate that the long-term storage of rice, in spikelet form, was carried out in outside storage pits or on raised-floor granaries.

한영희 선생의 신석기시대 연구사

안승모 ( Ahn Sung Mo ) 국립중앙박물관 2019 고고학지 Vol.25 No.-

This articles introduces the results of research on the Neolithic Period undertaken by Han Younghee, who played a key role in invigorating Neolithic research from the 1970s until his passing in 1999. In The Neolithic Culture of the Central and Western Regions of the Korean Peninsula (1978), his representative body of work, Han Younghee established a typology of comb-pattern pottery according to the combination of decorative elements, as well as where they were rendered on the surface of the vessel, and examined how each of the different types were associated with stone and bone artifacts in each cultural layer of known Neolithic sites. While acknowledging the North Korean 4 phase framework of the Gungsan Culture, he also formulated an independent framework for the classification of pottery types. This new framework, which provided the foundations for the later understanding of the Neolithic in the Central and Western regions of the Korean Peninsula, played a crucial role in overturning the then dominant view that pottery with vessel surfaces covered entirely with horizontal herringbone patterns were used earlier than pottery with mouth and body sections featuring different types of pottery (this traditional view had been based upon the idea that comb-pattern pottery had originated from Siberia). Based upon the basic framework of this seminal work, which continued to be maintained, Han Younghee’s later research featured overviews of the lifestyle, subsistence, and society of the Neolithic Period. Exchange between the Korean Peninsula, Japan, China, and Russia’s Primorye region was another important topic of research for Han Younghee. He also played a central role in establishing the ’Society for the Research of the Korean Neolithic’, the first period specific research society to have been founded in Korean archaeology. Acting as chairman, his efforts contributed greatly to the invigoration of Neolithic research.

중국 재배벼 기원 , 분화의 이원설에 대하여

안승모(Sung Mo Ahn) 호남고고학회 1998 湖南考古學報 Vol.7 No.-

N/A

중국 초기도작의 신자료

안승모(Sung Mo Ahn) 호남고고학회 1998 湖南考古學報 Vol.8 No.-

Recent archaelogical and archaeobotanical important evidences on the early rice cultivation in China are reviewed in this paper. Epipaleolithic and early Neolithic sites at Diaotonghuan and Yuchanyan caves, Bashidang sites of the Early Neolithic Pengtoushan culture, Chengtoushan site of the Middle Neolithic Daxi culture, all in the middle Yangzi valley, Jiahu site of the Peiligan culture in the upper Huai river, and Longqiuzhuang site in the lower Huai river are introduced, especially focusing on the identification of rice remains and the size of grain. The climatic amelioration during final Pleistocene pushed gradually vegetation zone northward. Accordingly wild rice, as basically subtropical perennial plants, diffused from South Asia into South China. Wild rice appeared in the middle Yangzi from about 15,000 BP and started to be harvested there. It retreated from the Yangzi during the cold period of Younger Dryas, and reappeared following the Holocene. There is a possibility that wild rice started to be cultivated in the middle Yangzi from about 12,000-10,000 BP concurrently with the appearance of the Holocene. Rice was also cultivated in the Huai river before 8,000 BP at the latest. With the rice cultivation, wild rice gradually evolved into domesticated rice, and domesticated rice began to dominate wild rice from about 7000 BP. However, wild rice still co-exited in local rice population as shown in the Hemudu rice. Since the middle and lower Yangzi were the northern limit of wild rice distribution and wild rice itself inclined toward Japonica-like characters, early cultivated rice has more potentiality to evolve into Japonica. The identification of Indica and Japonica cannot be determined solely based on the grain shape. We cannot deny the possibility that some of Japonica rice during the early stage of domestication might belong to the slender type of grain shape. There was a tendency that the length and width of rice grain gradually increased from 9000 BP to 7000 BP, but the length of grain decreased from 7000 BP. This tendency toward the short and wide grain related with the increase of the round type of grain shape. From the Songze phase, about 5500 BP, various grain size and shape appeared according the region. In the Yangzi, the length and width of grain as well as the size of bulliform phytolith increased again, which might be connected with the appearance of 2nd cold phase during the middle Holocene.

한국과 일본의 초기도작 - 미완의 과제들

안승모(Sung Mo Ahn) 호남고고학회 2001 湖南考古學報 Vol.13 No.-

This paper try to deal with some common controversies in the study of early rice agriculture of Korea and Japan. Firstly, though there have been arguments that rice husks were found from the presumed late Pleistocene peat deposits in Soro-ri site, central Korea, they were not directly related with domesticated rice in Korea. Rice might had been cultivated from Neolithic Korea and Jomon Japan. Nevertheless radio-carbon datings directly to rice samples are urgently needed to solve the controversy. Thirdly, early rites grown in Korea and Japan were mostly Japonica-type, but some argues that Indica-type rice had existed from Neolithic Korea and tropical Japonica(that is Javanica)-type rice had been also cultivated in slash-and-burn and/or dry fields of Jomon and early Yayoi Japan. The present writer is sceptical about this argument. If Tropical Japonica-type rice was grown in Jomon and early Yayoi, we must check a possibility that it was related with Large-type rice in Korea. Fourthly, the model that early rice agriculture of Korea and Japan had been developed from the slash-and-burn field to the paddy field via dry one is open to question since paddy field had already been operated in China before rice agriculture diffused into Korea.. Fifthly, the southern route of early rice diffusion, proposed mostly by folklorists and agronomists, still lacks archaeological evidences. Another diffusion route via eastern region of Korea is suggested though similar kind of suggestion in Japan lacks evidences of rice cultivation.

금강식토기와 능격문의 형성과정에 대한 예비적 고찰

안승모 ( Sung Mo Ahn ) 호남고고학회 2003 湖南考古學報 Vol.17 No.-