논문 : 고려전기 개경의 파괴와 위상 유지

신안식 ( An Sik Shin ) 한국중세사학회 2008 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.24

고려후기의 영토분쟁

신안식(Shin, An-Sik) 국방부 군사편찬연구소 2016 군사 Vol.- No.99

As the territory of the Goryeo Dynasty, the "Jikhalryeong" (which means the territory of direct control of a country and union) of Yuan Dynasty were Ssanseongchonggwanbu and Dongnyeongbu. These were important areas to defend the Gaegyeong as the region of Northeast Yanggae. And having been made them to the Jikhalryeong of Yuan Dynasty could weaken mainland grip of the Goryeo Dynasty. Since the Goryeo Dynasty was persistent, it demands the return of these areas. As a result, while Dongnyeongbu that were returned in 20 years, Ssanseongchonggwanbu was maintained until 1356 when it was recaptured directly. The installation of Ssanseongchonggwanbu was done when Johwi and TakCheong was surrendered to the Mongol in the December 1258. During this period, the Military Rule was destroyed by removing Choiui of Yoogyeong and Kiminjun, and this situation has been the opportunity of a large-scale invasion of the Mongol. Mongolia pressures put a weight on the Gangdo government. Because of this reason, King and the Military Rule had no choice to accept the demands of Mongolia. It was more pressure this situation that was the surrender of Johwi and Takcheong. Dongnyeongbu was established when it was surrendered to the Mongol by Choitan and Hanshin in October 1269. During this period, Imyeon deposed king Wonjong, which was heightened the tension with Mongol. So it was applying that the resistance of Choitan etc in Bukgye was a great blow to the regime of Imyeon, king Wonjong and Mongol have been a good opportunity to pressure the Military Rule. However, in Mongol it did not make this region as soon as Dongnyeongbu, at first it was managed by Haengjungseoseong of Mongol. Installation of Ssanseongchonggwanbu and Dongnyeongbu was quite as crisis situations to the king Wonjong and the Military Rule. In particular, there was direct mention of Mongolia on the border in Dongnyeongbu installation process, it was compared with Ssanseongchonggwanbu installation process. In addition, it can be seen that was much more effort for the return of Dongnyeongbu than Ssanseongchonggwanbu first installed in the Goryeo Dynasty. This issue of the return process can be said that would be appreciated the territory consciousness of the Goryeo Dynasty. Eventually, Ssanseongchonggwanbu and Dongnyeongbu were the loss of territory to be done from the failure of struggle with Mongolia, after returning problem of these two regions was directly related to the phase of the Goryeo Dynasty in the Yuan Dynasty. The return of Dongnyeongbu has been made when more close of the Goryeo Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty happened. The recapture of Ssanseongchonggwanbu was a result of anti-Mongolia. Since these two regions was also an important issue connected with northern border.

고려시대 국학고전의 번역 현황과 과제

신안식 ( An Sik Shin ) 건국대학교 동화와번역연구소(구 건국대학교 중원인문연구소) 2007 동화와 번역 Vol.14 No.-

In Korea`s history, the Koryo Dynasty lasted for 474 years. Despite the long-lasting period of the Koryo Dynasty, it has been less recognized than the Ancient Society and Chosun Dynasty. Although there have been many professional researchers` academic achievements, people in general feel a lack of knowledge about the Dynasty. With little historical investigation on the Koryo Dynasty, it is difficult to disseminate information about the Dynasty to the general public. In this respect, more research on Korean Classical Literature is needed. In particular, more information and translations are required to improve the status quo. Reading Korean Classical Literature is a good source of information for the general public as well as for researchers. However, it is not easy for those, who are not fluent in Chinese, to understand the content of Korean Classical Literature, due to the fact that the source texts were written in Chinese. As a solution, translating activities are adopted for those who cannot fully comprehend the meaning and the content of Korean Classical Literature. In conclusion, suggestions for its systematic management are raised more importantly in order to overcome a variety of difficulties in the translation processes. Most of all, inspection of existing translations is necessary to guarantee the reliability on the precise content of Korean Classical Literature. What is more significant is that mistranslation should be corrected for genuine understanding to Korean Classical Literature. This can lead to convergence between history and Korean studies. Therefore, for the development of humanities, investigations on Korean Classical Literature should be strengthened. In addition, for more productive and culturally enhanced aspects of Korean Classical Literature, studies on Korean Classical Literature should go beyond the realm of (mis)translation and academic approaches.

고려시기 개경 도성(都城)의 범위와 이용

신안식 ( An Sik Shin ) 한국중세사학회 2010 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.28

고려 江都時期 도성 성곽의 축조와 그 성격

申安湜(Shin, An-sik) 국방부 군사편찬연구소 2010 군사 Vol.- No.76

고려전기의 양계제(兩界制)와 변경

신안식 ( An Sik Shin ) 한국중세사학회 2005 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.18

This article studies the demarcation process for the northern border of the Goryeo Dynasty in the first half of the kingdoms reign, while taking into account the significance of the Yanggyae System and its change during that period. Goryeo`s borders were eventually demarcated near the Yalu River(鴨綠江) in the northwest and by the territory of Seonchoonryong(先春嶺) of Gongheomjin(공험진) in the northeast. The demarcation is also connected to the birth of the Yanggyae System. The Yanggyae System played an important role in Goryeo`s relations with northern powers like the Kitan(契丹) and Yoejin(女眞). Moreover, it was crucial in the defense of Kaegyong(開京) in the north and the building of its border. In the early years of the Goryeo Dynasty, border demarcation mainly focused on the northwestern border near the Yalu River. However, it was not geographical considerations alone that led the dynasty to claim the Yalu River area as its border. Goryeo also considered Koguryo(高句麗) kingdom as part of its heritage and thus included ancient Koguryo land to its northeast in its concept of its border. This gave rise to continuous conflict between Goryeo and the Kitan. Compared to their relatively well-defined northwestern border, Goryeo`s northeastern border was weakly demarcated. This is attributable not only to the rudimentary nature of border awareness in the early Goryeo Dynasty but also to the kingdoms loose demarcation of its northeastern border. Goryeo`s self proclaim sovereignty over ancient Koguryo lands to the northeast spawned much conflicts with the Kitan and Yoejin. The construction of the Long Wall of Goryeo(高麗長城) proved a turning point in the early Dynasty`s border demarcation. It was a potent symbol of territorial awareness and a result of Goryeo policy regarding its northern regions. Meanwhile, skirmishes with the Northern Kitan and Yoejin powers continued. It was during the reign of Yaejong(肅宗) that Goryeo truly circumscribed its borders to a significant degree. In the year 1107, the dynasty expanded its territory to include Seonchoonryung of Gongheomjin by subjugating the general, Yoon-Galan(尹瓘). One hundred years later, Goryeo further solidified its border by acquiring the Yalu River area. This border continued to be accepted by Goryeo`s rulers until Dynasty`s end. Their territory awareness was likely reflected in the map that was supposedly drawn up during Goryeo`s time in power. Other instances of such awareness may be found in the Goryeo currency `Eunbyong(銀甁)`, which referred to Goryeo topography in 1101, the `Goryeojido(高麗地圖)` found in 1107, the Map drawn up during the reign of King Kongmin(恭愍王), and the `Goryeodo(高麗圖)`, which Lee-Cheom(李詹) is supposed to have seen during the early Chosun Dynasty. However, there are presently few existing materials that shed further light on understanding the borders of the reign of Goryeo Dynasty.

고려시대 兩界의 성곽과 그 특징

申安湜(Shin, An-sik) 국방부 군사편찬연구소 2008 군사 Vol.- No.66

고려시대의 삼경(三京)과 국도(國都)

신안식 ( Shin An-sik ) 한국중세사학회 2014 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.39

In Goryeo Dynasty establishment of a country early, Gaegyeong of National Capital and Seogyeong of Second Capital was coexisting as the Two Capital System. This status of Seogyeong was changed that it was built Donggyeong in Gyeongju. As a result, the Three Capital System was established. Gyeongju was upgraded a member of Three Capital because of inherited consciousness of Silla history and the political trends in Goryeo Dynasty. However, the Two Capital System was sustained since it was out of the patrol in the target from the stand after Seongjong period. The instrument in institutional system from formal system in the Three Capital System was changed that it was built Namgyeong in Yangzhou. Namgyeong was constructed for the purpose of Capital Relocation. It was meant that a one-side the patrol of Seogyeong was magnifying of Namgyeong. The symbol of National Capital was the National Castle. In other words, it was the Nasung of Gaegyeong. Also the Nasung of Seogyeong has been established before the Nasung of Gaegyeong, but it did not call the National Castle. The actual relationship of National Capital and Second Capital was the King's patrol. After Sukjong period, the patrol of Seogyeong and Namgyeong has been progressing steadily. The Three Capital System was complementary the historical limitations of Gaegyeong, but it did not complement the Gaegyeong in the crisis of foreign war. This was meant that the Three Capital System was more important the political purposes than the military purposes. Gaegyeong has become the National Capital as the birthplace of the ancestors. Nevertheless, the migration debate in new National Capital was raised consistently. The position of the National Capital was an important issue on systematic order of the land operations. Of course, the migration debate of new National Capital was all discarded except for the migration of Ganghwa in the war time of Mongolia. The reason is thought to have been derived from cyclic structure from the Two Capital System of Gaegyeong·Seogyeong and the Three Capital System of Gaegyeong·Seogyeong·Donggyeong. Thus, the Three Capital System of Goryeo Dynasty was a big influence on that it was the systematic operations of National land as well as the ups and downs of political forces.

高麗前期의 北方政策과 城郭體制

申安湜(Shin An-Sik) 역사교육연구회 2004 역사교육 Vol.89 No.-

This article aims at examining the method of territorial management in the early Koryo Dynasty centering around the predominant policy toward northern districts and the prevailing system of fortress. In the time leading up to its establishment, and even thereafter, the Koryo dynasty oversaw a chaotic internal state of affairs. Compounding this problem was the political chess match it faced on the foreign relations front due to a transition in power in dynastic China between the Tang(唐) and the Song(宋) and the ascendance of the northern Kitan(契丹) people following the fall of Balhae(渤海). The Koryo dynasty eventually solidified its power by incorporating the Shil1a(新羅) and the late Paekche(後百濟) dynasties into a unified Koryo kingdom under its rule. However, the threat imposed by foreign countries on its border still remained a major issue to address. One way to cope with the situation was to create a foreign policy grounded in strong territorial awareness and national defense. The Koryo dynasty recognized Shilla and Ancient-Koguryo(舊高句麗) lands as its own territory. Notably, the Koryo dynasty designated the Yalu River(鴨綠江) as the nation"s northernmost boundary. The need to preserve this boundary was an expression of Koryo"s desire to recapture the glory of the past Koguryo kingdom and determined its administrative policy toward the northern districts. The policy toward northern districts essentially embodied the prevailing "frontier spirit" in the Koryo dynasty. At the same time, this policy called for the management and consolidating of facilities in Yanggyae(兩界). As an extension of this, the fortress system in the Yanggyae area was a distinct articulation of the Koryo dynasty"s territorial awareness. The fortress itself was a tool to protect people and villages in times of emergency. Generally, municipal and military functions were considered before deciding on the location and the structure of the fortress. Early Koryo dynasty fortresses in the northern areas were typically constructed in strategic military spots to protect the capital, Kaegyong(開京). Most of these fortresses lined major routes such as Heungwhado(興化道). Heunggyodo(興郊道), Woonchoongdo(雲中道), and Sakbangdo(朔方道). During the rule of the first Emperor(太祖), the fortresses were constructed centering around Heunggyodo and Woonchoongdo. These locations were chosen to house fortresses due to the policy toward northern districts and the fact that the city of Seogyong(西京) had been singled out as an advance military base for that policy. Not only was Seogyong the second largest city after the capital Kaegyong, but it was also being considered as a strong candidate for a new capital. However, since it was close to the area of northern peoples, it was a vulnerable spot in the national defense. To address this weakness, the Koryo dynasty likely sought to expand its territory north of the river Cheongcheon(淸川江), which resulted in the construction of fortresses in those areas. This construction was based on their idea for expand toward the Yalu river and territory expansion centering around Yanggyae, but these move brought about war with the Kitan. From the reigns of Seongjong(成宗) to Hyonjong(顯宗), the dynasty engaged in three wars with the Kitan, which allowed the Koryo to speed up the consolidation of its national borders. Due to this, the reigns of Seongjong and Hyonjong managed to improve the System of Yanggyae, as well as other systems of local territorial management. Finally, in 1033, under the reign of Deokjong(德宗), the dynasty established "A Long Wall(千里長城)" along its northern territories. By establishing this wall, the borders of the Koryo dynasty began being clearly demarked, while allowing for vigorous territorial expansion. Ultimately, the establishment of the borders of the Koryo dynasty was founded in its administrative policy toward its northern districts, an

고려 무인집권기 지방사회 저항에 대한 연구동향과 과제

신안식(Shin An-Sik) 건국대학교 통일인문학연구단 2007 통일인문학 Vol.45 No.-

The 12 · 13th century were pressed for a new change in the Koryo Dynasty. In this treatise. I have a mind to comprehend through a study on social character during the military rule. specially the trend of local society. During the period. it is to form a base of unrest of local society the resistance of people better than anything else. The national situation of wandering of people which have begun at the first half of 12th century changed in a full scale resistance. There was the resistance of people a opposite phase against a direct abuse and also was powerful a side of desire-gushing to demand change of governing system from foundation society. Meanwhile the ruling classes were willing to pursuit a whole stability through concentration of the central power and improvement of a policy for public. But. when the resistance of local society and central confrontation had been not synthesis. both collision was inevitable. which given rise to insecurity of whole society. After all the tendency of local society during the military rule directly had an effect on fluctuation of the ruling classes and governing system as well as movement of several powers in local society. As a result. I think that a study on this theme will be of help to understand character of Koryo society in during the military rule. Considering that social change in 14th century should solve contradiction in 12 · 13th century. I propose that the resistance in those days should be significance to begin for a new change.