19세기 함부르크 도축장의 근대성 : 인간과 동물, 그리고 사물 사이의 연결망(Networks)

송충기(Song, Chungki) 한국독일사학회 2021 독일연구 Vol.- No.46

본 연구는 19세기 함부르크 도축장에서 일어난 발전을 최근에 나타난 동물사의 시각에서 라투르의 이론을 원용하여 해석하고자 했다. 기존의 연구에 따르면, 육류의 폭발적인 수요증가로 인해 대량생산체제가 작동되기 위해서는 근대적인 공공도축장의 탄생이 불가피했고, 또한 사회적으로 점차민감해지고 있었던 위생에 대한 요구에 함부르크 시정이 대응한 측면이 있다. 하지만 그것을 더 깊이 살펴보면, 도시에서 나타난 도축장의 변화에는동물존재의 의미를 희석하여 사물로 만드는 일종의 비동물화(deanimalization) 및 상품화(commodification)의 과정이 존재했다. 이러한 과정은 인간이 처음부터 의도했던 결과라기보다는 19세기에 발전한 사물(철도, 통계 그리고 계량기)이 인간과 동물 사이의 연결망을 만들어냄으로써이루어진 것으로 볼 수 있다. 곧 철도를 통해 가축시장과 도축장에 더 직접연결되어 가축을 시내에서 더 볼 수 없게 되었으며, 통계의 발전에서는 가축의 존재가 개별적인 특성을 잃어버리게 만들었고, 마지막으로 도축장에서 계량된 체중계량기를 사용함으로써 점차 가축의 부위별 체중이 중요시되면서 동물 개체의 특성을 잃었다. 이러한 세 연결망을 통해 고기가 가축으로부터 나왔다는 사실을 인식하기 어려워졌던 것이다. This study aims to interpret the development of the Hamburg slaughterhouse in the 19th century from the perspective of animal history that emerged recently. According to previous studies the creation of modern public abattoirs was resulted not only from centralized meet industry to operate due to the explosive demand for meat, but also from the hygiene policies of municipal governments responded to the increasingly socially sensitive issue of sanitation. It is true of Hamburg. However, it is also not to be overlooked in the development of the modern slaughterhouse that the living creature was distanced from the sympathy-inducing idea of the animals and reduced to the status of ‘things.’ By analyzing the historical documents of Staatsarchiv Hamburg and appropriating Bruno Latour’s theory (Act-Network-Theory), I will highlight that this processes of the deanimalization and the commodification of animals relied upon several networks between humans, animals, and things (in this case, railways-, statistics-, and weight scales-network), which were necessary for the invisibility of animalhood in the city and the minimization of direct interactions between the human and animals. For example, the railway-network brought livestock no longer visible in the city, the statistics-network deprived the livestock of its individualities, and the weight scale-network led to the partialization of animal body. In the long run, the three networks made difficult to see that all meat came from living animals.

[독일] 독일사 연구의 양적 성장과 피로현상

송충기(Song, Chung-Ki) 역사학회 2013 역사학보 Vol.0 No.219

This article aims to review the scholarly research about German history in Korea during the last two years (2011~2012). It is characterized above all by the end of the quantitative growth, that don"t cause positive qualitative growth. Nevertheless new ground is breaking and new ideas emerging in this field. For example, many researchers of German history have recently focused their studies on the history of German-South Korea relations. However, the small boom of the history of the relationship between the two counties is motivated not by the ‘transnational turn’, which featured the review two years ago, but by the lately improved status of the Korean history. Moreover, new fields of history such as environmental history, history of education and urban history attracted somewhat wide attention among the Korean historians for German history. Their achievements are not enough to make a breakthrough in the field. Some Korean historians are still also interested in “old themes” of German history such as the historical process of the reunification, the coming to terms with the past, and the fall of the Weimar republic.

변전소 모선 전압 순간전압강하 감시시스템 구축

송충기(C.G. Song),김성남(S.N. Kim),변용철(Y.C. Byeon),김기용(K.Y. Kim),강민호(M.H. Kang) 대한전기학회 2024 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2024 No.7

제1차 세계대전의 발발과 사회주의자

송충기(Chung Ki Song) 한국서양사연구회 1993 서양사연구 Vol.14 No.-

N/A

독일 68운동기 <코뮌>의 일상과 성혁명, 그리고 몸의 정치

송충기 ( Chung Ki Song ) 수선사학회 2011 사림 Vol.0 No.40

This article deals with the everyday life of the communes in West Germany, which came into existence 1967 and played an important role in the German student movement of the 1960s. However, their names and figures were well known, not because they led big demonstrations and protests at that time, but because they represented the ``sex wave``, which penetrated into the masses from the first half of the 1960s. The communes with the slogan the personal is political was originally intended as counter-model against the small conservative middle-class family, which supported the conservative political milieu. By analysing the everyday life of the commune members, we come to the conclusion that the activities of the communes didn`t concentrate on the private things of their members and could not help be involved with the political issues. In their political activities the traditional methods were not used, but new staged satire and provocation were invented. But those were not strong enough. In the long run, they resorted to the body politics, waging to give wide publicity to the photograph of the communards` naked behinds against a wall. The communes, finally dissolved 1969, had strong impact on the political movements and the culture not by politicizing the personal, but by appealing to body politics and mobilizing the masses who already accepted the sexual revolution.

기업가 전기에서 새 역사분과로: 독일 기업사의 발전과 전망

송충기 ( Chung Ki Song ) 한국서양사학회 2004 서양사론 Vol.0 No.83

Michelle Ferrot ( ed . ) , A History of Private Life , From the Fires of Revolution to the Great War , Vol. 4 of Philippe Aries and Georges Duby ( eds . ) , Histoire de la Vie Privee , Translated by Arthur Goldhammer

송충기 ( Choong Ki Song ) 한국서양사학회 1992 서양사론 Vol.39 No.1

나치청산과 독일인(1948-1952) - 노르트라인-베스트팔렌 지역의 탈나치화를 중심으로 -

송충기 ( Song Chung Gi ) 한국서양사학회 2004 서양사론 Vol.0 No.80

This essay aims to understand the policy of the past of the West German government in the 1950s by reviewing the attitudes of the Germans toward denazification, particularly in its late phase 1948-1952. It is well known that the new government preferred forgiving ex-Nazis to punishing them, This policy facilitated the Germans to forget the dark past with which they were forced to confront under the pressure of the Allied. One of its results was that many former Nazis returned to social positions of influence soon. Those scandals caused the West to denunciate the policy as renazification. But this essay shows that such reluctance to punish ex-Nazis had already begun during the denazification. From the beginning the denazification was controversial because of its unclear definition and its complicated and difficult implementation. Therefore the Allied wanted the Germans to denazify themselves. German panels, ho-wever, proved increasingly to define the past behavior of Germans as not really Nazi, despite the Nazi party members` and some others` apparent enthusiasm for the Nazi regime. Most German people thought that the denazification which had been unfairly carried out by the British military government had to be revoked. Moreover this essay indicates that the fiasco of denazification was determined not only by the anger of the German people toward the British military government, but also by the fact that they did consider themselves not as perpetrators but as victims. Many Displaced Persons and POWs, who came back home after the war, played a critical role in creating such new solidarity of the victims.

역사의 과잉과 기억의 부재: 니체의 ‘조형력’에 대해서

송충기 ( Song Chung-ki ) 한국서양사학회 2020 서양사론 Vol.0 No.146

As Nietzsche emphasized in “On the Uses and Disadvantage of History for Life” approximately 150 years ago, we are entering an era wherein history is not functioning properly because of the excess of history. Although numerous tragic events have occurred, the traditional function of history to learn lessons from the past has long ceased. Thus, it is questionable to what extent modern history contributes to real life. To cope with these problems, modern history has called memory to the realm of history, but currently, memory has been used for the historical perspective and it has not reached the point wherein memory replaces history. Individual subjective memories remain suppressed under the names of collective memory, cultural memory, or collective identity. Thus, to develop the plastic power (plastische Kraft) to cure what Nietzsche called ‘the historical sickness’(historische Krankheit), we should liberate subjective memories of individuals from history and collective memory so that the enriching memories can emerge from the historical crisis. (Kongju National University / ms2991@kongju.ac.kr)

독일 바이마르공화국 시기의 평화운동과 평화주의 - ‘조직적 평화주의’에서 ‘급진적 평화주의’로

송충기 ( Song Chungki ) 강원대학교 통일강원연구원 2023 평화들 PEACES Vol.2 No.1

This article aims to find out the factors why the peace movement during the Weimar Republic failed to play a proper role against the emergence of fascism by analyzing the activities of the German Peace Society, the largest organization at the time. After World War I, the anti-war protests spread greatly and the number of members of the Society also increased significantly. Especially the Society, which had been led by a few prominent figures before the war, was now transformed into an mass organization, in which a lot of workers were recruited. Based on these new organizational changes, the “radical pacifism” has emerged. However, moderate “organizational pacifism” and “radical pacifism” clashed over many political hot issues like the Treaty of Versailles, Prussian Militarism, and Refusal of Conscription and eventually split at the end of the republic. This fragmented German Peace Society became more politically isolated and eventually failed to resist the rise of fascism.