한국교회 ‘토착화’와 ‘토착화 신학’에 대한 역사적 이해

서정민(Suh Jeong-Min) 한국기독교역사연구소 2003 한국기독교와 역사 Vol.18 No.-

Historians and theologians have debated over the relationship between indigenization of the Korean church and its theology of indigenization. One common, but problematic, approach has been to determine the causal relation between the two. But, we cannot reach a satisfactory conclusion unless we start the discussion anew after clearly defining the very concept of indigenization. Indigenization, when narrowly understood, is a branch of theological discourse that utilizes methods and topics developed by Western theology. However, when broadly understood, it could mean the general process of Christianity’s historical adjustment to Korea. This article argues for such a broad understanding. According to a broad understanding of indigenization, Korean Christianity underwent a continuous process of indigenization. It is apparent that Korean Christianity, in so doing, has developed characteristic forms of theology, religious culture, rites, and ethos that constitute a Korean Christianity. When indigenization is extended beyond the domain of “religion” to include the church’s contributions to Korean history, one could find profound nationalist elements in it. These elements provide the Korean church a legitimate place in a broader area of national history. In this sense, the Korean church’s responses to historical needs at crucial junctures of Korean history have been part of indigenization process. The theology of indigenization has thus far been understood primarily in relation to comparative religion and dialogues with other religions. But when we limit our discussion on indigenization within such context and let a few competent specialists dominate the debate, we will lose other important dimensions of indigenization. When we have a broad, historical understanding of indigenization, it will embrace the theology of indigenization. Korean theology of indigenization is facing a new era that demands it fundamentally to redefine the concept and boundaries of indigenization.

설계인자 변화에 따른 소형 전기집진장치의 최적효율 예측

서정민 ( Jeong Min Suh ),이병인 ( Pyong In Yi ),정문섭 ( Moon Sub Jung ),박정호 ( Jeong Ho Park ),임우택 ( Woo Taik Lim ),박출재 ( Chool Jae Park ),최금찬 ( Kum Chan Choi ) 한국환경과학회 2013 한국환경과학회지 Vol.22 No.9

The result of a small electrostatic precipitator which is in order to decrease indoor air pollution for optimal efficiency was shown as follows. Although the closer distance between the discharge electrode and dust collecting electrode shows the better throughput efficiency by forming strong electrostatic Field, it does not have profound impact in case of optimal dust collecting area. G.P(gas passage) which is the distance from dust collecting electrode to dust collecting electrode is a crucial factor to decide dust collecting efficiency. The narrower distance of G.P shows the better throughput efficiency whereas it decreases when the distance is too narrow since sparks ensue by increasing the capacity of electrostatic charging system 5 mm regards as optimal efficiency in this experiment. Although the higher voltage shows the higher dust collecting efficiency overall, the experiment was not able to keep performing since the sparks which decrease dust collecting efficiency ensue over 40 kV. The efficient and safe voltage state is considered 3.6 kV in this experiment. The most crucial factor for dust collecting efficiency of an electrostatic precipitator which is in order to decrease indoor air pollution is applied voltage. In addition, optimal raw gas flow rate(2.4 m/sec) is more important factor than the excessive increase of dust collecting area.

양주삼의 생명과 자연 이해

서정민(Suh Jeong-Min) 한국기독교역사연구소 2005 한국기독교와 역사 Vol.23 No.-

양주삼은 자연의 순환을 법칙으로 이해하는 전제를 한다. 그러나 그 법칙적순환은 결코 자연의 원리나 항구적으로 되어진 운행질서에 의한 것이 아니라 하나님의 은총, 혹은 피조세계에 대한 한없는 사랑에 의한 것이라는 지극히 기독교적인 결론을 내린다. 그리고 이러한 자연은 인간의 노력에 의해 긍정적으로 개척되어야 하고 그것이 인류문명과 인간의 윤택한 복락을 위해 이용되어야 함 또한 은총의 최종단계로 보았다. 그의 과학이해는 근대 과학의 발견이나 성과를 일단 최대한 긍정하였다. 더구나 기독교사의 과장 속에 위대한 과학적 발견, 예를 들어 코페르니쿠스나 갈릴레이, 콜럼버스의 신대륙 발견, 나아가 다윈의 진화론까지, 교회가 핍박하고 반대한 행적을 고백적으로 비판하는 입장에 섰다. 이러한 양주삼의 입장은, 당시 과학만능주의의 현실에서 종교와 과학, 특히 기독교 신앙과 과학적 사고가 충돌하지 않고 공존하며, 인류 번영에 참여해야 한다는 시대적 요구가 반영된 것으로 보여진다. 다만 문제는 진화론에 대한 태도이다. 진화론적 이해의 한 이론인 ‘우승열패론’을 인간에게 적용시키는 것에 대한 반대 입장을 통해 부분 부정의 입장을 취했다. 다만 그 반대의 이유도 창조질서 자체가 진화론적 과정을 경유해서가 아니라 이 이론을 인간에게 적용했을 때 오는 ‘당위’나 ‘가치’의 문제를 염려한 입장이어서 지극히 제한적이다. 한편 ‘유물론’에 대한 반대 견해는 보다 명확한 것으로 보인다. ‘마음’과 ‘물건’, ‘사상’과 ‘지위’, ‘눈’과 ‘볼 것’이라는 대비적 비유를 들어 어느 것이 더욱 중요하며, 어느 것이 존재가치에서 우위인 지를 예로 든 이론을 이용하여 철저히 반대하는 의견을 견지하였다. 이러한 양주삼의 자연, 과학, 유물론에 대한 이론은 그의 ‘지상천국론’을 지지하는 기반이 된다. 그의 모든 자연이해와 과학론은 긍정적 테제를 지니고 있고, 이는 현실의 부정이나 내세피안의 희구라는, 그와는 반대적인 신학경향의 흐름과는 달리, 인간의 노력과 선의에 따라 바로 이 땅 위에 천국이 건설될 수 있다는 낙관적 태도임을 알 수 있다. 다만 이러한 그의 자연이해, 나아가 지상천국론이 역사이해의 부분에서는 어떻게 해석되고 정리될 수 있는지는 또 다른 연구주제가 될 것이다. Yang Joosam basically understood the circulation of nature as a law. He concluded that the law of circulation, however, was not controlled by natural, constant principal but by God's grace and love of this created world. This nature can be developed by human's positive endeavor and used for human beings and their wellbeing. He took a positive view of modern progress in science. He defended great scientific discoveries in history such as those of Copernicus, Galilei, Columbus and even the theory of evolution of Darwin opposed by Christian church. His viewpoint met the demands of that times when science showed great progress and religion and science was asked to coexist. But the problem was his attitude toward the theory of evolution. He partially negated the theory of the survival of the fittest especially when it was applied to human. And the reason why he negated it was not because he raised a question about creative process in the theory of evolution but because he was worried about human 'value' when it was applied to human. On the other hand, his opinion of materialism was rather apparent. Comparing 'heart' with 'material', 'thought' with 'position', 'eyes' with 'things to see', he showed what were more important and valuable and thoroughly declared himself against materialism. His Utopianism is based on his theory toward nature, science and materialism. His understanding of nature and science showed positive theses and it meant, unlike other theological tides, that true utopia could be built in this world if human made constant efforts and good works. But how his theory from nature to Utopianism could be evaluated and analyzed is open to further discussion.

중일ㆍ태평양 전쟁과 기독교

서정민(Suh Jeong-Min),이상규(토론자) 한국기독교역사연구소 2004 한국기독교와 역사 Vol.21 No.-

During the Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific War, the mainstream of both Korean and Japanese churches actively cooperated with the war efforts. In Japan, it was strongly believed that national interests should have priority over ecclesiastical matters. This idea led to an ‘Imperial Church’, which became stronger during the war times. Similarly, the Korean churches could not but cooperate with the Japanese government because of harsh persecutions at the end of colonial period; Korean churches had played an important role in resisting the Japanese imperialism. In conclusion, Christian churches in both countries showed a similar pattern of conduct during the wars, that is, cooperation. However, the Korean church experienced deeper disgrace because its cooperation with the Japanese war efforts stood against the tradition of resistance against Japanese imperialism. There was a huge difference between the two countries in solving their ‘wartime faults.’ Japanese churches maintained not only the unity system, which was established during the war, but also tried to recover the historical mind and reflect upon their faults. They recognized their faults and took the initiative in the restoring movement. On the other hand, there had been almost no change in the Korean Church. Unfortunately, most members who played an important pan and cooperated with Japan in the colonial period maintained their status quo in the post-war church. It was hard to expect any serious historical reappraisal in such a circumstance. The consequent division of the Korean peninsula and the serious ideological conflicts between North and South Koreas made it even harder.

한국감리교회 신앙고백선언에 나타난 '성화사상'

서정민(Suh Jeong-Min) 한국기독교역사연구소 2000 한국기독교와 역사 Vol.13 No.-

일제 말 한국기독교 수난의 종교간 갈등 측면

서정민(Suh Jeong-Min) 한국기독교역사연구소 2001 한국기독교와 역사 Vol.15 No.-

It strongly contained a national or political aspect of the conflict between the early Japanese imperialism and Korean Christianity, especially the conflict structure of 'suppression' and 'suffering' according to 'National Church', which was the characteristic Korean Church held. On the contrary, it showed a totally different phase in the later period. In short, the contextual conflict factor was transferred from 'the matter between state and religion' to 'the matter between religion and religion.' Getting to this point, it is transferred not to the conflict according to the expressional phase such as the strength of Korean Christianity's political inclination or social participation but to the convictional and religious characteristic, i.e. the structure in which the contextual inclination becomes a issue. The subject of Korean Christianity which conflicts with the emperor systematized ideology or Japanese imperial state power, according to this amplitude change, comes to be altered. In other words, it means that the center of the conflict is sifted from the groups which, on the ground of progressive and social participating theology, have the propelling inclination toward National Christianity to the groups which, with conservative religious constancy, are absorbed in securing personal pure faith totally different are the suffering subject which was the center in the period of the conflict between Korean National Church and Japanese imperialism that was able to be evidently characterized as 'State-Religion' conflict and the suffering subject's inclination in the period of 'Religion-Religion' conflict argued in this thesis. In short, it means that an approach to extract the contacting point of the conflict by discerning various distinct inclinations of the suffering subject is possible although there is a method to understand the character of the conflict in terms of the suppressing subject's inclination. This is a work to discover the historical reversal in which we have to presume uncompromising inner-faith groups rather as Korean Christianity's final resistant power against Japanese Imperialism or the most powerful opposing subject. The latter suffering subject, regardless of its faith type, played a role in forming an axis of the final anti-Japanese national church in the situational or phenomenal aspect. This also is a historical illustration which is related with the problem to reexaime the church historical existing meaning of the relatively minor groups including Holiness Church and Baptist Church, besides the minor sufferers of the main stream churches, which, in the late period of Japanese imperial reign, experienced the peculiar suffering due to the faith inclination and exposed to the suppression.

일제 말 ‘일본기독교조선교단’ 형성과정

서정민(Suh Jeong-Min) 한국기독교역사연구소 2002 한국기독교와 역사 Vol.16 No.-

From the beginning, Korean protestant churches were established as denominational churches. But, there had been attempts to establish a single-unified church beyond denominational distinctions. From this point of view, the Korean Union Church formed in August, 1945 can be understood as an achievement of Korean churches’ goal. However, due to the lack of source material, so far we were not able to investigate its formation process in detail. Based on the facts drawn from newly discovered “Ilbon Ki Dok Kyo Chosun Kyo Dan-The Korean Church Group of the Japanese Christianity,” this paper reconstructs the formation process of the Korean Union Church in the late Japanese colonial period and interprets its historical meaning. In so doing it deals with the Union Church’s role in the reshuffling of Korean churches during the time and thereafter. The Union Church was, in some real sense, a single-unified church in Korea that overcame denominational interests. The question, then, is, why has it been historically undervalued and failed to maintain itself? There were two fundamental reasons. First, the intervention of Japanese colonial power in its forming process seriously damaged its legitimacy. Secondly, mature consideration about denominations’ theological differences was lacking for a successful unification.

한국교회 초기 대부흥운동에 대한 사회적 반응

서정민(Suh Jeong-Min) 한국기독교역사연구소 2007 한국기독교와 역사 Vol.26 No.-

1907년의 평양 대부흥운동은 한국 초대교회의 최대의 신앙사건이며, 한국교회가 성숙하는 획기적인 기점이다. 그러나 그 동안 이 대부흥운동이 당시 한국 민족사회에서 안에서 어떤 사회적 반향을 불러일으켰는지에 대한 면밀한 검토는 부족했다. 이에 이 글에서는 당시 국내외에서 발행되고 있던 활자 매체가 이 부흥운동과 관련된 사항을 어떻게 다루었는지를 분석하여, 초기 대부흥운동에 대한 사회적 반향을 살피고자 했다. 본 논문에서는 이 대부흥운동에 대한 관심과 긍정과 부정의 반응이 일정하게 나타나며, 그 긍정과 부정의 반응이 극명할수록 사회적 반응지수가 높고, 부흥운동이 사회적 사건의 성격이 명확해진다는 가설을 좇았다. 여기서 대상으로 삼은 매체는 신문과 잡지이며, 그 범주는 일반 매체와 기독교계 매체였으며, 국내에서 발행되던 것과 국외의 것으로도 분류하여 분석하였다. 부흥운동이 일어난 1900년대 초반의 신문ㆍ잡지 매체는 한국교회의 신앙적 주제에 대한 상당한 관심을 보였다. 기독교계 매체들은 대부분 대부흥사건의 경이로운 현상들을 보도하고 그 독특한 신앙태도의 변화를 묘사하고 있다. 특히 기독교 매체는 경이로운 현상과 신앙태도의 변화에서 일정한 긍정적 기대를 하고 있다. 그 기대는 회개 현상을 통한 내재적 특성에 대한 깊은 성찰로 한국교회가 성령강림의 체험적 신앙을 획득해 가고 있는 것으로 살피는 시각이다. 선교사가 중심이 된 기독교계 매체의 논리는 부흥사건에 대한 고무된 평가와 더불어 복음주의적 정교분리론을 강조하였다. 반면 국내외 일반 매체들은 입장에 따라 부흥운동을 다루는 정도와 관점이 다르다. 국내의 민족주의 계열의 매체들은 부흥운동에 대하여 대부분 부정적인 반응을 보였다. 표현 방식은 기사를 축소하거나, 무시하는 소극적인 방법과 정치참여적이며, 이데올로기적인 한국교회의 일면을 더욱 강조함으로써 중심을 이루고 있던 부흥운동을 무력화시키려는 적극적인 방법을 택하기도 하였다. 그리고 일본 언론은 부흥과 같은 신앙사건을 높이 평가하면서도 한국기독교계의 정치적 성향을 우려하였고, 교회가 민족과 하나 되어 나갈 수 있다는 것을 염려하였다. 또한 일제의 한국 영유에 대하여는 어느 정도 인정하거나, 지지하는 입장을 보였다. 1900년대 초기 한국교회의 부흥운동은 교계뿐만 아니라, 한국사회에서 일정한 반향을 불러일으켰으며, 부흥운동에 대한 이해와 평가 또한 명확한 입장 차이를 보였다. 각각의 신문ㆍ잡지 매체들은 고유의 정치적 성향 혹은 신학적 입장에 따라 부흥운동을 긍정적 측면으로 평가하여 그에 대한 기대를 하기도 했으며, 부정적 평가하여 신앙사건을 축소하거나 우려를 나타내기도 했다. 결과적으로 이러한 상반된 입장과 각각의 소리들은 부흥운동이 철저하게 하나의 사회적 사건이었음을 의미한다. Pyeong Yang Revival Movement in 1907 is the greatest event of faith in early Korean church history. The revival movement became a turning point for evangelistic faith to become rooted in the Korean church. During the revival movement period, the institution of the Korean church was organized. So there are a large number of papers on Pyeong Yang Revival Movement itself. But it is rare papers on social response of this faith movement and its social effect. The main purpose of this article is that search, collect and analysis articles on revival movements in print media and then investigate how people deal with those movements socially. I hope this article can give a part of various historical aspects of events of faith. In this article, firstly, I found that there are much social interests in church, religious matters and movements of faith in the early 1900's. Secondly, the more revival movement spread, the more Korean churches stuck by the separation of church and state. And the points of chief christian print media leaded by missionaries were emphasis on the separation of church and state and putting an premium on revivals. Finally, it is revealed that a position of domestic media is surely different from foreign media's. Because Japanese media support their national and political position, they encourage and exalt Japanese colonial policy. But naturally, Korean media that support national independent, restoring the sovereignty cannot help expressing diametric position. So-called, ‘national press' was negative to movement of faith. ‘Silence and ignorance' was passive attitude, while some national press took up a positive attitude. They incapacitated the affairs of faith in the social mood. Shortly, Revival movements responded regularly in Korea, and the understanding and evaluation of the movements were various. Of course, each press has their own attitude and position of Revival movements and the affairs of faith. Those are clearly distinguished. In the event, it meant that Revivals were 'social matters'.

연구논문 : 농경지 토양탄소량 결정모형 추정 및 요인별 영향력 계측

서정민 ( Jeong Min Suh ),조재환 ( Jae Hwan Cho ),손병구 ( Beung Gu Son ),강점순 ( Jum Soon Kang ),홍창오 ( Chang Oh Hong ),김운원 ( Woon Won Kim ),박정호 ( Jeong Ho Park ),임우택 ( Woo Taik Lim ),진경호 ( Kyung Ho Jin ) 한국환경과학회 2014 한국환경과학회지 Vol.23 No.11

This study has been carried out to present the valuation system of soil carbon sequestration potentials of soil in accordance with the new climate change scenarios(RCP). For that, by analyzing variation of soil carbon of the each type of agricultural land use, it aims to develop technology to increase the amount of carbon emissions and sequestration. Among the factors which affects the estimation of determining the soil carbon model and influence power after the measurement on soil organic carbon, under the center of a causal relationship between the explanatory variables this study were investigated. Chemical fertilizers (NPK) decreased with increasing the amount of soil organic carbon and as with the first experimental results, when cultivating rice than pepper, the fact that soil organic carbon content increased has been found out. The higher the carbon dioxide concentration, the higher the amount of organic carbon in the soil and this result is reliable under a 10% significance level. On the other hand, soil organic carbon, humus carbon and hot water extractable carbon has been found out that was not affected the soils depth, sames as the result of the first year. The higher concentration of carbon dioxide, the higher carbon content of humus and hot water extractable carbon content. According to IPCC 2006 Guidelines and the new climate change scenario RCP 4.5 and the measurement results of the total amount of soil organic carbon to the crops due to abnormal climate weather, 1% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration was found to be small when compared to the growing rate of increasing 0.01058% of organic carbon in the soil.

대학건물 실내 에어로졸입자의 입경별 질량농도 특성

서정민 ( Jeong Min Suh ),왕빈 ( Wang Bin ),장성호 ( Seong Ho Jang ),박정호 ( Jeong Ho Park ),최금찬 ( Kum Chan Choi ) 한국산업보건학회 2014 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.24 No.4

Objective: Based on the fact that fine particles are more likely to produce negative influences onthe health of occupants as well as the quality of indoor air compared to coarse particles, it is critical to determine concentrations of aerosol particles with different sizes. Thus, this study focused on the size distribution and concentrations of aerosol particles in university buildings. Method: Aerosol particles in indoor air were collected from four areas: corridors in buildings(In-CO), lecture rooms(In-RO), laboratories(In-LR), and a cafeteria(In-RE). Samples were also collected from outside for comparison between the concentrations of indoor and outdoor particles. For the collection of the samples, an eight stage non-viable cascade impactor was used. Result: The average concentration of PM10 in the samples collected from indoor areas was 34.65-91.08 μg/m3,and the average for PM2.5 was 22.65-60.40 μg/m3. The concentrations of the aerosol particles in the corridors, lecture rooms, and laboratories were relatively higher than the concentrations collected from other areas. Furthermore, in terms of mass median aerodynamic diameter(MMAD), the corridors and lecture rooms had higher numbers due to their characteristics, showing 2.36 μm and 2.11 μm, respectively. Laboratories running an electrolysis experiment showed 1.58 μm, and the cafeteria with regular maintenance and ventilation had 1.96 μm. Conclusion: The results showed that the PM10 concentrations of all samples did not exceed indoor air quality standards. However, the PM2.5 concentration was over the standard and, in particular, the concentration of fine particles collected from the laboratories was relatively higher, which could be an issue for the occupants. Therefore, it is important to improve the quality of the indoor air in university buildings.