부동산 이중매매에 있어서 배임죄의 성립시기

박찬걸 경희대학교 법학연구소 2013 경희법학 Vol.48 No.4

With respect to the behavior of selling an object of purchase and sale to a third party after the seller received intermediate payment in sale of real estate, there established a precedent that such a behavior falls under a misappropriation as violation of cooperative duty on registration for purchaser. As to the conclusion that seller’s status is switched to a person who deals with other’s matters regulated by misappropriation from the time he or she received intermediate payment from the first purchaser in real estate double contract, however, criticisms have recently been raised in various aspects unlike the past. Especially, with respect to recent cases of movables double contract, in case seller of movables transfers ownership to the second purchaser after he or she received intermediate payment from the first purchaser, due to the rise of the supreme court decision that denied establishment of a misappropriation simultaneously with expressions of majority critical opinions about existing precedent that judged real estate double contract as a misappropriation, controversy over independence of seller’s misappropriation is considered becoming heated. It is possible to enter into the causes of such controversy from various aspects, of course, but because a legal problem related to the transaction of real estate, unlike other general criminal cases, is characterized that it is very hard to distinguish whether the problem is limited only to a simple civil case or concluded in a criminal problem, a risk that civil illegality is able to be limitlessly extended to a criminal illegality is always contained is considered premised. In making a final legal judgement in the area where such a risk exists at all times, it is necessary to access reminding a guidance ideology of last instrumentality or subsidiary of punishment which can be called the basis of the Criminal Law. In other words, damages caused by real estate transactions shall be solved as a civil case first if circumstances allow and restrictions through the state punishment power shall affect as the last step necessary for guarantee of peaceful social order and people’s benefit and protection of the law. Grounded on the critical mind, this article expresses criticism against attitude the Supreme Court that has punished seller with misappropriation in cases of real estate double contract by presenting specific grounds, and aims to make an attempt to postpone the time of establishment of misappropriation by making a strict interpretation of the composition requisites and elements of misappropriation in real estate double contract as well as accessing from the sphere of fairness as compared to the similar behavior patterns. 부동산 이중매매에 있어서 매도인이 제1 매수인으로부터 중도금을 수령한 이후 제2 매수인에게 처분하는 행위에 대하여 배임죄로 의율하고 있는 대법원의 태도는 민사사건의 형사화라는 측면에서 타당하지 않다. 최근 동산 이중매매와 관련한 대법원 판결의 다수의견이 지적한 바와 같이 기본적으로 자기의 사무에 불과한 계약상 채무의 이행을 등기이전 협력의무와 같은 작위적 개념을 이용하여 배임죄에 관한 형벌법규를 부당하게 확대해석하여 온 기존 판례의 태도는 반드시 시정되어야 한다. 또한 권리이전에 필요한 등기절차에 있어서 매도인과 매수인은 등기의 공동신청주의에 입각하여 상호 협력관계에 놓이게 되는데, 그 협력관계의 발생시점은 중도금 지급시가 아니라 잔금 지급시라는 점을 주목해야 한다. 舊민법이 적용되던 시절에 발생한 부동산 이중매매라는 동일한 행위에 대하여 자기의 사무라는 이유로 배임죄의 적용을 부정하였던 판결이 있었고, 현재의 부동산 이중매매사안에 대하여 배임죄를 적용하는 것은 개인의 사적 자치를 보장하는 사법의 영역에 국가형벌권이 개입한다는 점에서 시민사회의 자율적 영역의 핵심을 침해할 우려가 크다. 사회생활에서 발생하는 모든 배신행위가 형사처벌의 대상이 되는 것은 아니고, 배신행위 중에서 범죄의 구성요건에 해당하지 않는 것은 그 행위의 가벌성이 아무리 크다 해도 처벌할 수 없는 것은 죄형법정주의의 원칙상 당연한 일이다. 형사법의 개입은 필요최소한으로 그쳐야 한다는 보충성의 원칙에 비추어 보더라도 민사법의 영역은 최대한 사적 자치를 보장해야 한다. 그러므로 형사불법적인 요소를 내포하고 있는 배신행위에 국한된 형벌의 적용이라는 관점에서, 배임죄의 객관적 구성요건요소인 ‘타인의 사무’ 및 ‘임무위배행위’의 해석은 그 개념 자체가 모호하고 추상적이므로 부동산 거래에 적용을 할 경우에는 다른 영역의 문제와 비교하여 상대적으로 엄격하게 할 필요성이 있다. 사적 자치의 원칙이 지배하는 경제활동의 영역에서 민사적 수단에 의한 분쟁의 해결 이전에 형벌법규에 의한 규율을 강제하는 것은 자제되어야 한다. 이러한 견지에서 계약 체결 후 매수인의 소유권등기청구권을 보전하기 위한 가등기를 의무화하는 것도 부동산 이중매매를 사전에 예방할 수 있는 효과적인 방안이 될 수 있을 것이다.

무고죄의 법정형 강화방안에 대한 검토

박찬걸 충북대학교 법학연구소 2023 法學硏究 Vol.34 No.1

For the reason that it is difficult to admit inner side of a criminal offender as evidence and it is not easy to sentence the accused in prison in confessed cases as it is needed to reduce the sentence as necessary in case the accused makes confession in false accusation, the fact remains that sentence against false accusation has been standardized so far. Eventually, to restrain indiscriminate accusation·complaint and promote proper exercise of state penal power, it is necessary to extend application scope of false accusation and strengthen punishment, but it is also necessary to place strict restrictions on application scope of false accusation to prevent unwarranted invasion by guaranteeing rights of victims of crime to file a suit·complaint still exists. As various improvement plans for overcoming the above circumstances, it is time to examine plans to increase statutory punishment on the criminal law against false accusation in all cases against brutal crimes such as homicide·robbery·rape etc., punish respective crime such as false accusation with sentence on the existing National Security Law, delete monetary penalty as an optional punishment from the statutory punishment against false accusation and establish mandatory minimums considering that false accusation about crimes regulated by the Act on Aggravated Punishment of Specific Crimes is to be sentenced to more than three years in prison as compared to general criminal law. Meanwhile, due to the high degree of social blame against suspect sexual assault cases, victims of false accusation of sexual assault have fears of encountering more serious damage comparing to the victims of general false accusation cases. Despite a person getting false charge did nothing of the kind, it is true that people around him or her look on the person with prejudiced eyes as if he or she did something deserve criminal punishment or disciplinary action. Keeping victims of sexual violence from being falsely charged is important, of course, but protecting suspects charged without sexual violence is urgently needed as well. Thus, examining whether to establish a special clause such as punishing severely as compared to other false accusation is considered necessary considering characteristics of false accusation about sexual crimes if suspicion of false accusation is substantiated. Based on the critical mind, this manuscript aims to arouse caution against false accusation through severe punishment against offenders hindering judicial order, and seek individualization of treatment that reflects individual characteristics of false accusers.

청소년 성매수 관련범죄의 개념에 관한 고찰

박찬걸 한국소년정책학회 2009 소년보호연구 Vol.13 No.-

This thesis focused on the concept of 'prostitution of juvenile', 'prostitution of offering' and 'prostitution of alluring' on Act on Protection of Juveniles from Sexual Crimes(June. 9. 2009, Article 9765 of the law). The Act on Protection of Juveniles from Sexual Crimes is considered as individual criminal provision of the Act on Protection of Juveniles which is a special criminal provision. That is, the Act on Protection of Juveniles from Sexual Crimes intend to provide the juvenile against trade of sex and consider their sound sexual growth as the benefit and protection of the law. Act on the Punishment of Procuring Prostitution and Associated Acts prescribe 'In case where specific provisions are stipulated in the Act on Protection of Juveniles from Sexual Crimes with regard to provisions set out in this Act, the Act on Protection of Juveniles against Sexual Crimes shall supersede this Act'(Article 5). Therefore Act on Protection of Juveniles from Sexual Crimes is special law. The term 'prostitution of juvenile' means of a person falling on the part of the following subparagraphs in exchange for money, valuables, offer the convenience or duty, or property benefits, or promising it; Sexual intercourse, Quasi-sexual intercourse by means of part of the body including the oral cavity and/or the anus, or with sexual apparatus, self-defense etc. Also there are 'prostitution of offering' and 'prostitution of alluring'.

학교폭력대책법에 대한 비판적 검토

박찬걸 한국소년정책학회 2010 소년보호연구 Vol.15 No.-

School violence has recently become a serious social problem. Cases of school violence are increasing, and more early graders experience school violence with acts of bullying and sexual harassment becoming more brutal. Consequently, The National Congress was progress enforcement of 'The Law on the Prevention and the Countermeasure of School Violence'as part of its countermeasures against increasing school violence and bullying by students and enforcement ordinance of the same law in 2004. But there are several problems that must be taken to revise this law. For example, the definition of school violence(It is necessary to clear arrange the concepts of school violence and sexual assaulting stipulated in this law), the protection of the victim students, the reeducation of the offender students etc. Also it is necessary to enhance the prevention education related to school violence, enforce psychological consultation and advice to support victimized students, temporary protection, medical treatment,replacement of class, suggestion of moving to other school and other measures necessary to protect the victimized students in enforcing re-training.

제20대 국회에 제출된 소년법 개정법률안에 대한 검토 - 소년범의 인권 강화방안을 중심으로 -

박찬걸 한국소년정책학회 2020 소년보호연구 Vol.33 No.1

Enacted on July 24, 1958, the Juvenile Act have went through 11 times of revision so far. In the 20th National Assembly, total 42 cases of partially-revised legislative bill of the Juvenile Act were submitted and only 1 of the cases passed through Parliament, and the case was merely a reflection of the intent of the decision of constitutional nonconformity of the Constitutional Court for the Article 67, and the rest 41 bills were all discarded automatically due to the expiration. It is not too much to say that a forum for understanding problems of current juvenile act and seeking an improvement lead toward the area of legislation, and among others, understanding of the background, contents of proposing a partially-revised legislative bill of the Juvenile Act that has recently been presented to the National Assembly, difference with existing laws and relation to the other laws is considered the best way to examine the present state and the future of our Juvenile Act. In this respect, reexamination of 42 cases of partially-revised legislative bill of the Juvenile Act which were pending in the 20th National Assembly concretely by carrying out a complete enumeration survey in the situation when the term of the 21st National Assembly has just begun is expected to be of a great help to understanding of the great flow of the relatively recent policy on the juvenile act. Thus, this thesis aims to examine contents of revised bill related to enforcement human rights against juvenile delinquents.

미투(Me Too)운동의 2차 피해 예방을 위한 법률적 쟁점

박찬걸 한국피해자학회 2018 한국피해자학회 학술논문집 Vol.2018 No.1

소년형사사건의 심판에 있어서 특례조항에 대한 검토- 소년법 제56조 내지 제67조를 중심으로 -

박찬걸 한국소년정책학회 2012 소년보호연구 Vol.18 No.-

The court, prosecutor and police must consign that the investigator of the juvenile case investigate necessary matters related to criminal cases involving a juvenile. And in the event a criminal case involving a juvenile is related to other criminal cases, the trial procedures of the juvenile case shall be conducted separately from the other case if such treatment does not obstruct the trial. Death penalty or life sentence to a juvenile who was less than 18 years old when the crime was commited, shall be reduced to 15 years of imprisonment. But the revised legislation dated in April 15, 2010 on sentence for imprisonment for a definite period could be the maximum term shall not exceed 30 years. So dath penalty or life sentence to a juvenile who was less than 18 years old when the crime was commited, will have to revise the upward realignment. Also, In case where a juvenile commits a crime punishable by imprisonment of a limited term of two or more years, a sentence shall specify the maximum and minimum terms within the scope of such term of punishment. Provided, That the maximum term shall not exceed ten years, and the minimum term shall not exceed five years. A sentence of detention in a labor house under provisions of Article 70 of the Criminal Act shall not be rendered against a juvenile who is less than 18 years old. Provided, That when detention is served prior to sentencing the judgement or measures as stated in Article 18 (1) 3 have been taken, the period corresponding to the period of detention or consignment shall be regarded as days of detention in a labor house at a workhouse and the provisions of Article 57 of the Criminal Act may be applied thereto. A juvenile who has been sentenced to imprisonment or imprisonment without prison labor and who has served the following periods may be provisionally released. 1. Five years in case of life sentence, 2. Three years in case of imprisonment for a limited term of 15 years, and 3. One third of minimum term of an indeterminate sentence. When Acts and subordinate statutes on qualification are applicable to juvenile, if their sentnece has been executed or discharged, it shall in the future be presumed that no sentence has been rendered.

스토킹의 개념 정립 및 피해자 보호방안에 관한 연구 : 지속적 괴롭힘죄의 신설에 즈음하여

박찬걸 가천대학교 법학연구소 2012 가천법학 Vol.5 No.2

스토킹의 특징인 지속성은 개별적인 행위의 규제를 염두에 둔 기존의 규정으로는 가벼운 행위에 해당하여 아예 처벌규정이 없거나 경범죄에 불과한 것이 대부분이어서 단속의 실효성이 없을 뿐만 아니라 중대한 행위에 대한 기존의 처벌규정을 이용하게 된다면 개입의 시기가 너무 늦어버릴 수 있다. 특정 유형의 스토킹에 대하여 현행법상 형벌법규를 적용하여 처벌할 수 있는 시점에서는 피해자가 이미 심각한 피해를 입은 경우가 대부분이므로, 보다 빠른 시점에서 피해자를 스토킹으로부터 보호하고 스토킹이 심각한 폭력 범죄로 발전하기 이전에 효과적으로 예방할 수 있도록 하는 특별법 제정의 필요성이 인정된다. 또한 스토킹은 중대한 폭력의 사전징후일 수 있다는 점에서 법의(학)적인 중요성이 있다. 그러므로 현행법의 적용보다 빠른 시점에서 피해자를 보호하는 예방적인 차원에서의 접근이 절실히 요구된다. 무엇보다도 피해자 보호를 위한 적극적 위기개입에 대한 입법적․제도적 대책 마련이 시급하다. 이는 스토킹에 의한 피해 구제 및 예방은 우선적으로 형사처벌이 아닌 다른 영역에서 해결되어야 할 문제라고 할 수 있다. 즉 형사처분 보다는 경고조치, 응급조치, 피해자보호조치 등 상대적으로 가벼운 형태의 처분이나 치료 형태의 조치가 더 적합한 것이다. 특히 피해자의 신변안전을 보호하고 지원하는 대책의 수립이 있어야 하겠다. 이러한 측면에서 사법경찰관의 경고의 대상이 되는 행위와 처음부터 형사처벌의 대상이 되는 행위를 구분하는 것이 보다 바람직하다. 이러한 구분에 따를 경우 전자의 행위는 행정적 예방조치라는 차원에서 규율이 되므로 죄형법정주의의 엄격한 적용에서 벗어나 보다 탄력적인 운용이 가능할 것이다. 이에 따라 신속하게 스토킹에 대처할 수 있게 된다. 예를 들면 단순한 경고의 대상이 되는 행위의 요건으로는, 객관적인 행위자의 행위만 파악하고, 행위로 인한 피해자나 그 가족의 공포감이나 불안감과 같은 주관적인 요건을 배제시키는 것이 타당하다. 이는 스토킹의 신고 후 초기대응을 신속하게 할 수 있는 기능을 할 것이다. 보호사건에 대하여는 형벌이 아닌 보호처분(접근금지명령, 사회봉사명령 등)을 부과하게 되므로 전과자의 양산을 막을 수 있을 뿐 아니라 스토킹행위자의 교화·개선을 꾀할 수 있다. 특히 스토킹이 정서적인 장애에 기초한 측면이 많다는 점과 정신병적인 사회병리현상으로도 볼 수 있기 때문에 형사처벌보다는 여러 가지 임시조치와 보호처분의 규정을 통한 사전예방행위가 바람직한 일이다. 스토킹행위자에 대한 일회적인 형벌의 부과만으로는 종국적인 해결책이 결코 될 수 없다. 처벌 이후 스토킹을 계속한다거나 오히려 보복적인 행위로 나아가는 것을 방지하는 작업도 필수적으로 요구된다. As a characteristic of stalking 'continuity' is considered as a minor act under the existing rule that is intended to regulate individual action, there is no rule for its punishment and it is considered as a misdemeanor in most cases. Accordingly, the effectiveness of its control is lacking and the time of intervention might be too late when the existing punitive regulation on major act is used. Since a stalking victim would have already received serious damages in most cases by the time when punishment can be reinforced by applying the punitive regulation under the existing law for particular type of stalking, there is a need to establish a special act for protecting victims against stalkers at an earlier stage and effectively preventing stalking offense from becoming a serious violent crime. Accordingly, there is an urgent need for a preventive level approach to protect victims at an earlier stage than through the application of the current law. What is most urgently needed most of all is to prepare a legislative and policy measure for active crisis intervention. Helping stalking victims and preventing stalking crimes can be considered as an issue that needs to be solved in other areas than through criminal punishment. In other words, relatively minor forms of punishment such as issuing warning, taking immediate action or protecting victims would be more appropriate than criminal punishment. In particular, it is necessary to establish a measure for protecting the victims and ensuring their safety. Accordingly, it would be more desirable to make a distinction between an action that becomes the object of warning by the judicial police and an action that becomes the object of criminal punishment from the beginning. According to such distinction, the former action would allow more flexible administration by escaping from the strict application of the principle of legality since it can be regulated from the level of administrative preventive measure. Since protective disposition (restraining order, community service order, etc.) can be given in a protection case instead of punitive action, it can not only prevent the increase of ex-convict but also promote reformation and improvement of stalking perpetrator. Since stalking is based on mental disorder and can be also seen as a social pathology of mental illness, taking preventive actions in advance through various temporary measures and protective disposition regulation would be desirable than criminal punishment. Charging one-time punishment to stalking perpetrator cannot become the ultimate solution. It is also necessary to prevent stalkers from continuing on with their stalking offense or retaliating against the victims.

‘존속살해죄와 영아살해죄의 위헌성 검토와 비속살해에 대한 고찰’에 대한 토론문

박찬걸 한국형사법학회 2018 한국형사법학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2018 No.1

아동・청소년대상 성범죄의 최근 대응방안에 대한 검토 - 2021. 9. 24. 시행 청소년성보호법 개정을 중심으로 -

박찬걸 한국소년정책학회 2022 소년보호연구 Vol.35 No.1

In the light of the fact that recent‘online grooming’targeting children・youth has a severely damaging ripple effect as a result of production and distribution of sexual exploitation and recovery of damage is difficult, there is a need to punish it as a criminal act, and in response to criticism that it is necessary to lay down a special regulation for investigation for enabling judicial police officers to investigate using false identities to prevent digital sex offenses targeting children・youth in advance and secure data with admissibility of evidence, the National Assembly promulgated a partially-revised bill (Law No. 17972) of 「Act on the Protection of Sexuality of Children and Youth」(hereinafter‘Act on Protection of Children and Youth against Sex Offenses’) on March 23, 2021, and revised act has been in force from September 24, 2021 which is 6 months after the date of promulgation in accordance with Article 1 of supplementary provision. The highlight of revised act can be largely into 4, and to be specific, ① statutory punishment against suggestion・lure for solicit sex from children・youth has been strengthened, ② punishment regulations against continuous or repeated conversation that causes sexual desire, shame or aversion aiming at sexual exploitation of children・youth have been established and ③ statute of limitations on the Criminal Procedure Code is not applicable to the crimes of producing・importing・exporting sexual exploitation of children・youth. In addition, ④ special regulations for investigation to allow closed and undercover investigation against digital sex offenses targeting children・youth have also been prepared. Hereinafter, this manuscript intends to examine recent countermeasures against sex offenses targeting children・youth focusing on the revised Act on Protection of Children and Youth against Sex Offenses that has been in force from September 24, 2021, and seek a more sensible improvement plan.