학교의 지역적 특성과 청소년비행: 다수준 접근의 적용

박정선 ( Cheong Sun Park ) 한국형사정책학회 2003 刑事政策 Vol.15 No.2

Causes of delinquency have been largely understood at three different levels:individual, family/school and society. This study raises questions about current research, which neglects the mid-range level of explanation such as community and school effects. This negligence stems from current theoretical orientation of criminology, which fails to incorporate the diverse levels and dimensions of crime phenomena. This study constructs an integrated multilevel model, which investi- gates the effect of two school-level characteristics and two individual-level characteristics. The basic hypothesis for this study is that the variation in delinquency is not only explained by individual characteristics but also by school characteristics and the variation is differentiated by delinquency type such as status or violent crimes. The results showed that schools with high disorder and low efficacy tend to have more delinquent students. School effects are more manifested in light offenses and individual effects are more effective in serious offenses. Also, the cross-level interaction was effective in that the effects of delinquent friends was bigger in schools with high degree of social disorder than in schools with low degree of disorder. For the policy implication, it is highly recommended to pay more attention to the so-called collective efficacy even if collective efficacy in this study is only limited to the light offenses. As Karsarda and Janowitz found out, the role of low mobility rate among residents is very important to increase the collective efficacy of a certain community. However, official statistics show that the residential mobility in Korea is a lot higher than that of world average and even with that of advanced countries. In this sense, we need to focus on the way of increasing the collective efficacy not by just focusing on the coerced control but rather by focusing on the social control.

지역사회중심의 청소년 비행대책

박정선 ( Cheong Sun Park ) 대한범죄학회 2007 한국범죄학 Vol.1 No.2

청소년 문제행동의 원인에 대한 관점은 미시적 수준과 거시적 수준을 아우르는 다양하고 넓은 스펙트럼을 보여 왔다. 미시적 관점에서는 주로개인의 성격이나 심리상의 결함 또는 가족이나 친구관계의 흠결 등을 통해 청소년들의 문제행동을 분석하였고 거시적 관점에서는 주로 사회의 구조나 문화 또는 환경적 특성을 중심으로 문제행동을 분석하는 경향을 보였다. 본 연구에서는 다수준분석을 통해 청소년의 문제행동을 지역사회라는 거시적 특성과, 보다 구체적으로는 학생들이 재학하고 있는 학교의 특성과 연관시켜 살펴보았다. 다양한 유형의 청소년 비행 가운데 성비행과 지위비행은 재산비행이나 폭력비행에 비해 개인간 특성보다는 학교간 특성에 의해 상대적으로 더많은 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 이 같은 결과에 기초하여 본 연구에서는 학교의 영향력이라는 거시적 특성이 개인 수준의 특성에 의해 설명되는 매개효과에 대해서도 살펴보았다. 먼저 지위비행의 결과를 단계별로 분석해본 결과 초기모델에서는 거시적 수준의 영향력 특히 경제수준에 따른 지역별 영향력과 중유해환경의 영향력이 두드러지게 나타났다. 그러나 이러한 거시적 수준의 변수들 즉경제지역별 영향력과 중유해환경의 영향력은 개인수준의 학교 성적 및 용돈이 포함되면서 많이 약화되었음을 알 수 있다. 따라서 구조적 영향력이 개인수준의 과정적 변인들에 의해 매개되었음을 알 수 있었다. 한편 성비행의 경우에도 거시적 수준에서 경제적 수준이 높은 지역일수록, 경유해환경이 많을수록, 경계인식이 높을수록, 긍정적 인식이 낮을수록 성비행을 더욱 많이 저지르는 것으로 나타났다. 개인수준의 영향력에서는 학교에 대한 자부심이 높을수록, 학교선생님에 대한 평가가 높을수록, 어머니의 교육정도가 높을수록 성비행을 덜 하는 것으로 나타났으며 반대로 용돈이 많을수록 성비행을 많이 저지르는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 지위비행에서와는 달리 성비행의 경우엔 집단수준의 변수들의 영향력이 개인수준의 변수들에 의해 매개되어지지는 않았다. 따라서 성비행에 대한 대책은 학교와 개인의 두 수준에서 각각 마련되어야 할 것이다. The perspectives on the etiology of juvenile delinquency involve a wide variety of spectrums including both macro and micro levels. Micro perspective analyzes the problematic behavior of juvenile through such elements as individual personality, psychological defect or problems in the relationship with family members and friends while macro perspective focuses on the structure and culture of a society or environmental characteristics of a community for the analysis of juvenile problems. This study adopts the macro perspective and utilized HLM so that it tries to relate the juvenile problems with macro characteristics of a community, or more specifically with the characteristics of schools to which lots of students are attending. Study results show that sexual offense and status offense tend to be affected by between-school characteristics while property and violent offenses tend to be influenced by individual characteristics. It means that more serious offenses tend to be affected by individual traits rather than by community traits. In addition to the analysis of etiology issues, it also examined the mediation mechanism such that the effects of macro-level variables such as school traits are mediated by micro-level variables such as individual traits. First, the results of status offenses were anlayzed to find out the mediation effects step by step. According to the results, the model with macro level variables only showed that macro variables such as community effects and heavy harmful environments appeared to be statistically significant. However, as the mediating variables such as school grade and pocket money at the individual level are included, the degree of macro variable effect weakens a lot. Therefore, we can easily know that the structural effects at the community level are mediated through the process variables at the individual level. In case of sexual behavior, it appeared to be largely determined not only by macro-level variables, but also by micro-level variables. More specifically at the macro level, those youths with high level of economic wealth, high level of light harmful environment, higher level of community boundary perception, and finally the lower level of positive perception upon community membership tend to commit more sexual crime. At the micro level, those youths with higher school pride, higher evaluation of school teachers, and with higher level of mother``s education tend to commit less sexual crime. In contrast with the statust offense, however, group level effects upon sexual offense were not mediated by individual level effects. Therefore, the policy alternatives for sexual offenses should be established at both group and individual levels.

국내외 투자사기의 유형별 실태 연구

박정선(Cheong Sun Park),황지태(Hwang Ji Tae),양승돈(Yang Seung Don) 한국형사법무정책연구원 2011 형사정책연구 Vol.88 No.-

다수준적 접근의 범죄학적 활용에 대한 연구

박정선(Park Cheong-Sun) 한국형사법무정책연구원 2003 형사정책연구 Vol.56 No.-

UNICRI 國際會議(犯罪의 理解 : 犯罪 및 犯罪統制의 經驗)

朴正善(Park Cheong Sun) 한국형사법무정책연구원 1993 형사정책연구 Vol.13 No.-

학교주변 폭력의 실태와 대책

김준호(Kim Joon-Ho),박정선(Park Cheong-Sun),김은경(Kim Eun-Kyong) 한국형사법무정책연구원 1996 형사정책연구원 연구총서 Vol.- No.-

학교주변 유해환경의 실태 및 비행과의 관계

김준호(Kim Joon-Ho),박정선(Park Cheong-Sun) 한국형사법무정책연구원 1995 형사정책연구원 연구총서 Vol.- No.-

청소년 인터넷 악성댓글에 있어 중화의 작용

이성식(Lee Seong-Sik),박정선(Park Cheong Sun) 한국형사정책학회 2009 刑事政策 Vol.21 No.2

This study intends to test Sykes and Matza's technique of neutralization theory to find causes of internet malicious message In addition, this study tests the relative efficacy of theories of neutralization, social control and differential association Empirical results show that bond to parents, internet informal control, and association with offenders of malicious messages have influences on neutralization, which have a large effect on internet malicious message In addition, consistent with neutralization theory, moral belief has no significant effect on internet malicious message However, neutralization has an effect on internet malicious message when moral belief is low, which is contrary to neutralization, but consistent with social control theory Those findings do not support one of three theories and show mixed results

청소년의 가출과 비행의 관계에 관한 연구

김준호(Kim Joon Ho),박정선(Park Cheong Sun) 한국형사법무정책연구원 1991 형사정책연구원 연구총서 Vol.- No.-

범죄 발생에 미치는 환경적 요인에 관한 연구 : 폭력, 가정폭력, 성폭력, 절도를 중심으로

최재훈 ( Jaehun Choi ),박정선 ( Cheong Sun Park ) 대한범죄학회 2018 한국범죄학 Vol.12 No.2

본 연구는 사회환경적 요인과 자연환경적 요인이 범죄발생에 미치는 영향을 확인하고자 2016년 6월부터 2017년 5월까지 특정 광역지방자치단체 관할의 지방경찰청에 접수된 112신고내역을 이용하여 연구모형을 설계하였다. 사회환경적 요인으로 빈곤, 주거의 이동성, 민족적 이질성, 인구밀도, 주거형태, 1인가구비율을 사용하고, 자연환경적 요인으로 시간, 요일, 계절, 기온, 강수량, 풍속 등의 변수를 이용하여 폭력, 가정폭력, 성폭력, 절도 발생을 설명하였다. 사회환경적 요인 중 빈곤, 주거형태는 모든 범죄유형에서 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 주거불안정성과 민족적 이질성은 유의미한 관계가 나타나지 않아 사회해체이론의 핵심 세 변수 가운데 빈곤만이 유의미한 효과를 보이는 한계를 보였다. 또한 인구밀도와 1인가구비율의 영향력도 범죄의 종류에 따라 달라지는 것을 확인하였다. 자연환경적 요인에서는 대부분의 범죄가 낮보다는 밤에, 평일보다는 휴일에 더 많이 발생하고 기온이 높을수록 발생빈도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 성폭력과 절도 범죄는 여름과 같이 극도로 기온이 높아지는 경우에 오히려 줄어들어 온도와 공격성의 관계가 비선형관계임이 일부 확인되었다. 가정폭력의 경우에는 여름보다는 가을과 겨울에, 절도는 밤보다는 낮에 많이 발생하였다. 이는 자연환경적 요인 또한 모든 범죄에 획일적으로 영향을 미치는 것이 아니라 범죄의 양태에 따라 달라지는 것으로 볼 수 있다. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of social-environmental factors and natural-environmental factors on the occurrence of crime by using the police call reports that are offered from a provincial police agency in Korea, from June 2016 to May 2017. To explain the occurrence of violence, domestic violence, sexual violence and theft, we classified variables into two types. First, we used poverty, residential mobility, ethnic heterogeneity, population density, residential type and proportion of single households as explanatory variables for social environmental factors, whereas time, day, season, temperature, precipitation and wind flow velocity are used as explanatory variables for natural environmental factors. Results showed that among social environment factors, poverty and household type have a significant effect on all types of crime, whereas there is no meaningful relationship between residential mobility, ethnic heterogeneity and crimes. These findings show that overall generalization of the social disorganization theory cannot be fully supported. Meanwhile, we identified that the variables of population density and the proportion of single households have differential effects on the different forms of crimes. In the natural environment setting, most of the crimes occurred more at night than during the day, on holidays than on weekdays, and higher the temperatures, so does the incidence of crimes. However, in the crimes of sexual violence and theft, decline in the incidence of crimes were found which suggests that there is a nonlinear relationship between the variables of temperature and aggression. On the other hand, domestic violence were more frequent in autumn and winter season than in summer, and theft was more frequent during the day than at night. This is because natural environmental factors also affect differently on different types of crimes rather than affect consistently on all forms of crimes. Based on these findings, we could derive policy implications and suggest policy alternatives for the mobilization and displacement of police resources over time, place and types of crimes.