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朴璉鎬 慶熙大學校 1980 論文集 Vol.10 No.-
Personnel administration systems are heavily conditioned by the political ideology and socio-economic structure of a given country. The Gwa-Go system which is equivalent nowadays to the open competitive examination for high-level civil service, represents well the past political ideals and social structure of china and Korea. In fact this system was originated by the Kingdom of China (Soo dynasty)in 587. It was on the recommedation of Sang Gi that the system was transfered from the Kingdom of China to the Kingdom of Korea (Koryo dynasty) in 958. As a matter of fact this system marks oriental civilization. The Gwa-Go system was first introduced into Western Europe by Italian Catholic father Matheo Ricci. In 1583, he came to the Kingdom of China (Myng dynasty) for the propagation of Catholicism. As soon as his arrival, he encountered a different civilization at that time, He did an intense study on Chinese litterature surveying political and administrative systems of the Myng dynasty. The details of his observation on the Gwa-Go system is contained in his reports sent to the Society of Jesus in Rome. Louis XIV of France had sent Jesuits of the Society of Jesus to have them study the civilization of the Kingdom of China in the 18th centry. Among the major reports and volumes which were published in France are "Recueil des Lettres e´difiantes et curicuses", "Description de l'Empire de la Chine," and "Me´moires des Je´suites concernant les Chinois par les missionnaires de Pe´kin." Thus the Gwa-Go system of the oriental civilization area was gradually introduced to the intellectuals of Western Europe through their reports. This paper aims at discovering the traces of how the Gwa-Go system was introduced into Western Europe and its impact on the development of the open competitive examination for high-level civil services of Western countries. The kingdom of China after the Soo dynasty, except for the Won dynasty, and the Kingdom of Korea since adopting the System had been governed by administrative elites recruited and promoted through the Gwa-Go system. In the Kingdom of China regardless of social status every young man who had devoted himself to learning could be employed as an administor through this examination. At that time the recruitment of Western Europe had not been practiced by the open competitive examination and most of Western countries were governed by aristocrats. Therefore to intellectuals, the Kingdom of China was especially to be regarded as an ideal state. Enlightened thinkers in Western Europe wanted social revolution through studying the politico-administrative systems of the Kingdom of China. Of course the open competitive examination of most countries in the world has not develop-ed only by Gwa-Go system. It could be argued, however, that it had depended on the model of the Gwa-Go system. We, Koreans should not only refine the form of the Gwa-Go system but also admire the wisdom of ancestors. It is quite ironical that some Korean intellectuals ignored the value of the Gwa-Go system after the fall of the Yi dynasty by the Japan colonial power. It should be recognized, however, that the personnel system which Japan had adopted from Western Europe is based on oriental civilization.
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