6~7세기 신라의 김해지역에 대한 통치양상

朴成天(Park, Sung-Cheon) 한국고대사탐구학회 2011 한국고대사탐구 Vol.8 No.-

본고는 6~7 세기 김해지역이 신라 지방으로서 어떻게 통치되었는지 시기별 帶金具의 특징과 출토 고분(군)의 성격검토를 통해서 그 일단을 살펴보고자 하였다. 김해지역 대금구는 6세기 후엽 중심지의 상위계층인 구산동, 대성동고분군에서부터 김해산이면서 이전 시기에 유행한 삼엽문투조와 누암리형 대금구가 먼저 부장되고 있다. 이는 정치적으로 김구해의 식읍체제에서 제작된 것으로 보이며 이를 부장한 상위 계층은 김구해와 혈연적으로 연관된 재지세력들이었다. 신라는 이들을 통해서 김해지역을 통치하였던 것으로 보인다. 그리고 김해에서 제작된 다른 유형의 대금구가 이들 상위 계층에 각각 부장된 것은 신라의 김해지역 통치를 위한 재지세력들의 세력분화와 균형유지 차원에서 이루어진 것으로 파악된다. 6세기 말의 누암리형 대금구는 신라의 여러 지방과 마찬가지로 크기, 재질, 형태 및 혁대고정 방법에서 정형화를 보여주고 있다. 이에 김해지역은 이전의 김구해의 식읍체제 이후 신라의 직접지배 방식으로 변화가 이루어진 것으로 보인다. 이러한 직접지배 방식은 상위 및 차상위 계층의 위계화된 구조를 통해서 실행되었다. 상위 계층은 정신적, 상징적인 역할, 차상위 계층은 실질적인 역할을 분담함으로써 김해지역의 체제 운영 및 생산력 증진을 수행하였던 것으로 파악된다. 7세기 전엽에는 주변부 외곽인 낙동강 하구의 예안리고분군에서 황룡사형 대금구가 부장되고 있어 신라의 통일전쟁이라는 전략적 요충지로서의 역할을 수행하였다. 그리고 대금구를 부장하고 있는 상위, 차상위 계층은 석실구조상 다른 지방인들 보다 우대되었는데 신라의 통일전쟁에서 김해지역의 전략적 중요도와 관련되는 것으로 보인다. 그리고 이는 위계화된 구조를 통해 보다 더 체제적으로 수행되었다고 생각된다. 7세기 중엽에는 唐式 대금구가 주변부 외곽의 하위 계층에까지 확산되며 계층상 이전 시기보다 구조적으로 더 위계화 되었다. 이는 신라의 唐式改服 시행과 연동되며, 김해지역의 통치가 이전 시기보다 더 확대되고 강화되었음을 의미한다. 그리고 대금구는 신라의 통일전쟁과 관련된 전략적 중요지점에 여전히 부장되며 전략적 요충지의 확보를 위한 분산성의 축조 역시 구산동과 대성동고분군의 상위 계층에서 주도적인 역할을, 보다 더 체계화된 주변의 차상위 및 하위 계층에서 실질적인 역할을 통해서 이루어진 것으로 파악해볼 수 있다. 6~7세기 김해지역 출토 대금구는 시·공간적으로 6세기 후엽 중심지의 상위계층에서부터 부장되며 이후 7세기 중엽경에는 주변부 외곽의 차상위 및 하위 계층으로까지 확산된다. 이에 따라 김해지역 출토 대금구는 시기별 신라 중앙정부의 정치·사회적 이해를 반영하는 것과 동시에 신라의 김해지역에 대한 통치를 강화하는 차원에서 그 역할을 담당했던 것으로 보인다. Through the investigation into the characteristics of Daekumgu (belt fittings) excavated from the ancient tombs of the 6th and 7thcentury and the distinctions of those tombs in Kimhae region, this study attempted to look into the aspects of the governing systems under which Kimhae region (one of the regions of Shila Dynasty) was controlled. The Daekumgu was made in Kimhae and were found buried in the tombs of the upper classes in then Kusan and Daesung villagεs which were the central arεas of the late 6th century. Particularly the belts fittings in the shape of Samryupmutojo and Nuamri, which were popular before the century, were buried first in the tombs. It seems that they were made under the Sikup system of Kim Gu Hae and the upper classes, which buried the belt fittings, were the local gentry connected by blood with Kim Gu Hae. It seems that Shila Dynasty controlled Kimhae region through the gentry. And that different styles of the belt fittings made in Kimhae were found in the tombs of the local gentry for the upper classes can be interpreted into the division and balance of power of the local gentry by the Dynasty to govern Kimhae region. The Nuamri-shaped belt fittings in the late 6th century was as standardized in size, quality of the material, shape and the way to fix a belt as in many regions of the Dynasty. This allows us to assume that Kimhae was placed under the direct control Shila Dynasty after the Sikup system of Kim Gu Hae. It is also assumed that the direct governing system was executed in a hierarchical structure of the first and second upper class. It can be understood that the first upper class played a role of emotional and symbolic anchor and the second upper class took actual part of managing the system to operate and charge of production in the region. In the early 7th century, the Whangyoungsa-shaped belt fittings were found buried in Yeanri tombs (tombs in Yean village), which was located in the mouth of Nakdong River, an outskirt of Kimhae. It tells us that Kimhae was a strategic point during Shila unification war. The stone chamber structures of the tombs indicates that the first and second upper classes whose belt fittings were together buried in the tombs when they are dead were more respected than other local classes. It hints that Kimhae region was considered strategically important during the war. And it was thought to be more systematically reinforced through the hierarchical structure. In the mid-seventh century, Dang (Dang Dynasty)-styled belt fittings spread down to the lower class living in the suburb area of Kimhae, which indicates that the community became more structurally hierarchical. It was interlocked with the enforcement of Dangshikkebok (Dang Dynasty-styles dressing) by Shila Dynasty and Kimhae was more tightly controlled than before. Daekumgu were still found buried in the tombs placed in strategically important points for Shila unification war. This means that the upper classes of Kusandong and Daesungdong tombs played leading roles and the more systematized second and lower classes took the actual roles in constructing Bunsansung (mountain fortress) to secure strategic points. Daekumgu excavated in Kimhae region of the 6th-7th century was found in the tombs of the upper classes in the central Kimhae areas of the late 6th century. And in the mid-7th century, it was found in the second upper and lower classes around the outskirts of Kimhae. Accordingly, Daekumgu in Kimhae reflects the periodic political and social interests of Shila central government. As well, it seems to have been used by Shila central government as a way to reinforce the control of the region.

분할형 전기히터가 장착된 디젤 매연 필터 내의 온도분포에 관한 연구

박성천(Sung-Cheon Park),이충훈(Choong-Hoon Lee),이수룡(Su-Ryong Lee) 한국연소학회 2010 한국연소학회지 Vol.15 No.3

The temperature distribution of diesel particulate filter with five partitioned electric heaters is numerically analyzed to investigate the condition of regenerating ceramic filter. The commercial code STAR-CCM+<SUP>ⓡ</SUP> is utilized to simulate multi-dimensional steady hot air flow in DPF. In order to verify the computational results, thermocouples are used to measure the temperature distribution in DPF. Computational results agree well with experimental ones. The results show that the maximum temperature in DPF is lowered as the mass flow rate of exhaust gas increases, which means that the more power in heater will be necessary as the engine speed increases. Compared with heater placed at center, heater at circumference has the higher maximum temperature in DPF. The maldistribution of flow field in front of heater has the main influence on the temperature distribution in DPF.

부압을 이용한 매연저감장치의 실험적 연구

함성훈(Sung-Hoon Ham),권영웅(Young-Woong Kwon),오세훈(Se-Hoon Oh),박성천(Sung-Cheon Park) 한국철도학회 2009 한국철도학회논문집 Vol.12 No.5

필터의 재질 및 위치에 따른 DPF 내부의 온도 분포 특성에 관한 연구

김규성(Gyu-Sung Kim),박성천(Sung-Cheon Park) 한국생산제조학회 2012 한국생산제조학회지 Vol.21 No.6

This study analyzed the temperature distribution in DPF with five partitioned electric heaters. The temperature distribution in DPF is an important design factor for regeneration and durability of filter. The design Factors that influence the temperature distribution in DPF there are several. In this study, the characteristics of temperature distribution in DPF were analyzed according to the following changes. First, the thermal conductivity of the filter was analyzed about effect on the durability of the filter. Second, the length from exhaust manifold to inlet of DPF was analyzed about effect on the temperature distribution in DPF. The boundary conditions of analysis has been verified with comparison to the results of existing experimental study and the numerical analysis. Based on the identified boundary condition, on assuming the condition of the actual driving, the temperature distribution in DPF was analyzed according to material properties of filter and the position of DPF.

하이브리드 차량용 클러치 자동화 기구의 특성 연구

임원식(Won-sik Lim),박성천(Sung-cheon Park) 한국생산제조학회 2012 한국생산제조학회지 Vol.21 No.5

Due to the increase of oil price, the needs of the reduction of the fuel cost is rising. Therefore, necessity of hybrid vehicle that runs with engine and the electric motor is on the rise. In order to improve the performance of hybrid vehicle, many researches is carried out. Hybrid vehicles have been developed with the various layout such as serial type, parallel type, power split type, and multi-mode type. The multi-mode hybrid vehicles are designed to show the efficient driving characteristics at low speed and high speed. But the multi-mode system have the problem such as frequent clutch engagement. Frequent clutch engagement causes the shock of vehicles, and the shock inhibits the ride comfort. In this study, automation mechanism of clutch operation is proposed to mitigate the shock at engaging clutch. For this purpose, the dynamic characteristics of motor control is numerically analyzed by using Matlab/Simulink.

복사 열손실을 받는 대향류 확산화염의 맥동 불안정성의 비선형 거동

이수룡(Su Ryong Lee),박성천(Sung Cheon Park) 한국연소학회 2012 한국연소학회지 Vol.17 No.3

Nonlinear dynamics of pulsating instability in radiating counterflow diffusion flames is numerically investigated by imposing Damkohler number perturbation. Stable limit-cycle solutions occur in small ranges of Damkohler numbers past bifurcation point of instability. Period doubling cascade and chaotic behaviors appear just before dynamic extinction occurs. Nonlinear dynamics is also studied when large disturbances are imposed to flames. For weak steady flames, the dynamic extinction range shrinks as the magnitudes of disturbances are increased. However, strong steady flames can overcome relatively large disturbances, thereby the dynamic extinction range extending. Stable limit-cycle behaviors reappears prior to dynamic extinction when the steady flames are strong enough.

승용차용 다중모드 동력 전달 시스템의 정상상태 성능분석

임원식(Won-sik Lim),박윤경(Yun-kyoung Park),박성천(Sung-cheon Park) 한국생산제조학회 2013 한국생산제조학회지 Vol.22 No.3

Because of the increases in international oil prices and the level of global warming, the automotive industry has much interest in developing green cars with high fuel efficiencies. In addition, researchers in Korea are actively responding to high oil prices and CO₂ emission regulations in many ways. One example is, the multi-mode hybrid system, which is being studied to improve its performance. Because a multi-mode hybrid system is able to overcome the weaknesses of a system that uses simple planetary gears, excellent fuel efficiency and driving performances are the key features of the system. This paper analyzes the driving performance of the power-train system of GM-2MT70, which consists of one engine, two electric motors, one simple planetary gear, one double planetary gear, two clutches, and two brakes. The driving performance of the systems steady state is analyzed using performance modeling. The dynamic performance is analyzed using Matlab Simulink.

강우-유출특성 분석을 위한 자기조직화방법의 적용

김용구(Kim Yong Gu),정천리(Jeong Cheon Lee),진영훈(Jin Young Hoon),박성천(Park Sung Chun) 대한토목학회 2005 대한토목학회 학술대회 Vol.2005 No.10

동력계 시험을 이용한 자동화 수동변속차량의 클러치 토크 분석

최우석(Woo-Seok Choi),임원식(Wonsik Lim),오덕수(Ducksoo Oh),박성천(Sung-cheon Park) 한국생산제조학회 2015 한국생산제조학회지 Vol.24 No.3

With the rise in oil prices and ongoing concerns about environment, there is an increased amount of interest in automated manual transmission (AMT) vehicles. Torque control in an AMT vehicle is attained by controlling the displacement of the dry-type clutchs actuator. To provide good ride comfort akin to that of an automatic transmission vehicle, the clutch control is vital to an AMT vehicle. In this study, a method of obtaining the clutch torque from a dynamometer test is devised. This method is able to identify the relationship between the displacement of the clutch actuator and the clutch torque. A simulator for estimating the performance of an AMT vehicle is developed using MATLAB Simulink. The results obtained from both the vehicle and simulation exhibit a similar trend.

Deep Q - Networks 기반의 하이브리드차량의 에너지관리전략 개발

송창희(Changhee Song),구본현(Bonhyun Gu),임원식(Wonsik Lim),박성천(Sung Cheon Park),차석원(Suk Won Cha) 한국자동차공학회 2019 한국 자동차공학회논문집 Vol.27 No.11

The fuel economy of a hybrid electric vehicle(HEV) is vastly influenced by the manner power is distributed. A dynamic, programming-based power distribution strategy can provide a global optimal solution, but it is not applicable to an actual vehicle because it requires further driving information. On the other hand, the reinforcement learning-based power distribution strategy is highly applicable to an actual vehicle because it requires only the current state to construct the policy. Recently, deep Q-networks(DQN) have been developed by applying a deep neural network to reinforcement learning, leading to significant change in the field of reinforcement learning. DQN could solve complex tasks efficiently based on different studies. In this particular study, we developed an energy management strategy for HEVs that is applicable to actual vehicles, and can achieve high efficiency through the DQN.