돼지의 도체중과 등지방 두께에 따른 도체 등급 및 도체 특성

김계웅,임병순,Kim Gye-Woong,In Byoung-Soon 한국축산식품학회 2006 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.26 No.2

This study was carried out to investigate the carcass grade and characteristics of pigs by carcass weight and backfat thickness. Data used in this experiment were collected and analyzed from a total of 656 pigs composed of 128 gilts and 528 barrows at commercial public slaughter house. The carcass grade of gilts was superior to that of barrow. The carcass weight by gender tended to be heavier in castrated pig than in gilt. Backfat was significantly (p<0.05) thicker in castrated pig than in gilt. Differences between castrated pig and gilt on meat colour, marbling standard, water holding capacity, and marketing age were not significantly found. However, the level of carcass grade was higher ratio in gilt group than in castration. The appearance of percentage of PSE (pale, soft, exudative) of gilt group was superior to that of castrated group. There were significant differences among carcass weight in the marbling score (p<0.05) and water holding capacity (p<0.05). There was significant difference among backfnt thickness in carcass weight (p<0.05), marbling score (p<0.05) and water holding capacity (p<0.05). 본 연구는 도체 등급 판정을 받은 비육돈 YL 및 YLD 종중 암퇘지 128두와 거세돈 528두, 총 656두를 공시동물로 성별 및 품종별로 도체 등급 출현율을 조사하고, 도체 및 육질특성을 파악하여 고급 돈육 생산에 필요한 기초적 자료를 얻고자 실시하였다. 상위 도체등급(A와 B등급)은 전체 중 62.19%의 높은 출현율을 보였고, 성별로 암퇘지가 67.96%와 거세돈이 60.80%로 암퇘지가 거세돈보다 높았다. 도체중 전체 평균치는 $88.7{\pm}8.71 kg$, 등지방 두께 평균은 $24.3{\pm}4.94 mm$, 육색도 평균은 $3.5{\pm}0.77$, 보수력 평균은 $52.5{\pm}37.94$, 근내 지방도 평균은 $1.7{\pm}0.88$, 평균 도체등급은 $2.8{\pm}1.19$, 그리고 출하 평균 일령은 $176.8{\pm}8.24$일이었다. 성별 도체 특성에서 도체중은 암컷보다 거세돈에서 약간 높은 경향을 보였고, 등지방 두께는 암컷보다 거세돈에서 유의하게(p<0.05) 두꺼웠다. 육색도, 근내 지방도, 보수력 및 출하일령은 암컷과 거세돈에서 유의차는 없었으나, 도체등급은 암컷이 거세돈보다 다소 높은 경향을 보였고, PSE 출현을은 암컷이 4.7%로 거세돈 12.7%보다 우수하였다. 도체중별 도체 특성에서 등지방 두께는 도체중이 무거울수록 유의하게(p<0.05) 두꺼웠다. 육색도와 출하일령은 도체중간에 유의성은 없었으나, 근내지방도와 보수력은 도체중간에 유의한(p<0.05) 차이를 보였다. 등지방 두께별 도체 특성에서 도체증은 등지방 두께간에 유의성 있게(p<0.05) 등지방 두께가 두꺼울수록 도체중도 함께 무거웠다. 근내 지방도와 PSE 출현율은 등지방 두께간에 유의성 있는 차이는 없었다. YL종과 YLD종에서 등지방 두께가 중간층인 $21{\sim}25 mm$군에서 각각 44.8%와 32.0%로 가장 높은 빈도를 보였다. 이상의 결과로 보면 도체등급과 육질이 양호한 돼지고기를 생산하기 위해서는 너무 단축된 출하일령, 지나친 도체중, 너무 얇은 등지방 두께 등이 되지 않도록 적절하게 관리해야 바람직할 것으로 사료되었다.

Budyko 프레임워크 기반 동적 물수지 모형을 활용한월 단위 물순환 평가체계 개발

김계웅,강문성,황순호,전상민,이현지,김시내 한국농공학회 2022 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.64 No.2

In this study, an indicator and assessment system for evaluating the monthly hydrological cycle was prepared using simple factors such as the landusestatus of the watershed and topographic characteristics to the dynamic water balance model (DWBM) based on the Budyko framework. The parametersa1 of DWBM are introduced as hydrologic cycle indicators. An indicator estimation regression model was developed using watershed characteristicsdata for the introduced indicator, and an assessment system was prepared through K-means cluster analysis. The hydrological cycle assessment systemdeveloped in this study can assess the hydrological cycle with simple data such as land use, CN, and watershed slope, so it can quick ly assess changesin hydrological cycle factors in the past and present. Because of this advantage is expected that the developed assessment system can predict changesin the hydrological cycle and use an auxiliary tool for policymaking.

우리나라 養豚産業의 現況과 改良 方向

金桂雄 公州大學校 産業開發硏究所 1996 産業開發硏究 Vol.4 No.-

This research was undertaken in order to survey and analyze the current status of raising pigs. Furthermore, this paper was analyzed for getting a systematical improvement method by means of mating type of sow and boar. These data used were collected from recent secondary raw data. The results obtained from this research were abstracted as follows; 1. The number of raising pigs has tendency to increase gradually. On the other hand, the number of farm household has tendency to decrease gradually, therefore, the farm size are changing with large scale of average of 168.5 pigs. 2. The farm price of pig at alive 90kg was high one with 176,000won in 199. However, that of pig had been maintaining with low value of 155,000won in 1995. 3. The meat consumption per Capita was 27.75kg in 1995, the pork of total meat consumption was 54 percentage. Accordingly, the pork has been important resources of meat from now on. 4. The alive pigs imported had been increased gradually up to 3,696 heads of various breeds from different countries in 1995. Most of the animals imported alive have been utilized as breeding pigs. 5. The pork imported will show an increment according to establishing WTO. In end of 1995, the pork was imported from Denmark, United states, United kingdom, etc. 6. The international competive productivities have to be enhanced with the focus of economy of feedstuff cost and automatic machine. Therefore, economy of production cost in our farm will be required. 7. The pyramid pattern is required in population of pigs. So to speak, the nucleus herd shall be located in the top part of whole population. On the other hand, fattening commercial herd will be utilized for pork production with low location of whole population construction. 8. The excellent characteristics obtained from breeding sow and boar have to be maintained continually for improvement of breeding animals by means of public test station, and individual performance test station. 9. The hybrid will be obtained with the help of the mating types of prolific and superior animals. The three-way crossbreds have been used for fattening pig production. 10. Our farms have to secure the resources of breeding animal. And then, the study for improvement of prolific performances by utilizing Meishan dam from china will have to be continued. 11. The dam and sire with the negative genotype against stress susceptibilities have to be secured in order to produce genetically excellent pig. In addition, in order to get high equality meat, improvement of meat qualities has to be made through reconstruction of system feeding feedstuffs.

유역 유출량 추정을 위한 TANK 모형의 매개변수 최적화에 따른 적용성 평가

김계웅,송정헌,안지현,박지훈,전상민,송인홍,강문성,Kim, Kye Ung,Song, Jung Hun,Ahn, Jihyun,Park, Jihoon,Jun, Sang Min,Song, Inhong,Kang, Moon Seong 한국농공학회 2014 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.56 No.4

The objective of this study was to evaluate of the Tank model in simulating runoff discharge from rural watershed in comparison to the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model. The model parameters of SWAT was calibrated by the shuffled complex evolution-university Arizona (SCE-UA) method while Tank model was calibrated by genetic algorithm (GA) and validated. Four dam watersheds were selected as the study areas. Hydrological data of the Water Management Information System (WAMIS) and geological data were used as an input data for the model simulation. Runoff data were used for the model calibration and validation. The determination coefficient ($R^2$), root mean square error (RMSE), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency index (NSE) were used to evaluate the model performances. The result indicated that both SWAT model and Tank model simulated runoff reasonably during calibration and validation period. For annual runoff, the Tank model tended to overestimate, especially for small runoff (< 0.2 mm) whereas SWAT model underestimate runoff as compared to observed data. The statistics indicated that the Tank model simulated runoff more accurately than the SWAT model. Therefore the Tank model could be a good tool for runoff simulation considering its ease of use.

양돈농가의 경영관리 및 분뇨처리실태 분석

김계웅,인광교,신연호,Kim, Gye-Woong,In, Kwang-Kyo,Shin, Yeun-Ho 한국축산환경학회 2012 축산시설환경학회지 Vol.18 No.1

본 조사연구는 충남의 번식돈과 비육돈 농장을 포함한 전업규모 100개 양돈장을 대상으로 경영관리 실태와 분뇨처리 시스댐을 조사 분석하여 합리적인 경영관리 지표설정과 적정 분뇨처리시스템 모델 개발에 필요한 기초척 자료를 얻고자 실시한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째는, 양돈장 경영관리중 평균 전문컨설팅 참여는 1년에 "4.56회"를 받는 것으로 조사되었고, 농장별 및 경력층간에는 유의한 차이없이 비슷한 수준으로 교육참여횟수를 보였다. 백신예방접종프로그램은 5점 만점 중 "3.86점"으로 보통이상 수준이었다. 번식돈과 비육돈 농장간에는 유의한 차이를 보였는데, 번식돈 농장이 4.13점으로 비육돈 농장 3.63점 보다 유의하게(p<0.01) 우수한 성적을 보였다. 방역위생관리는 평균 "3.27점"으로 보통수준으로 관리되고 있으며, 농장간에는 번식돈농장이 3.50점으로 비육돈 농장 3.07점 보다 유의하게(p<0.01) 양호한 관리상태를 보였다. 자금관리는 평균 "2.82점"으로 보통 이하 수준으로 운영되고 있어 사업계획이나 자금경영관리를 연간수요에 따라 집행되어야 할 것이다. 그리고 기술력 보유수준은 평균 "3.21점"으로 보통이상의 수준으로 평가 되었는데, 장차 축산국가와의 FTA 등에 대비한 기술 경쟁력확보에 최선을 다해야 할 것으로 생각된다. 둘째는, 양돈장에서 경쟁력 강화분야로는 "돼지의 질병과 치료"를 가장 희망하였고(43.4%), 그 다음은 친환경 생산관리(37.4%) 기술을 더욱 강화해야 할 것으로 뽑고 있었다. 셋째는, 양돈장의 분뇨수거시스템은 대부분의 농장에서 "슬러리시스템(44.0%)과 스크래퍼법(43.0%)"으로 돼지분뇨를 수거하는 것으로 조사되었는데, 농장여건에 따라 적절한 수거 시스템을 설치하여 활용하는 것이 바람직 할 것으로 사료된다. 넷째는, 돼지 분뇨처리는 많은 농장에서 "수거후 경지환원"을 가장 많이 이용(32.3%)하는 것으로 나타나, 분뇨의 저장기간, 온도, 방법 등 효율적인 처리방법과 적정 작목선정을 통한 경지환원이 이루어져야 할 것으로 판단된다. 앞으로는 친환경 자연순환시스템으로 경지에 환원하여 지력보전과 함께 우량 경종작물이 성장 할 수 있도록 자연순환형 분뇨처리와 이용 시스템이 구축되어야 할 것으로 생각된다. This study was carried out to investigate the current status of management skill such as participation of consulting, vaccination program, financial projects, etc, and manures treatment system in pig farms. Data surveyed from a total of 100 farms including reproductive sow and fattening pig were collected and analyzed. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Farmers participated in consulting education of 4.56 times per a year. Evaluation of vaccination program was 3.86 of 5 points. The control of hygiene and disinfection was evaluated with the average of 3.27 points. Financial management showed the low level with 2.82 points. And then, the level of technical skill on raising was evaluated with average of 3.21 points. 2. The fields of competitive strength in farms, first of all, were the disease disinfection and therapy for pigs (43.4%). Secondly, farmers answered the productive skill for environmental-friendly animal products (37.4%). 3. Collection systems of manures were mainly used the slurry system (44.0%), and scraper method (43.0%) in pig farms, respectively. 4. Manures collected from farms have been treated and utilized with form of land-return after organic matters resolution (32.3%).

후보모돈의 실내.외 사육방식이 번식 및 이유성적에 미치는 영향

김계웅,옥영수,김석은,Kim, G.W.,Ok, Y.S.,Kim, S.E. 한국축산환경학회 2009 축산시설환경학회지 Vol.15 No.1

본 연구는 충남 당진군소재 대규모 양돈장에서 2007년 7월 1일부터 2008년 6월 30일까지 762복의 후보모돈에 대한 실내 외 돈방별 사육환경이 초산차 번식 및 이유형질에 미치는 효과를 조사 분석하여 양돈농가의 모든 생산성 향상을 위한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 실시하였으며, 그 연구한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 실내 외 사육장소간에는 유의한 차이없이 서로 비슷한 임신기간으로 각각 116.11일과 116.12일로 나타났다. 분만율은 운동장사육 후보돈에서 92.54%로 군사방 후보모돈 91.57% 보다 약간 높은 경향이었으나, 두 집단간에 유의성은 없었다. 2. 총산자수는 운동장사육 모돈 10.44두, 군사돈방 모돈 9.46두와 포유개시두수는 운동장사육 모돈이 9,77두, 군사돈방 모돈이 8.59두로 조사되었다. 운동장사육 후보모돈에서 군사돈방 후보모돈 보다 총산자수는 0.98두, 그리고 포유개시두수는 1.18두로 유의하게 양호한 성적을 보였다(p<0.001). 3. 사산수(율)는 운동장 후보모돈이 0.22두(2.10%), 군사돈방 후보모돈이 0.33두(3,53%)로 운동장사육 후보 모돈이 유의하게(p<0.01) 양호하였다. 운동장사육 후보모돈과 군사돈방 모돈의 도태두수는 각각 0.23두(2.27%)와 0.26두(2.77%)로써 서로 비슷한 성적을 보였다. 그리고 미이라 발생두수에서도 운동장과 군사돈방이 각각 0.21두(2.0%)와 0.28두(2,29%)로 사육 돈방간에 유의성 없이 비슷한 결과를 보였다. 4. 이유두수는 군사돈방보다 운동장에서 사육한 후보모돈이 1.22두가 유의적으로(p<0.001) 높은 성적을 보였다. 이유일령은 운동장과 군사돈방에서 각각 22.39일과 23.21일로써, 군사돈방 후보모돈보다 운동장 사육 후보모돈에서 유의적으로 짧았다(p<0.001). 자돈 이유육성율은 운동장과 군사돈방 후보모돈에서 각각 97.13%와 96.65%로 두 사육집단간에는 유의성 있는 차이는 없었다. 이상의 결과를 보면 군사돈방에서 사육한 후보모돈보다 운동장사육 후보모돈이 초산차의 번식능력이나 이유성적 등이 비교적 양호한 것으로 나타났다. This study was conducted to analyze the effects of sow breeding environment on the reproduction in the first litter in a large-sized hog farm, located in Dangjin-gun, Chungnam from July 1st, 2007 to June 30th, 2008 and provide basic information to improve the sow productivity in a family farming sows. The results obtained were as follows; 1. The gestation periods were proved to be similar without significant differences between indoor and outdoor breeding grounds, The average of farrowing rate was 91.91%, and 92.54% farrowing rate of out-door ground breeding sows was slightly greater than 91.57% of group-housed sows, but there was no significance between two groups. 2. The average of total litter size and the number of born alive per litter were 9.81 and 9.02, respectively. The number of total number was 0.98 and the number of born alive per litter was 1.18 in the outdoor-ground breeding sows, which was significantly greater than group-housed sows(p<0.001). 3. The number(rate) of piglets stillborn was 0.22(2.10%) from the outdoor-ground breeding sows was significantly greater, compared with 0.33(3.53%) from group-housed sows(p<0.01). The number of piglets culled was 0.23(2.27%) and 0.26(2.77%), in the out-door ground breeding sows and in group-housed sows, respectively and it was not significantly similar between two groups. And, the number of mummies was 0.21(2.1%) and 0.28(2.29%), in the out-door ground breeding sows and in group-housed sows, respectively, which showed no significance. 4. The weaning number in the playground breeding sows was 9.48 and it was significantly greater than that in the group-housed sows(p<0.001). The average of weaned age was observed to be 22.91 days. The weaned age in the out-door ground breeding sows was 22.39 days, and it was significantly smaller than that in group-housed sows(p<0.001). The breeding rate for the weaning of pigs was satisfactory as 96.82%, but there was no significant difference between two groups.

우리나라 모돈농장의 번식능력 변화

김계웅 공주대학교 자원과학연구소 2019 자원과학연구 Vol.1 No.2

This survey was conducted to investigate the current situation of reproductive performances in breeding sow farms from 1970’s to 2018. Items surveyed in this study were results of sows production from total litter sizes to ages at weaning. Data obtained in sows were collected and analyzed. 1. Until recently (2018), total litter sizes have been gradually increased. Pigs at initial sucking in 2000 and 2018, were 9.84 and 10.15 heads, respectively. 2. The farrowing cycles per year have been enhanced in 2018 (9.52%), compared to 2000. The culling rate of dam in comparison of 2000 and 2018 have been comparatively decreased(—5.62%). 3. Litter sizes at weaning in 2000 were a little low, however those in 2018 have been increased with 9.85 pigs (13.87%). Growing rates during sucking in 2000 and 2018, have been 88.41% and 94.30% (6.66%), respectively. Compared to 2000, ages at weanig in 2018 was higher level (31.28%). 4. Recently, heating ratio after weaning have been gradually curtained (5.18 days). The farrowing rates in 2000 and 2018 were 80.04% and 81.04%, respectively. 5. The distributions of parity in 2000 and 2018, were 4.02 and 4.65, respectively. Compared to 2000, the rate of conception have been increased in 2018 (10.96%). In conclusion, these findings suggest that sow breeding managers might be required effective management programme for improvement of reproductive performances in breeding farms.

최근 우리나라 양돈산업의 구조분석

김계웅,유재영 공주대학교산업개발연구소 2000 産業開發硏究 Vol.8 No.-

This research was undertaken in order to obtain the basic data for systematical pig management through of pig analysis of current status of raising pigs, wholesale price, the appearance ratio of carcass grade, consumption of pork, the number of pigs imported and exported during about 10 years in Korea. These data were collected and analysed from recent secondary raw data. The results obtained were abstracted as follows; 1. The number of raising pigs have tendency to increase gradually with about 8,371,000 pigs, while the number of farm household have tendency gradually to decrease with 24,000 household on September, 2000. Accordingly, the farm sizes are changing with large scale of average of 349 pigs. 2. The farm price of alive pig at 100㎏ was high level with 199,000won in 1999. The carcass price per 1㎏ was the average of 2,982won in 1999. The pork was consumed much more in summer season. 3. The total of meat consumption per capita have been increasing with 30.54㎏ in 1999. Out of total meat, pig meat was 53%. 4. The live pigs imported had been increased gradually up to 1997, however, decreased with 410 heads in 1998. The pigs imported have been mainly utilized as effective breeding animals. 5. The pork imported has been showing rapid increment since 1997. Otherwise, the pork has been gradually decreased with 55,684ton in 1998.

국내 양돈장의 모돈규모별 번식 및 육성성적 분석

김계웅,옥영수 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2015 Reproductive & developmental biology Vol.39 No.1

This study was carried out to investigate the reproductive and growing performances in sow farms located in Chungnam. Data collected from a total of 15 sow farms divided into 3 farm groups for 1 year were analyzed. The results obtained were as follows; The average of sow at small and large farms were 114.25 and 487.88 heads, respectively. And then, the difference among 3 groups in sow farm was not found significantly in farrowing rate. The significant difference among 3 farm groups was significantly found(p<0.05) in total litter size. The litter size born alive at sucking in small sow farm and middle farms were 9.93, and 10.48 pigs. The difference between small and large farms in number of pigs at weaning were significantly shown 8.89, and 9.35 pigs(p<0.05), respectively. The difference among 3 sow farms for ages at weaning showed significantly (p<0.05). The cycles of farrowing rate per year in small, large and middle farms were 2.17, 2.23 and 2.32, respectively. The significant difference among 3 sow groups was found in farrowing rate(p<0.05). The growing rate up to weaning for middle farms was significantly the higher level(94.70%) than that for other farms(p<0.05). The differences among 3 farm groups for marketing weight were not significantly shown.

유역특성에 따른 LOADEST 회귀모형 매개변수 추정

김계웅,강문성,송정헌,박지훈 한국수자원학회 2018 한국수자원학회논문집 Vol.51 No.2

The objective of this study was to estimate LOADEST (LOAD Estimator) coefficients for simulating pollutant loads in ungauged watersheds. Regression models of LOADEST were used to simulate pollutant loads, and the multiple linear regression (MLR) was used for coefficients estimation on watershed characteristics. The fifth and third model of LOADEST were selected to simulate T-N (Total-Nitrogen) and T-P (Total-Phosphorous) loads, respectively. The results and statistics indicated that regression models based on LOADEST simulated pollutant loads reasonably and model coefficients were reliable. However, the results also indicated that LOADEST underestimated pollutant loads and had a bias. For this reason, simulated loads were corrected the bias by a quantile mapping method in this study. Corrected loads indicated that the bias correction was effective. Using multiple regression analysis, a coefficient estimation methods according to the watershed characteristic were developed. Coefficients which calculated by MLR were used in models. The simulated result and statistics indicated that MLR estimated the model coefficients reasonably. Regression models developed in this study would help simulate pollutant loads for ungauged watersheds and be a screen model for policy decision. 본 연구에서는 미계측 유역에서 오염부하량 모의를 위해 LOADEST (LOAD Estimator) 기반 회귀모형의 최적 매개변수를 추정하고, 다중회귀분석 기법을 이용하여 유역특성에 따른 회귀 모의 모형의 매개변수 추정 방법을 개발하였으며, 개발된 모형의 적용성을 평가하였다. 오염부하량 모의모형으로, T-N (Total-Nitrogen)은 LOADEST의 5번 회귀모형을, T-P (Total-Phosphorous)는 3번 회귀모형을 선택하였다. 모의결과, T-N, T-P 모두 선택된 회귀모형이 실측치를 잘 반영하였으나, 두 물질 모두 오염부하량이 과소 모의되어 실측치와 편의가 발생하는 것으로 나타나, 분위사상법을 이용하여 모의치의 편의보정을 실시하였다. 보정결과, 모형의 정확도는 크게 변하지 않았으나, 오염부하량이 과소 모의 되는 경향이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 다중회귀분석을 이용하여 회귀모형 매개변수와 유역특성간의 회귀식을 개발하였으며, 개발된 식을 평가한 결과, 실측치를 잘 반영하여 모의할 수 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 기존 매개변수에 의한 모의치와 유사한 모의능력을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 개발된 매개변수 추정방법은 실측자료가 확보되지 않은 소유역에 대한 오염부하량 모의와 정책결정을 위한 스크린 모델로서 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.