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개화기 시조의 國詩운동 -대한매일신보 소재 시조를 중심으로
국윤주 ( Yun Ju Kuk ) 한국고시가문화학회(구 한국고시가문학회) 2014 한국시가문화연구 Vol.0 No.34
개화기 신문과 잡지 등에서 연희, 항요, 가곡 등 통속적 대중문화의 개량을 주창하는 일련의 흐름들을 가장 체계적으로 정리한 문학사상적 평론 <천희당시화(天喜堂詩話)> 분석을 통해서 국시의 시론을 두 가지로 압축해 보았다. 첫째 국시는 국민언어의 정화(精華)이므로 국자(國字), 국어(國語)로 된 우리말 시체(詩體)여야 한다. 둘째 국시는 문약(文弱)한 개인적 정서를 배격하고 강무(强武)한 상무정신을 바탕으로 시계(詩界)의 국수(國粹)를 보전해야 한다고 했다. 당대 국권회복운동의 가장 전위적인 신문매체에 게재된 시가라는 점에서 국시의 수사학적 특질은 프로파간다(Propaganda, 선전전략)적 기능을 강화하는 방향으로 극대화되었음을 주목하였다. ‘계몽’이라는 시대적 과제를 실현하는 이성적 교육의 강조에도 불구하고 새로운 시가의 전파와 향유에서는 시국에 대한 인식과 분노를 이끌어내고 개인의 감정을 충동하여 집단적인 감정으로 구조화하는데 주력하고 있음을 확인할 수 있다. 이는 당대 대중들이 향유하던 통속적인 가곡과 민요에 대한 국가주의적 개량과 개혁을 선도적으로 구현한 국시운동의 프로파간다임을 알 수 있다. 또 대중 선전전략으로 독자들의 감정을 격발하고 적극적인 호응을 유도하기 위해 널리 행해진 독자 기고문과 독자 투고 작품을 분석하였다. 독자 투고 작품들의 수사학적 특질은 신문 편집진이 제시한 원 작품에서 2~3개의 핵심적인 관념어를 반복하여 시의(詩意)를 집약하고 효과를 배가시키는 용사(用事)의 방법과 이를 통한 담론의 내면화에 있다는 것을 밝혔다. 한편, 강무한 상무정신의 구현은 새로운 영웅의 형상화와 함께 타자의 설정을 통해서도 그 성격이 드러나는데, 선과 악의 핵심적 특질을 중심으로 단순화와 과장의 방법을 통해서 정형화된다. 특히 매도(罵倒)의 방법으로 타자를 구별하고 적으로서 위치를 규정하는 전략은 은유의 수사가 널리 이용되고 있음을 밝혔다. 1910년 이후 시조는 시대상황의 변화와 대한매일신보의 폐간과 더불어 지위와 역할에서 새로운 변화를 맞이하게 된다. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the rhetorical characteristics of sijo called Sajo in Daehanmaeilsinbo. Besides, the National Poetry Movement that served as a principle of literary ideologies for these sijo works is explored to determine how the ideological principle was actually realized in sijo, especially in Daehanmaeilsinbo, during the enlightenment time. Most of all, Cheonhidangsihwa, a review based on literary ideologies that was the most systematicsummary of a series of streams that advocated the improvement of vulgar popular culture involving plays, hyangyo, and songs in the then newspapers and magazines, was analyzed to divide the theories of national poetry largely into two categories: First, the national poetry is the essence of national language and should be a verse form of the Korean words and language. Second, the national poetry needs to reject literally effeminate personal emotions and preserve national superiority of poets`` society on the basis of strong martialism. It has been noted that the rhetorical characteristics were maximized to reinforce the function of propaganda in that it was the most avant garde newspaper in the then national sovereignty restoration campaign. Despite the emphasis of rational education to perform the task of the times, enlightenment, it has been found that the focus was given to eliciting awareness and anger at the situations, inciting personal emotions, and structuring them into collective ones in spreading and enjoying new poems. This is a propaganda for the national poetry movement that took the lead in realizing nationalistic improvement and reform of popular and folk songs enjoyed by the then public. Readers`` contributions widely accepted to incite their emotions and induce their positive sympathy as a strategy for public propaganda were analyzed. The rhetorical characteristics of readers`` contributions could be found in the quotation to give intensive poetic meanings and double the effects through repetitive use of two or three key conceptual words from the original work presented by the newspaper editor and in the resultant internalization of discourse. Realization of strong martialism can also be found in embodiment of a new hero and in presentation of others and may be standardized through the methods of simplification and exaggeration based on the key characteristics of good and evil. The metaphor of a war was widely used for the strategy to differentiate others and position them as enemies as a means of condemnation. Since the year 1910, sijo has gone through new changes in its position and roles due to the changes of temporal situations and discontinuation of Daehanmaeilsinbo.
조선후기 향촌사족 시가(詩歌)의 자의식(自意識)과 그 윤리적 성격 - 『위문가첩(魏門歌帖)』을 중심으로
국윤주 ( Yun Ju Kuk ) 한국고시가문학회 2011 한국시가문화연구 Vol.0 No.28
조선후기 향촌사족의 거향윤리 변화 요인을 사회경제적 처지와 신분위상의 변화로 파악하는 기존 논의를 바탕으로 향촌사족 詩歌에 나타난 自意識과 그것의 윤리적·사회적 감정으로서의 역할을 추론해 보고자 한다. 호남의 장흥지역 위씨 문중에서 세전되어 온 『魏門歌帖』 향유의 사회적 관계와 배경 등을 살펴보면 수치심과 같은 윤리적 감정의 표출과 공감의 확산이 거향윤리의 변화에 일정하게 기여하고 있음을 확인할 수 있다. 사족으로서 신분적 자의식의 표출과 공감은 당대 향촌 사회의 문인들에게 폭넓게 공유되는 감정이었다. 가계를 운영해가야 하는 가장으로서의 책임감과 이에 따른 좌절, 가족들에 대한 죄책감 또한 지속적으로 표출되고 공감되는 윤리적 성격의 감정이었다. 신분직임에 대한 회의와 좌절감, 가장으로서 죄책감 등의 윤리적 감정은 『위문가첩』의 제작과 전승, 수용의 전 과정에서 향촌사족 문인들 일반에 지배적 감정으로 내면화되었을 것이다. 한편 윤리적 감정에 대한 방어기제로 새로운 생활규범과 윤리의식을 담은 사회적 실천행위가 추동되었다고 볼 수 있다. 사강회라는 문중조직을 만들고 규약에 담은 생각은 『위문가첩』의 시와 노래가 지원함으로써 조선후기 향촌사족들의 자연과 사회에 대한 그들만의 독자적인 집합 감정이 형성되었다. The aim was to try to infer a role of ethical and social emotion based on the existing discussion of grasping a factor of a change in Hyangchonsajok(鄕村士族) and Geohyangyunri(居鄕倫理) of the late Joseon as a change in social·economic position and social standing. Examining social relations and background in enjoyment of 『Wimungacheop(魏門歌帖)』 , which had been handed down from generation to generation by Jangheung Wi`s Munjung(門中:clan), the expression of ethical emotion like a sense of shame and the expansion in sympathy can be confirmed to contribute consistently to a change in Geohyangyunri(居鄕倫理). Expression and sympathy in the status-based self-consciousness as Sajok(士族) were feelings that are shared widely by literary people in the society of county villages at that time. Responsibility as a family head who needs to proceed with operating household, frustration according to it, and guilt for family members were also feelings in ethical character, which are continuously expressed and sympathized. This ethical emotion can be said to have been formed as the more solidified collective emotion of Hyangchonsajok by driving social practical behavior of containing new life norm and ethics.
국윤주(Kuk Yun-Ju) 한국시조학회 2010 시조학논총 Vol.32 No.-
This research investigates the new recognition of literature of traditional Korean verse called Sijo by analyzing the discussion of discourse about emotion in relation to Korean poetry, published in the mass media such as newspaper and magazines in 1900s and exploring the relation between Korean poetries, which were put in the mass media, and traditional Korean verses called Sijo. The discourse of poetry in 1900s planned the enlightening literature strategy through actively recommending the eruption of emotion and unifying this feeling, provoked by patriotic ardor. In other words, the efforts were made in order to establish the national poetry which contains national spirit through the reformation and modernization in the contents and emotions as well as calling of traditional and popular genre like Sijo(Traditional Korean verse), which were emerged newly. The individual feeling of the daily life such as vulgar emotion of love and separation was regraded as thing to disturb customs and sentiment, and became the objects of exclusion and reformation in order to unify the patriotic feeling. Only, anger and resentment about the national situation were selected and illuminated. This kind of structured emotion was disseminated through carrying the works of Sijo on the section of newspapers and magazines. As well, the response of readers was attracted by the readers' contributions and the internalization of structured feeling was promoted to the public. Sijo was called as national poetry through newspaper in 1900s, and it got the opportunity to experiment its possibility as the canon. It is said that the discussion of newspaper about emotion and the appropriation of Sijo were very essential experiments in the sociology of literature in the historical context of traditional Korean verse. Experiment was not sufficiently conducted due to the frustration according to the change of the political environment, but it was evaluated as a meaningful attempt. Meanwhile, learning effect of the standardization of theme in Sijo for the political and social purpose had a negative effect on the literature activity of next generations involving Sijo recovery movement.