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북서태평양해역 유류위해도 및 유류오염 대비·대응 지역협력활동
강성길(Seong-Gil Kang),정태환(Tae Hwan Joung),이정윤(Joung-Yun Lee),원해민(Haemin Won),유영(Young You) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2021 한국해양환경·에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2021 No.5
한국, 중국, 일본, 러시아 4개 국가로 둘러싸인 북서태평양해역은 높은 해상운송 밀도와 급격한 산업 및 경제 발전으로 유류 및 HNS 유출 위해도가 매우 높으며, 전 세계적으로 유류 오염 발생이 빈번한 핫스팟 중 하나이다. 해당 국가들은 지리적으로 인접하여, 대형 오염사고 발생 시 해류나 바람에 의해 인접국가에 피해를 미칠 수 있다. 따라서 대형 해양오염사고에 대응하기 위한 지역협력체계를 구축하기 위해, 해당 국가들은 유엔환경계획(UNEP) 산하 지역해프로그램(Regional Seas Programme)의 일환으로 북서태평양보전 실천계획(Northwest Pacific Action Plan, NOWPAP)을 채택하고 선박해양플랜트연구소에 방제지역활동센터(Marine Environmental Emergency Preparedness & Response, MERRAC)를 설치하였다. 2008 년 회원국들은 NOWPAP 지역긴급계획(NOWPAP Regional Oil and Hazardous & NOxious Substances Spill Contingency Plan, NOWPAP RCP)을 채택하여 대형 유류오염사고에 대응하기 위한 기술 및 운영 체제를 수립하였으며, NOWPAP 지역의 해양 및 연안 환경보호를 위한 국가차원의 협력을 증진하였다. 특히 실질적인 대응 역량 강화를 위해, NOWPAP RCP를 기반으로 2006 년부터 격년으로 합동방제훈련(DELTA)을 실시하였으며, 온라인 유류오염통보시스템(Online Pollution Reporting System, Online POLREP)을 사용한 정보 공유 절차 및 국가별 연락망을 확인하기 위해 2008 년부터 총 21 회의 합동통신훈련(BRAVO)을 실시하였다. 온라인 POLREP 시스템은 2015-2016 년 MERRAC의 특정사업으로 개발되었으며, 유류 및 HNS 유출 사고 발생 시 회원국은 문자메시지, 이메일, 팩스의 형태의 정보를 실시간으로 발송 및 공유할 수 있다. 실제로 2018 년 1월 Sanchi 오염사고에서, 회원국과 MERRAC 은 유류유출 위치 및 대응상황에 대한 약 300 건 POLREP을 실시간으로 교환했다. 또한 회원국은 국가 정책 및 오염사고 대응 역량에 대한 정보를 교환하여 방제 대응 역량을 강화하기 위한 지역 협력을 도모하고 있다. 이러한 지역 협력 체제를 구축하고 유지하기 위해 MERRAC는 매년 실무당국자회의 및 방제관계기관회의와 격년으로 전문가 회의를 개최하여 유류 및 HNS 유출 대비 · 대응에 대한 정보를 교환하고 다양한 특정 사업을 수행하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 NOWPAP 지역의 유류 및 HNS 유출 위해도와 지난 20년간 MERRAC 활동 및 성과, 향후 MERRAC 이 나아갈 방향을 제시하고자 한다. The Northwest Pacific region, covering the four member states namely, People’s Republic of China, Japan, Republic of Korea and Russian Federation, has been severely exposed to oil and HNS spills due to its high shipping density and high levels of industrial and economic growth and became a hotspot worldwide. Since member states are geographically close to each other, it is possible to cause transboundary issue affecting neighboring countries when oil and HNS spill incidents occur. In accordance with the need, the NOWPAP member states adopted the Regional oil and HNS spill Contingency Plan (RCP) in 2008, which provides the technical and operational framework for regional cooperation on major spill accidents, is a major achievements among the various regional cooperation activities. This was the first agenda actually adopted in the NOWPAP region and shows a national level of cooperation to protect the marine and coastal environment of the region. Particularly, to enhance the response capacities under the RCP, since 2006, member states jointly conduct oil and HNS spill response exercises (DELTA exercise) biannually, mobilizing actual response resources from the member states in a rotational basis. The 7th NOWPAP DELTA exercise was organized by Japan and Russia in Maizuru city, Japan (Oct. 2018). In addition to this, 19 communication exercises (BRAVO exercise) have also been implemented to test joint operational response procedures and associated communication tools in case of major spills. To further facilitate the exchange of information on marine pollution and preparedness in the region, MERRAC developed and operates the online pollution reporting system (POLREP) since 2015, which enables real-time exchange of information not only with the emails and fax but also through personal mobile phones of competent national authorities of member states. During the Sanchi spill incident (Jan 2018), the member states and MERRAC exchanged almost 300 notifications through POLREP concerning the location and trajectory of the spill and response operations. Furthermore, Member states exchange information on their national policies and response resources and has been building regional cooperation to strengthen its capabilities. In order to establish and maintain such regional cooperation system, MERRAC has been holding Focal Points meetings every year and Expert meetings every two years to exchange information on oil and HNS spill preparedness and response and implement Specific projects for various purposes by the national experts from the member states. In this presentation, we will review the oil and HNS risk levels in the NOWPAP region and examine the various cooperative activities and achievements and discuss the future prospects which MERRAC should go in through.
로마 공화정 후기와 제정 초기 선거 민회의 입후보신고(professio)
강성길 ( Kang Seong Gil ) 대구사학회 2003 대구사학 Vol.72 No.-
Professio in Roman elective assemblies in the late Republic means that an aspirant for a Roman magistracy reports his intention to stand office to the magistrate who is to preside at the election. Theodore Mommsen contended that in the late Republic candidates had to declare their intention to stand for election to the presiding officer, who had the right to accept or refuse their declararation. Most of scholars have received his opinion. Babara Levick recently contended as follows. In the Republic and at least down to A. D. 14, profiteri(or professio) never became an obligatory declaration of candidates to the presiding officer, but remained a publication of intention to stand for office made to the electorate at large(and probably not at that required by law until 52 B. C.) which itself formed part of the candidate’s campaign. If Mommen’s contention is right, it is to difficult to solve the elections of Augutus to a consulship in 22 B. C. and 19 B. C. According to Cassius Dio(LIV. 6.2; 10, 1), Augustus, who was not a candidate, was elected consul in 22 B. C. and 19 B. C. Furthermore it appears that the people might, if they chose, elect a man who was not even a candidate. This paper aims to solve this problem in the light of a fresh interpretation of Appianus, Bellum Civile, Ⅰ, 21. According to Appianus, Bellum Civile, Ⅰ, 21, Caius Gracchus, who was not a candidate, was reelected tribune for 122 B. C. Because ‘ε?? δ??μαρχο?? ??νδ??οι παραννελ??αι??,’ the law authorized the people to choose further tribune from the whole body of citizens. The clause ‘ε?? δ??μαρχο?? ??νδ??οι παραννελ??αι??,’ in Appianus can interpreted afresh as follows. Here παραννελ??α stands for the Latin professio. The phrase ‘τα???? παραννελ??αι??’ may denote the dative of respect in case. The meaning of the clause may, therefore, be “if a tribune lacked in respect of professions.” What does the meaning of the clause refer in voting procedure in elective assemblies? Suppose, for convenience’ sake, that tribuneships to be elected in tribal elective assemblies are two places and candidates for the magistracies are five(A, B, C, D, E). 35 tribes voted simultaneously. Then the officials known as custodes(guardians) had to register the votes of all the tribes on large waxed tablets(tabulae). After the large waxed tablets of all the tribes were brought back, the presiding officer had to draw lots with the names of the tribes and had to draw out the name of each tribe by lot. If all the tribes would be declared by lot, A and C candidates, who secured the ½ + 1 votes(tribes) necessary for election, must have been elected tribunes. Nevertheless, suppose that people also gave an absolute majority of tribes to a man(F) who was not even a candidate. If the presiding officer wish to declare all the voting results including F’s voting results by lot, A and C candidates, and voters who voted for A and C, would not accept the declaration(renuntiatio) in an order determined by the lot. Becuase if the presiding officer declare all the candidates’(A, B, C, D, E) voting results only, people must have elelcted A and C candidates tribunes. If an insufficient number of candidates recieved an absolute majority of the tribes at first ballot, in other words if only A candidate got the ½ + 1 votes(tribes) necessary for election, a man(F) who was not a candidate can be elected tribune in order to fill the vacancy. In my opinion, the clause “if a tribune lacked in respect of professiones” in Appianus, Bellum Civile, Ⅰ, 21, suggests this voting procedure. Caius Gracchus, who was not a candidate at the tribunician elections for 122 B. C. may have been elected tribune according to this voting procedure. Therefore, in order that the presiding officer has to declare first all the candidates’ voting results by lot in simultaeneous voting, professio became obligatory for election. In conclusion, fir