실제의 텍스트 안에 나타난 간접화법의 구성적 특성

김백기 ( Kim¸ Paig-ki ),강병창 ( Kang¸ Byongchang ) 한국독일어문학회 2020 독일어문학 Vol.91 No.-

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Problematik behandelt, wie sich die indirekte Rede im Text konstruiert. Die indirekte Rede wird begrifflich als eine Sprachhandlung verstanden, die besagt, dass der Sprecher dem Hörer daswiedergibt, was er von einer fremden Person hörte. Davon ausgehend soll ein Ausdruck der indirekten Rede formelhaft beinhalten: ‘A sagt, dass B’. Daraus ist festzustellen, dass die indirekte Rede - wenn sie sprachlich realisiert wird - aus zwei Teilen besteht, nämlich demjenigen einerseits, der die Sprachhandlung des Originalsprechers angibt (= ‘A sagt’), und demjenigen andererseits, der den von dem Originalsprecher geäußerten Inhalt darstellt (= ‘dass B’). Terminologisch soll der erste Bestandteil “Wiedergabeindiz” und der zweite “wiedergegebener Inhalt” genannt werden. Hiermit lässt sich systematisch-typologisch analysieren, auf welche Weise ein Ausdruck der indirekten Rede, der in einem authentischen Text vorkommt, konstruiert wird. Vor allem hat sich herausgestellt, dass die indirekte Rede im Text sprachlich zweierlei Vorkommensweisen aufweist, und zwar entweder eine innersatzliche oder eine satzgrenzenüberschreitende. Sie kommt insofern innersatzlich vor, als ihre beiden Bestandteile in einem einzigen Einzelsatz zusammenstehen, und dagegen satzgrenzenüberschreitend in dem Sinne, dass die beiden jeweils in einem anderen selbstständigen Satz auftreten. Für eine solche typologische Unterscheidung wird methodisch vorausgesetzt, dass die indirekte Rede nicht in einem kontextlos isolierten Satz, sondern in einem Text mit Rücksicht auf die kontextuellen Verhältnisse betrachtet werden soll.

스마트폰을 이용한 자동차 번호판 인식

김백기(Baek-Ki Kim),황규완(Kyu-Wan Hwang) 한국정보기술학회 2014 Proceedings of KIIT Conference Vol.2014 No.5

텍스트 안의 “한정적” 관계문장에 관하여

김백기 ( Paig Ki Kim ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2010 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.47

This paper observed a specific type of the relative clause in German, namely “restrictive” relative clauses, in respect to their characters in real texts. In particular, this paper focused on the relation between the relative clause and the context. German grammarians have paid attention to the relative clauses which are treated in isolated sentences. Nevertheless, not many studies have been done on the relative clauses in the contextual level. This paper aims to fill this gap. restricted relative clauses has the tendency to refer to the specific contextual structure in a real text. That is, the antecedent specified by the restricted clause and the same denotation are present in the text. They appear implicitly or explicitly, and come out directly or indirectly in case they are explicit. This study argues that relative clauses should be defined as a pragmatical linguistic work. This approach could also be applied to foreign language education and German text translation.

관계문장의 의사소통 기능적 특성- 비한정적 관계문장의 유형 분석

김백기 ( Paig Ki Kim ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2009 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.44

This paper observed the relative clauses in German in respect to their functional characters and attempted to analyse the “non-restriktive” relative clauses. In particular, this paper focused on the relation between the relative clause and the main clause, as well as the relation between the relative clause and the context. German grammarians have paid attention to the relative clauses which are treated in isolated sentences. Nevertheless, not many studies have been done on the relative clauses in the contextual level. This paper aims to fill this gap. This study argues that relative clauses should be defined as a pragmatical linguistic work. This approach could also be applied to foreign language education and German text translation.

단순비교 vs. 강조비교 : 강조의 기능을 수행하는 특수한 비교 유형에 대한 고찰 - 비교급비교의 경우를 중심으로

김백기 한국독어독문학회 2000 獨逸文學 Vol.74 No.1

$quot;Vergleich$quot;, d.h. jene semantische Gro¨ße, die eine Gleichheitsbzw. Ungleichheitsrelation beinhaltet, ist ein vertrautes Sprachpha¨nomen, mit dem sich bisher viele Linguisten, unter anderem diejenigen im logizistischen and im syntaktischen Bereich, bescha¨ftigt haben: Die Logiker bzw. die logizistisch orientierten Linguisten unternahmen den Versuch, die logischen Relationen zu ermitteln, die bei einer 'Vergleich'-Aussage realisiert werden, and die Syntaktiker hatten Interesse daran, die syntaktischkonstruktionalen Besonderheiten in einem 'Vergleich'-Satz zu erkla¨ren. Diesbezu¨glich ist aber kritisch zu bemerken, daß die meisten der Arbeiten einen isolierten - und meistens willku¨rlich konstruierten - Einzelsatz betrachten bzw. behandeln. Solche Sa¨tze kommen jedoch aufgrund ihres oft stark hypothetischen Charakters kaum im realen Sprachgebrauch vor bzw. ko¨nnen nicht vorkommen, woraus sich ergibt, daß die Darstellungen bzw. Erkla¨rungen nicht unproblematisch sind. Es ist darauf hinzuweisen, daß die kommunikativ-funktionalen Zu¨ge des Vergleichs vo¨llig außer acht gelassen werden: Der $quot;Hervorhebungsvergleich$quot;, na¨mlich ein besonderer Typ des Vergleichs, der eine bestimmte Hervorhebungsfunktion erfu¨llt. wurde in den bisherigen Arbeiten gar nicht behandelt. Z. B. diem der Hervorhebungsvergleich A ist scho¨ner als Adonis dazu, hervorzuheben, daß dem zum Vergleich herangezogenen Gegenstand A ein sehr hoher Grad an Scho¨nheit zugesprochen wird. Ein solcher Hervorhebungsvergleich erfordert bestimmte konstitutive Bedingungen and wird unter einem bestimmten Aspekt typologisiert, was zwar eine nicht irrelevante linguistische Problematik ist. aber bisher weitgehend unbehandelt geblieben ist. Wenn ein Sprachpha¨nomen anhand isolierter Einzelsa¨tze, also ohne Ru¨cksicht auf die kontextuellen Zusammenha¨nge, betrachtet bzw. behandelt wird, resultiert daraus folgendes: Erstens, es wird nicht selten inkorrekt ermittelt! Es wird in einem eingeschra¨nkten Rahmen beobachtet, wodurch das Verhalten dieses Sprachpha¨nomens mißverstanden werden kann. Zweitens, es wird unvollsta¨ndig ermittelt! Die mo¨glichen Problematiken in bezug auf sein Verhalten im Text werden nicht aufgegriffen. Es sei betont, daß bei der linguistischen Bescha¨ftigung mit einem sprachlichen Pha¨nomen immer textbezogen verfahren werden sollte!

딥러닝과 감성사전을 결합한 하이브리드 감성분석 시스템 개발

김백기,장경배 한국사물인터넷학회 2023 한국사물인터넷학회 논문지 Vol.9 No.4

Due to the spread of smart devices and social media, and the increase in product purchases online, many companies are trying to understand consumers' consumption patterns and thoughts. Accordingly, the need to understand consumers' emotions by collecting reviews including consumers' opinions on products or services online is increasing, and related research is being conducted by domestic and foreign companies and research institutes. However, most of the studies are still focused on data expressed in English, and many studies and results on sentiment analysis as a lexicon or machine learning approach for English text have been published. On the other hand, the Korean language has relatively low accuracy due to the complexity of Korean and the lack of labeling data for deep learning. To improve these problems, this study utilized a hybrid approach system that improves the accuracy of sentiment analysis by utilizing the advantages of deep learning and sentiment dictionary techniques for Korean online reviews. Through this, it was confirmed how much the indicators such as accuracy, precision, and recall improved. The results of this study are expected to help companies automatically analyze and utilize a large amount of online reviews in the future 스마트 디바이스와 소셜미디어의 보급 확산, 온라인에서의 제품 구매 증 로 인하여 많은 기업들이 소비자의소비패턴, 생각 등을 이해하려고 한다. 이에 따라 온라인에서 제품이나 서비스에 대한 소비자들의 의견이 포함된 리뷰를수집하여 소비자들의 감성을 이해하는 필요성이 증대되고 있으며 국내·외 기업이나 연구기관에서 관련 연구가 진행되고있다. 그러나 아직 영어로 표현된 데이터를 대상으로 한 연구가 대부분이며, 영어 텍스트에 대한 어휘사전이나 머신러닝접근법으로 감성분석(Sentiment Analysis)에 대한 많은 연구와 성과가 발표되고 있다. 그에 반해 국어는 한국어가 갖고 있는 복잡성과 딥러닝을 위한 레이블링 데이터가 부족하기 때문에 러신머닝 접근법에 의한 감성분석 정확률이 상대적으로 낮다. 이러한 문제점을 개선하고자 본 연구에서는 한글 온라인 리뷰를 대상으로 딥러닝과 감성사전 기법의 장점을 활용하여 감성분석의 정확도를 향상시키는 하이브리드 접근법의 시스템을 활용했다. 이를 통해 정확도, 정밀도, 재현율 등의 지표들이 얼마나 개선되는지 확인했다. 본 연구 결과는 향후 기업이 다량의 온라인 리뷰를 자동으로 분석 및활용하는데 도움이 될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다

목적이 아닌 수단으로서의 문법 : 독일어 교육 현실의 개선을 위한 작은 제안 some reposals to improve the foreign language education

김백기 한국외국어대학교 외국어 종합연구센터 언어연구소 2004 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.33

As long as the foreign language education pursues not the theoretical knowledge but the actual ability of language use. particular components of the education should be comply with the aim. The "actual ability of language use" is not limited to an ability to speak correctly, which can be accomplished by using correct rules. It means rather an ability to speak adequately in any given communicational situation and an ability to fulfill speaker's own communicational purpose. Therefore, the grammar as a necessary component of the education should also be not the correctly but the adequately speaking one. In connection with this, the way how the grammar is treated in existing foreign language education can be criticized. It fails to intermediate the learners' actual communicational abilities. In order to overcome the problems. following proposals can be made in principle. Firstly, particular factors which a grammar is composed of should be observed in such a way that their communicative functional properties can be understood. As a presupposition. the authentic texts containing the sentences of contextual conditions, not the isolated ones, should be the main object of the research. Secondly, it should be considered how the factors can be applied to a grammar teaching. In doing so, two things should be excluded if possible. The first one is that the factor can be understood merely theoretically, and the second one that it can be recognized in the language system, hence, cannot appear in a text.

내용적 연관성을 지니는 문법 현상 “미래 시제”와 “접속법 2I”에 관하여 - 의미적 특성 및 텍스트 문맥 구조 고찰

김백기 ( Paig Ki Kim ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2012 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.54

This paper observed two German grammatical phenomena “future tense” and “imperfect subjunctive”, which are related to each other semantically. German grammarians have also attempted to explain and to describe both phenomina. But they have treated the grammatical categories in isolated sentences and their interests were limited to the formal structure and sentential semantics. Therefore, not many studies have been performed on the future tense and imperfect subjunctive in the contextual level. This paper aims to fill this gap: Each has its own semantic characteristics and the features are revealed in specific contextual structures. A sentence in the future tense means a guessed event, namely an unreal event which can be realized in most cases. High probability of realization is given in the context. The same applies to the imperfect subjunctive. A sentence in the imperfect subjunctive means either a potential or contrafactual event and each event demands a specific contextual condition.

텍스트 안의 문법 현상에 관하여: 특정 독일어 문법 사항들이 텍스트 결속을 이끌어내는 방식

김백기 ( Paig Ki Kim ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2016 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.71

One of the most controversial issues in linguistics is how to determine the concept of text. In order to define text, it is essential to obtain a proper understanding of text coherence. The previous studies of syntactic constructions tended to focus only on formal (semantic and syntactic) characteristics of the constructions, without considering the contextual environment surrounding the constructions in text. Little attention has been given on the linguistic role of text coherence and contextual interpretation. In this paper, I argue that in an examination of grammatical constructions contextual consideration of syntactic constructions is critical. It is suggested that coherence can be correctly interpreted on the basis of contextual consideration of linguistic expressions. I will show that some grammatical constructions like comparative expressions, pluperfect sentences, and counter- factual (subjunctive-mood) clauses, which are used in both spoken and written texts, can be properly understood only and only if their text coherence is captured by means of the discourse-level understanding of inherent linguistic features of the constructions.

wenn-부문장을 포함하지 않는 단문 형식의 비현실적 “조건,결과문”에 관하여

김백기 ( Paig Ki Kim ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2010 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.49

This paper observed a specific phenomenon with respect to the characteristics of ‘irrealis’-sentences in German texts. The ‘irrealis’-sentences mean the sentences which have a logical relationship between ‘condition and consequence’, although they do not contain a wenn-clause. Lots of German grammarians have studied this phenomenon, namely focused on the ‘condition-consequence’ sentence, but they have dealt with it just in isolated sentences and ignored the contextual conditions. That is the reason why they did not explain and describe its characteristic completely. Taken the awareness of such methodological problems as a starting point, this paper tried to explain the ‘irrealis’-sentences without a wenn-clause in view of the concerned contexts. The following factors of these sentences were treated: the conditions of their realization, the formal construction and the contextual structure.