韓國·日本·ベトナム漢字音の1·2等合口韻における反映樣相

李相怡 ( Lee Sang-hee ),國生和美 ( Kokusho Kazumi ) 한국일어교육학회 2018 일본어교육연구 Vol.0 No.44

本硏究は、中古音の1、2等開口韻が各國漢字音にどのように受容されているかについて、日本漢字音の吳音と漢音を中心に對照分析したものである。 その結果をまとめると以下のようである。 1)韓國漢字音において1等重韻の低位後舌母音αは아/a/、中位後舌母音Λは □ /ɐ/で弁別して受容された。また、2等重韻の低位前舌母音aは아/a/、中位前舌母音ɐは □ /ɐ/で弁別し、受容された。つまり、韓國漢字音では前舌と後舌の差は除いて、低位と中位の差のみを아/a/と □ /ɐ/で弁別して受容しているのである。これは、漢字音の受容段階から □ /ɐ/が韓國語の音韻として存在していたということを意味し、中位後舌母音Λと中位前舌母音ɐを아/a/で受容した字音形は、秦音を母胎としていると判斷できる。 2)日本漢字音の漢音は、1·2等重韻がすべて合流した秦音を母胎とするため、1·2等重韻の主母音はすべてaで反映された。しかし、吳音では低位前舌母音aと中位前舌母音ɐはeで、中位後舌母音Λはoで代替する傾向の强さが窺える。 3)韓國漢字音の受容過程において、中國語と韓國語の音韻構造の差によって代替、結合、脫落という3つの形態が現れる。その主な要因は、母音數の差と1音節化であると言えるが、單母音の場合、中國語より母音數が少ない韓國語でほかの母音で代替·統合され、複母音の場合は脫落·結合で1音節化された。 4)韓國漢字音において、1等韻と2等韻の區別のないものは韓國語の底中位母音に前舌と後舌の區別がないためであり、實際には1等重韻と2等重韻の低位母音は아/a/、中位母音は □ /ɐ/で區別しており、秦音以前の層を母胎としていることが分かる。 5)SVは、低位後舌母音αと中位後舌母音Λをすべてaで反映しており、1·2等重韻がすべて統合された秦音を主層としている。 その反面、əをâ[ə]とǎ[ǎ]で反映している韻が殘っているところを見ると、秦音以前の層を母胎としている層の混在が確認できる。__ The purpose of this study is to find out the causes of sound shift while accepting Chinese as a foreign language in Korea, Japan and Vietnam and to clarify the main layers of the structure in Sino-Korean , Sino-Japanese , Sino-Vietnamese also to point out their problems based on the comparative study of those languages with solutions. Conclusions are as follows. The reason why there is no distinction between Grade Ⅰ and Grade Ⅱ is that Korean does not have any differences between front and back in mid-vowel. They accepted low-back vowel “α” as /ㅏ·a/ and mid-back vowel “Λ” as / □ ·ɐ/ in Grade Ⅰ. In Grade Ⅱ, they accommodated low-front vowel “a” as /아·a/ and mid-front vowel “ɐ” as / □ ·ɐ/. In other words Sino-Korean excluded the difference in front and back and only low and mid are entertained as in /아:a, α/ and / □:ɐ, Λ/. This means that / □ ɐ/ has existed as a phoneme in Korean and, Qinyin(秦音) is the matrix of consonant that accepted mid-back vowel “Λ” and mid-front vowel “ɐ” as /아· a/. In Grade Ⅲ of Sino-Korean, the distinction between the type α and β final in every Group is definite and it is considered as the consonants of the same generation at least with Sino-Japanese Go'on because the distinction between the type α and β final settled down at the Tang(唐) age. In Sino-Japanese Kan’on, main vowels of Grade Ⅰand Ⅱ are applied with "a" because Sino-Japanese Kan’on is based in Qinyin(秦音) which is joined with Grade Ⅰand Ⅱ together. However, in Sino-Japanese Go'on, low-front vowel "a" and mid-front vowel "ɐ" are substituted by "e" and mid-back vowel "Λ" used as "o". Sino-Vietnamese is considered to have less abbreviation and omission compared to Sino-Korean and Sino-Japanese. It is generally accepted that Sino-Vietnamese is based on Chinese after the Song Dynasty(宋, 10 to 12th century) but it is obvious that Middle Chinese, Qieyun(切韻)~Qinyin(秦音), is the main layers by knowing that there is evidence of adopting distinguished mid and low-vowels, the fact that applied before consonant transition such as weakening or failure of a nasal voice of the clear-muddy sounds, one of the sound shifts in Tang Dynasty(唐, since the 8th century), occurred, distinction of palatalized ending in Group Geng(梗) and seeing the aspect of acceptance in initial(consonants), final(consonants), and ending(韻尾).

서양음악의 유입과 새로운 한국음악의 창조

李相萬 세계평화교수협의회 1982 廣場 Vol.111 No.-

왜 우월감과 이질감만 강조해야 하나

李相日 세계평화교수협의회 1985 廣場 Vol.147 No.-

한일월(韓日越) 한자음(漢字音) 비교를 통한 지섭(止攝) 개구(開口) 3등운(等韻)의 음운사적 고찰

李相怡 ( Lee Sang-hee ) 한국일어교육학회 2019 일본어교육연구 Vol.0 No.49

본 연구는 학자마다 이견이 있는 中古音의 止攝 開口韻이 한국·일본·베트남漢字音에 어떻게 수용되고 있는지를 일본 한자음의 吳音과 漢音을 중심으로 對照 分析하였다. 한국한자음과 일본한자음을 베트남한자음과 같이 비교분석하여 중국의 중고음에 비추어 본다면, 베트남한자음이 10세기전후가 모태라고 하던 종래의 학설이 오류가 있다는 것을 알 수 있다. 따라서 한, 중, 일, 베트남의 한자음의 자음형을 섭과 운별로 놓고 같이 비교하여 분석한다면 베트남한자음의 모태가 되는 시기도 바로잡을 수 있으며, 또한 비교자료의 시대추정이 잘못되었으므로 중국의 중고음을 비롯하여 한일한 자음의 해석상의 오류가 발생하는 것은 당연한 결과이다. 본 연구는 이러한 오류가 발생하지 않도록 베트남한자음의 모태가 되는 시기를 바로잡고 중고음 재구음상의 오류를 수정하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 그 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 1) SK는 모든 攝에서 甲類와 乙類의 구별을 확실하게 하고 있다. 甲乙類의 구별은 唐代에 정착했기 때문에 늦어도 SJG와 같은 시대의 자음형이라는 것을 알 수 있다. 2) SJG는 남북조음을 母胎로 하고 있기 때문에 SK와 같이 여러 韻에 걸- 甲乙類를 명확하게 구별한 흔적을 엿볼 수 있다. 3) SJK는 乙類介音/ï/이 甲類介音/i/으로 前舌化한 상태를 반영하고 있다. 따라서 SJK의 모태가 된 秦音에서는 이미 乙類의 甲類에의 합병이 이루어졌다고 보아야 할 것이다. 4) SV는 기본적으로 甲類와 乙類의 구별이 나타나지 않으며 主母音이 直音으로 나타난다. 그리고 비교적 SK나 SJ에 비해 축약이나 생략이 없는 편이며 秦音 이전의 층이 母胎로 보이는 자음형이 다수 출현하므로, 上古音까지도 포함한 唐代 이전의 다양한 층을 母胎로 하고 있음을 알 수 있다. This study compares and analyses how the Ji(止)She(攝) with open mouth of Grade Ⅲ dissented by scholars is accepted in Sino-Korean and Sino-Japanese and Sino-Vietnamese based on Go’on and Kan’on of Sino-Japanese. It can be told that there is an error in the conventional doctrine that the matrix of Sino-Vietnamese contends to be the premature of the 10th century by comparing Sino-Korean and Sino-Japanese with Sino-Vietnamese. Therefore, original period of matrix of Sino-Vietnamese can be corrected by comparing and analyzing the consonants of Sino-Korean, Sino-Chinese, Sino-Japanese and Sino-Vietnamese. And also it is a natural result that the interpretational error of Sino-Korean and Sino-Japanese consonants including Middle Chinese occurs because the time of comparative data is wrongly estimated. The purpose of this study is to analyze how Old Chinese Ji(止)She(攝) with open mouth of Grade Ⅲ is accepted in Sino-Korean, Sino-Japanese, and Sino-Vietnamese. The results are summarized as follows. 1) SK differentiates between the Type β Final(medial-ï) and the Type α Final(medial-i) in Grade Ⅲ. Since the distinction of was settled in Qieyun sounds, it can be seen that it is a consonant of the same period as SJG at the latest. 2) Since the origin of the SJG is in the period of North and South Dynasty, it can be seen that there is a clear distinction between the two groups. 3) SJK reflects the state in which the Type β Final(medial-ï)’s Yod‘/ï/’ has been transformed into the Type α Final(medial-i)’s Yod‘/i/’. Therefore, it should be regarded that the merger of the word has already been merged in the sound that became the base of SJK. 4) SV has no distinction between the Type(medial-i) α and β Final(medial-ï) basically, and the main sound appears as a direct sound. Compared with SK and SJ, there are no shortenings or omissions, and there are many consonants that appear to be in the previous layer of the sound. Able to know.

두 대의 피아노 연주회

李相萬 세계평화교수협의회 1983 廣場 Vol.121 No.-

中国农业服务外包发展与影响研究

李翔,이혁구 한중사회과학학회 2022 한중사회과학연구 Vol.20 No.3

This study summarizes the historical development of agricultural service outsourcing in China, and analyzes the relationship between agricultural service outsourcing and agricultural development from the perspectives of agricultural production, agricultural total factor productivity and rural labor market. In terms of agricultural production, the analysis results show that the core of agricultural production is the capital equipment related to agriculture. In addition, the analysis of changes in agricultural total factor productivity through Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) found that since the expansion of agricultural socialization services in 2012, total factor productivity has steadily increased, and the contribution rate of agricultural machinery has exceeded 50%. This is because the government has actively developed agricultural socialization services such as subsidies for the purchase of agricultural machinery and leasing of agricultural machinery under the realistic constraints of fragmented land and small production in China’s rural areas, and increased agricultural productivity through agricultural service outsourcing. Finally, the analysis of the rural labor market shows that agricultural production will increase due to the development of agricultural service outsourcing, but rural labor is gradually being replaced, and the proportion of agricultural income distribution is declining, and the analysis believes that increasing social costs will become an inevitable reality. 本文从发展历史的角度梳理中国农业服务外包的发展趋势,并且,农业生产、农业总要素生产率与农业劳动力生产等三个典型的宏观特征事实分析农业服务外包与中国农业发展的关系。 分析结果表明,2014之后推动中国农业生产的核心是农业机械动力。因此,在中国小农生产的现实约束下,国家大力推动农业社会化服务的规模,创新农业服务外包的组织形式,让小农通过这种方式参与农业现代化进程,享受农业技术进步的红利,提高农业生产效率。 至于农业TFP的变化,不能仅仅局限于各种生产要素对TFP贡献的绝对值大小,而忽略了传统要素进入农业活动的新路径,忽略了其内涵的扩展以及组织模式的创新带来的新增长点。因此,对于所有农业生产要素的投入都可以对农业发展产生直接影响。同时,也会因农业组织方式的变化强化这种直接影响。事实上,传统农业引入现代生产要素,不仅可以采用直接投资的方式,也可以采用农业服务外包的投资方式,通过代耕代管等多种渠道提升农业生产效率。 随着农业服务外包市场的发育,被替代的农业劳动人口参与农村劳动力市场的约束将变得更为复杂,尽管农业服务外包市场的发育可能促进农业生产力的发展,但它带来的农业生产率的上升可能无法弥补被替代的农业劳动力在劳动力市场上的社会成本的上升。农民工长期在城市打工,返乡后如何防止农业服务外包带来的农业生产率提升出现倒流现象(大量廉价劳动力涌入农业产业链逼退农业服务外包),这或许是中国乡村振兴的难点所在,也是摆在农村劳动力市场面前的一道难题。

선비精神 좀먹는 社會的 制約 -韓國에 있어서의 學問의 自由-

李相日 세계평화교수협의회 1980 廣場 Vol.82 No.-

日本漢字音 字音形의 창출요인에 관한 比較音韻史的 연구 ― 效攝을 중심으로 ―

李相怡 ( Lee Sang-hee ),宋在漢 ( Song Jae-han ) 한국일어교육학회 2023 일본어교육연구 Vol.- No.62

일본한자음은 중국의 中古音을 수용하여 자국의 음운체계에 따라 변화 정착하였고, 中古音의 시기에 따라 吳音, 漢音, 唐音 등으로 나뉜다. 특히 吳音은 佛典의 讀誦音이 주된 학습의 場이었고, 漢音과 唐音은 儒敎와 깊은 연관이 있으며, 漢音 장려정책에 따라 吳音 자료 일부에도 漢音이 혼재되어 있다. 이러한 일본한자음은 외래어인 中古音과의 음운의식의 차이에 의해 字音形이 변화되었고 이러한 사정은 한국한자음과 베트남한자음도 동일한 과정을 겪었다고 할 수 있다. 종래 연구의 중심은 각국 한자음에 의한 중고음 재구나 각 개별 자료의 한자음연구, 그리고 일본한자음 각 층의 연구 등이 중심이 되어 왔으나 본고에서는 中古音의 수용과정 이외에 일본 내재적으로 어떻게 수용되고 전승되어 왔는지에 중심을 두고 검토하였다. 그 결과 한음은 唐代 中古音 변화를 반영하여 비교적 안정된 字音을 보이며, 吳音은 선행연구와 같이 宗派간의 異同이 인정된다. 또한 近世 韻學의 발달에 의해 각종 韻鏡類의 字音규정에 큰 차이가 있다는 점이 인정된다. 이러한 복잡한 과정을 통해 일본한자음이 정착되어 왔고, 字音形의 異同이 발생하게 된 것이라 할 수 있다. Japanese Chinese characters were changed and settled according to their own phonological system by accepting Middle Chinese, and were divided into Sino-Japanese Go’on, Sino-Japanese Kan’on, and Sino-Japanese Dang’on on the period of Chinese Character. The Chinese phonetic system of these Sino-Japanese were changed due to the difference in phonological consciousness from the loanword,, and this situation can be said to have undergone the same process for Sino-Korean and Sino-Vetnamese. The focus of the previous research has been on the reconstruction of Middle Chinese by Chinese characters from each country, the study of each individual data, and the study of each layer of Sino-Japanese But this paper focuses on how it has been internally accepted and passed down in Japan. According to the result of this study, Sino-Japanese Kan’on shows a relatively stable characters type by reflecting the phonological change of the Tang(唐) Dynasty, and Sino-Japanese Go’on is recognized as different between the clans as in previous studies. In addition, it is recognized that there is a big difference in the characters type regulations of various types of Yunjing(韻鏡) (“Mirror of Rhymes”) due to the development of phonological studies. Through this complicated process, Sino-Japanese phonology was settled, and the movement of characters occurred.

日本漢字音字音形の創出要因に関する研究 ― 他国の漢字音との比較を通して(牙音系) ―

李相怡 ( Lee¸ Sang-hee ),國生和美 ( Kokusho¸ Kazumi ) 한국일어교육학회 2023 일본어교육연구 Vol.- No.64

中国の中古音は各時期別に音韻変化があり、中国の南北朝時代から唐代まで大きな変化があった。これらの音韻変化を声母の音系別に分類し、考察する。 牙音系- 見母(k)、溪母(kh)、群母(g)、疑母(ŋ) 清字である見母と次清字である溪母は、中古音において変化がなかったが、濁字である群母は南北朝音から切韻音までは有声音/g/であった。日本漢音の母胎となる中国の北部方言である秦音期に至って/kh/として有気音化し、溪母/kh/に吸収される。 韻母の変化としては、1等韻の場合、唐代の音韻変化の中でも原音が維持されてきたため、日本漢字音と韓国漢字音、ベトナム漢字音において全て/-a/の韻母を持ち、特異な点は見当たらない。しかし、2等韻では音韻変化の過程で前舌母音であったものが後舌化し、韻母の受容に影響を与えている。3等韻と4等韻では、拗音性と合口性が含まれているため、各国ごとの漢字音の受容における固有の音韻規則の中で多くの省略と縮約、そして変形と変化の規則が適用される。 このように中古音の音韻変化現象を利用し、日本漢字音の字音形が作られていく過程について、漢字使用圏である他国の漢字音と併せて比較分韻表を作成し、比較しながら、外国語音としての中国語音が受容され定着する過程でどのような変化があったのかについて考察した。 The ancient phonemes of China changed in sound in each period, and there was a great change from the period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty. The Changes in phonological phenomena according to changes are classified into consonant groups and considered. Group of velar sounds_(牙音系) - k_(見母), k^h_(溪母), g_(群母), ŋ_(疑母) Regarding the change of the group of vowels, in the case of the Grade Ⅰ, the original sound was maintained despite the change of sound at the time, it is not unusual that Sino-Japanese, Sino-Korean, and Sino-Vietnamese all have a group of vowels of /-a/. However, in the Grade Ⅱ, what was a front vowel in the process of sound change becomes a back vowel, which affects the group of vowels. Since the Grade Ⅲ and the Grade Ⅳ include phonological and synchronicity, many omissions, abbreviations, and rules of transformation and change are applied in the unique phonetic rules for each country's Chinese character sound. In this way, by using the process of changing phonological phenomena of Ancient Chinese, the process of making Japanese pronunciation is prepared in a table and compared with the Ancient Chinese of countries where Ancient Chinese were used, and the process of accepting and settling Chinese sounds as foreign sounds can be seen. What kind of changes have occurred through this study.

基于地缘政治视角中国灰色地带战略与周边国家关系研究 – 以中国海警法生效为中心 -

李相万 중국지역학회 2021 중국지역연구 Vol.8 No.2

국제사회는 해양자원의 확보를 둘러싼 치열한 자원쟁탈전이 가중되고 있다. 특히 미중간 전략적 경쟁의 이면에는 해양문제를 중심으로 한 경쟁이 더욱 고조되고 있다. 강대국 흥망의 역사를 보더라도 해양을 지배하는 국가가 명실상부하게 세계패권을 장 악했다는 역사적 사실은 분명하다. 중국은 5세대 시진핑 정권이 들어선 2013년부터 공 세적 원양해양진출이 해상실크로드를 통해 가시화되었다. 즉 해양문제가 중국의 핵심 국가이익으로 정립되면서 인도양과 태평양 해역에서 미중은 해양패권을 놓고 각축을 벌이고 있는 중이다. 중국의 입장에서 보면 세계 해권의 대부분을 장악하고 있는 미국에 대한 우려도 점 점 증가하고 있고, 중국경제굴기를 뒷받침하는 자원의 원활한 공급과 해상운송 루트가 미국 해군에 의해 봉쇄될 때 중국이 치러야 하는 기회비용이 천문학적 손실을 가져올 수 있기 때문에 중국으로서는 이에 대비하는 것이 무엇보다 중요한 것이다. 이러한 인 식을 기반으로 하여 중국이 회색지대 전략을 통해 합법적 또는 비합법적으로 진행하고 있는 해양문제를 심각하게 바라보면서 장차 한국의 해역에서도 적지 않은 중국의 공세 적 해양문제가 등장할 가능성을 인지하여 이에 대한 경각심을 고취시키는데 그 목적이 있다. 본문은 제1장 문제제기로부터 시작하여 이론적 배경으로 회색지대 전략을 설명하고, 최근 시행된 중국해경법을 통해 중국해경의 지위역할과 조직개편을 분석(2장)한 후 중 국해경법에 대한 주요주변국들의 우려와 반응을 살펴보고(3장), 중국해경법에 대한 평 가와 한국과 중첩되어 있는 여러 해양문제들을 생존권 보호차원에서 이 문제를 제기하 면서 이에 대한 시사점을 찾아보고(제4장), 본 논문에 대한 결론을 내린다. The international community is intensifying a fierce resource struggle over securing marine resources. In particular, behind the strategic competition between the U.S. and China, competition centered on maritime issues is increasing. Even in the history of the rise and fall of powerful nations, the historical fact is clear that the maritime-dominating state has taken over the world hegemony in name and reality. China has also been increasing interest in the maritime power since 2013 when the Xi Jinping administration took office, making aggressive offshore and marine advancement through MSR visible. In other words, as the maritime issues have been established as China's vital national interest, the U.S. and China are fighting over marine hegemony in Indo-Pacific region. From China's point of view, there is growing concern about the U.S., which controls most of the world's oceans, and China's ability to prepare for this can cause astronomical losses when the supply of resources to support China's economic growth and SLOC are blocked by the U.S. Navy. Based on this perception, the purpose of this paper is to raise awareness of the possibility of China's aggressive maritime problems appearing in Korean waters in the future, taking a serious look at the maritime problems legal or illegal in China's grey Zone strategy. This article starting from the issues raised of Chapter1, explains the Grey Zone Strategy as a theoretical background, analyzes the role of the CCC and CCC’s reorganization (Chapter2) , examines the concerns and responses of major neighboring countries (Chapter3), looking at the implications of various maritime issues overlapping with Korea by raising this issue in order to protect the right to survive (Chapter4) and lead to conclusion(Chapter5).