美國英語의 하와이 方言

孫重東 한국중앙영어영문학회 1989 영어영문학연구 Vol.30 No.1

英語動詞 屈折의 單純化

孫重東,Sohn, Joong-Dong 청주대학교 인문과학연구소 1985 人文科學論集 Vol.4 No.-

Since language is constantly changing, it is not easy for us to divide the history of a language into the periods. But it is sometimes convenient to make such a divison. Usually, the history of English language is divided into three periods; Old English (449~1100), Middle English (1100~1500), and Modern English (1500~ ). To begin with, one of the most peculiar features of Old English was the inflections of verbs. When compared to Modern English, Old English was a language of synthetic structure with a fairly complicated and elaborate inflectional system. The Old English verbs 'which are called "weak" and "strong" fall into two major classes or conjugations. These verbs coincide with the terms "regular" (weak) and "irregular"(strong), although by no means always. The system is much the same as in Modern English : the werk verbs usually form their past tense by adding a dental (d or t) to the stem, while the strong verbs form their past tense by varying the vowel of the stem without the addition of a suffix. The mutations in strong verbs are very old and results from ablaut variation in Indo-European type. In other words, the strong verbs like sing sang sung represent the basic Indo-European. The simplification that took place in the inflectional system was the result of several causes, sound-change, and analogy. The main causes for the simplification are sound-changes in the unstressed syllables and the operation of analogy. In unstressed syllables all the weak vowels were levelled to "e" at the end of Old English. Strong verbs in Old English had four principal parts on the basis of the vowel variation. The principal parts were the infinitive, the third person singular of the preterite, the preterite plural, and the past participle. In particular, three principal parts in the weak conjugation in Old English were divided : the infinitive, the preterite and the past participle. According to the many combinative sound changes that occurred in primitive Old English, the gradation-series of each class various vowel alternations developed. Also, the stem affected the endings in primitive Old English, the mutation of the stem vowels, resulted from the front vowel ending. Generally, except for the third person singular of the present indicative a lot of inflectional endings for number, moods, persons and preterite have been lost since Old English. Ultimately, from the historical point of view, inflectional structure in Old English verb has been so much modified and simplified in the course of its development.

영-한 언어사용자의 문단인지구조 비교분석

손중동 청주대학교 인문과학연구소 1995 人文科學論集 Vol.15 No.-

This empirical study was carried out to learn whether the paragraph development in writing remains the same regardless of the language the writer uses or if paragraphing schemata vary according to the language the writer is using, specifically the languages of English a foreign language and Korean as native language. Eggington's (1987) study on academic discourse in Korean directly influenced the organization of this study: Eggington thinks that Koreans do not directly express what they want to write while main ideas are usually expressed directly in the English language culture; what Koreans develop in their writing organization is a view of what the main idea is not. This opinion is empirically confirmed in this study. The study was designed to define the relationships between the students' paragraphing schemata in English and in Korean on the same topic, "Television." The subjects were 39 university sophomores who were majoring in English. They wrote English compositions and then Korean compositions on the topic. Their compositions were analyzed in terms of their paragraphing skills. The results were based on the number of poor paragraphs, that is, those paragrphs which either had no main ideas (x) or only single sentences that were not fully developed into paragraphs (-). This analysis showed that, 1. In 6 pairs (16%) no -/x marks were found in English/Korean. 2. In 2 pairs (5%) the same number of -/x marks were found in English/Korean. 3. In 1 pair (2.7%) less -/x marks were found in English than in Korean. 4. In 28 pairs (75.6%) more -/x marks were found in English than in Korean. 5. The totals of -/x marks in English/Korean were 79% in English and 31% in Korean. From these data it was inferred that paragraphing schemata did not seem to be language and culture specific. Accordingly, Eggington's hypothesis about Koreans' paragraphing techniques was not confirmed. The theories on the paragraphing schemata discussed in this study seemed to yield certain important educational implications.

補語에 관한 小考

孫重東 淸州大學校 1981 論文集 Vol.14 No.1

This thesis has been intended to demonstrate that the first type of sentence (S+Vi.) which the complete intransitive verb forms can be turned into the second type (S+Vi.+C) by adding to it an adjective, a noun or the equivalent of either whenever the need-of such a pattern arises, and that the third type (S+Vt.+O) which the complete transitive verb makes can also be changed into the fifth type (S+Vt.+O+C) by adding to. the very verb the part of speech which can be applied as a complement. The complement added thus to "S + Vi."or"S+Vt.+O" differs from that complement which can be found in the incomplete intransitive verb or the incomplete transitive verb. This may be called a pure complement in that without it the verb (linking verb) cannot complete the statement of a sentence. Even when the former complement is removed from the pattern of "S+Vi.+C," on the other hand, the verb can complete its predication because it is a complete. way as well be well be termed as "a transitional complement (not the quasi-complement which Jespersen used in A Modern English Grammar Ⅲ, p. 358)." What the writer wants to point out here in particular is that this transitional' complement, conducive to the brevity of expression, is motivated largely by the necessity of linguistic economy. So the teacher should not teach his students any longer-that the first type of sentence is invariably the first type and that the third type cannot go beyond its original pattern under any circumstance. He must instead now remind them of the flexibility that the complete intransitive verb can, if need be, be not only the first type but the second and that the complete transitive verb, one object of which completes the statement of a sentence, can also be the fifth type in case of need. A brief illustration follows: ◁그림삽입▷(원문을 참조하세요)

커뮤니케이션에 있어 영어공손표현

손중동 한국중앙영어영문학회 2005 영어영문학연구 Vol.47 No.1

This paper aims to investigate the pragmatic aspects of English politeness phenomena and principles which play an important role for successful communication. The communicative expressions of politeness in one speech society may differ from another speech society. Therefore, it can be an important factor for Korean English learners to understand and acquire the correct politeness expressions of the English language in communication. The purpose of this study is to explicate politeness expression by analyzing the structural characteristics and the strategies of English politeness. Communicative politeness can be judged relative to a particular context and cultural expectations. Koreans express politeness with sophisticated honorific systems according to many variables such as age, power and social familarity. The major feature of English politeness expression is the use of volitional strategy. The English politeness strategies for communication include positive politeness strategy, negative politeness strategy and off-record strategy. The linguistic devices of the negative politeness are important in English politeness. This study is not enough to explicate English politeness in communicative behavior. And so it is expected that further propound research will be done.

미국영어의 특성에 관한 고찰

손중동 한국중앙영어영문학회 2004 영어영문학연구 Vol.46 No.1

The major purpose of this paper is to examine various features of the current American English. The importance of English is being recognized by most of the nations in the world as an international language. In this sense, it is significant for us to study and investigate how American English reflects the American tradition and the American history. American English can be characterized by its uniformity, preservation of archaic words. Ever since Captain John Smith landed at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 and the Pilgrim Fathers at Massachusetts in 1620, the English of the United States has become different from that of England, and the former was called American English, and the latter British English. There are also differential varieties in spelling, vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar, between them and today's American English has gained extreme popularity around the world. American English is divided into four regional varieties: the North, the Coastal South, the Mid-land, and the West. There are some minor differences in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary between the regional varieties, but they are quite homogeneous, considering the size of the land, compared with the regional varieties. And also Black English has grown out of a mixture of the white people's English used in the South and the African languages of the plantation slaves. As the United States plays more important roles in media, popular culture, the academic world, and in world affairs diplomatical, and military, American English has become the most important international language. In conclusion, this paper suggests that we should have a knowledge of history of the target language, American English, for a better education and understanding of their language and culture.

A Study on the Semantics of the English Polar Opposition

손중동 한국중원언어학회 2010 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.18

This paper discusses the semantics of a certain set of English adjectives that come in pairs and often follow an intensifier such as ‘quite’. Pairs of adjectives such as ‘old/young’ and ‘good/bad’ are examples of these adjectives which indicate two extremes of a quality being described on some scales. This set of adjectives is referred to as polarity in the literature. Previous studies have observed the fact that the primary meaning of this type of pairs of adjectives is that one member of these pairs has negative connotations and the other member positive. Recently, the adjectives have been extensively discussed in terms of the semantics of measuring phrases that modify the adjectives. Particularly, the discussions have focused on the conditions which the adjectives must satisfy when they are modified by measuring phrases. In light of this, the major goal of this paper is to argue that the semantic characteristics of polar adjectives in English can be best explained based on the assumption that part of the meaning of the English adjectives is to establish relations between objects and abstract degrees on a scale following McNally & Kennedy (2008), and that the meaning of sentences containing the adjectives is to specify orderings between degrees on a particular scale.

한국인 화자와 미국인 화자 사이의 문화 간 커뮤니케이션의 특징에 관한 연구

손중동 ( Joong Dong Sohn ) 한국커뮤니케이션학회 2008 커뮤니케이션학연구 Vol.16 No.4

언어행위에 영향을 미치는 변인(變因)에 관한 연구 : 비언어적 행위(Nonverbal Behavio)를 중심으로

손중동 청주대학교 인문과학연구소 2002 人文科學論集 Vol.24 No.-

A Study on the Semantics of the English Polar Opposition

Joong-Dong Sohn(손중동) 한국중원언어학회 2010 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.18

This paper discusses the semantics of a certain set of English adjectives that come in pairs and often follow an intensifier such as 'quite'. Pairs of adjectives such as 'old/young' and 'good/bad' are examples of these adjectives which indicate two extremes of a quality being described on some scales. This set of adjectives is referred to as polarity in the literature. Previous studies have observed the fact that the primary meaning of this type of pairs of adjectives is that one member of these pairs has negative connotations and the other member positive. Recently, the adjectives have been extensively discussed in terms of the semantics of measuring phrases that modify the adjectives. Particularly, the discussions have focused on the conditions which the adjectives must satisfy when they are modified by measuring phrases. In light of this, the major goal of this paper is to argue that the semantic characteristics of polar adjectives in English can be best explained based on the assumption that part of the meaning of the English adjectives is to establish relations between objects and abstract degrees on a scale following McNally & Kennedy (2008), and that the meaning of sentences containing the adjectives is to specify orderings between degrees on a particular scale.