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김인아(Kim Inah) 명지대학교 문화유산연구소 2016 미술사와 문화유산 Vol.5 No.-
지역화단을 살펴볼 때 쉽게 갖게 되는 편견은 작가들이 지역성에 함몰되어 소재주의에서 벗어나지 못한 채 향토성만을 추구할 것이라는 것과 타 지역의 흐름을 수용하기 보다는 배타적인 입장을 고수할 것이라는 생각이다. 그래서 지금까지 부산·경남화단을 평가할 때 서울을 중심으로 형성된 중앙화단에 비해 리얼리즘경향이 뚜렷이 나타나고 있음과 향토성에 근거한 개성을 구현하였던 점이 부각되었다. 그러나 부산·경남 화단에서 활동한 《토벽》, 《청맥》, 《흑마회》등과 같은 그룹을 살펴보면 현실에 입각한 작업태도로 사실주의적인 성향의 작가들이 활동을 전개했던 것은 사실이지만, 서양화가 도입되고 수용되는 과정에서 김남배·서성찬·양달석·우신출·김종식·김용주·전혁림·김경·조영제·임호·이림 등 자기만의 독자적인 개성을 발휘한 작가들이 활동하기도 했음을 알 수 있다. 비록 이들의 작업이 한국적 소재주의의 연장이라 할 수 있는 지점에서 독자성이 구현되기는 했지만 모더니즘의 수용을 통해 실질적이고 구체적인 개성으로 발휘되기도 한 것이다. 그런 의미에서 부산·경남화단의 미술의 형성과 전개과정은 지역성 보다는 독자성으로 평가하는 것이 더 타당할 것이다. 이것은 이 지역이 위치한 지리적 조건으로 인해 일본으로부터 새로운 문화를 쉽게 수용하고 자체적으로 전개할 수 있었던 사실과 중앙화단의 대체지역으로서의 기능을 수행했던 경험 때문이라 할 수 있다. 특히 부산지역에서 《이과회전》과 《조선미전》의 이동전시와 《이과회 하기 양화강습회》의 개최는 이 지역의 화가들에게 새로운 미술을 수용하고 전개하고자하는 매우 강력한 동기를 부여하는 계기를 갖게 했다. 또한 《부산미술전람회》의 개최를 통해 중앙화단과 구별되면서도 유사한 제도적 장치를 마련하고자 했고, 많은 미술단체의 활동을 통해 부산, 마산, 진주, 통영 등이 하나의 권역을 이루어 지역미술의 풍토를 이루어가며 활동했음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이후 부산이 중앙화단의 대체활동지가 되면서, 중앙화단에서 활동하던 화가들과 활발한 전시교류를 통해 새로운 화풍을 수용하고 동시에, 이질적인 정서에 맞서 향토적 특질을 구현하고자 했음을 알 수 있다. 그러나 중앙화단과 지역화단의 교류에서 나타나는 기여와 수여라는 일방적인 형태가 아니라 각각의 개성이 존중되는 병렬구조였음을 주목해야 한다. 그래서 미술사조에 의해 전시가 구분된 것이 아니라 여러 작가가 어울려 각자의 작품을 소개하는 형태로 이루어졌고 이것은 후일 개인중심의 활동으로 전개되었다. 이로 인해 강국진, 김영원, 김종영, 김형근, 문신, 박석원, 박종배, 심문섭, 이성자, 이준, 전혁림, 정문규, 정상화, 하인두 등 유독 많은 수의 경남출신의 화가들이 지역화단과 중앙화단에서 활동할 수 있었을 것이다. One of the most common prejudices about local painters’ groups is that the artists concentrate too much on local subjects and culture and are not receptive toward the trends in other regions. For that reason, Busan and Gyeongnam artists groups have been criticized for following realism and expressing individuality based on their local traits, when compared with the central artist groups mainly found in Seoul. However, in artist groups in Busan and Gyeongnam, such as 〈Tobyeok〉, 〈Cheongmaek〉, and 〈Heukmahoe〉, there were not only realistic artists whose artworks focused on reality but there were also painters like Kim Nambae, Seo Seongchan, Yang Dalseok, Wu Shinchul, Kim Jongsik, Kim Yongju, Jeon Hyeokrim, Kim Gyeong, Cho Yeongje, Lim Ho, and Lee Lim, who revealed their unique individuality at the time when Western painting was being adopted in Korea. Although their artworks realized their identity based on extension of Korean subjectivism, they also accepted modernism in showing practical and specific individuality. In that regard, the formation and development of art in Busan and Gyeongnam art groups should be examined based on their own identity rather than local character, considering the ease with which they could easily access new culture and develop it on their own, thanks to their geographical proximity to Japan, and also the experience of acting as an alternative to the central artist groups. Particularly, in Busan, the mobile exhibitions, 〈Lee Gwahoe Exhibition〉 and 〈Korea Art Exhibition〉, and Lee Gwahoe’s Western Painting Class provided strong motivation for the local artists to accept and practice new forms of fine art. Also, by holding 〈Busan Art Exhibition〉, they tried to establish an institutional tool that is similar to, yet, distinguished from the central artist group, while forming a local art community that unifies Busan, Masan, Jinju, and Tongyoung, through various activities of art organizations. Later, Busan became an alternative venue to the central artist group, when they began to accept new painting styles through active exchange and exhibitions with artists from the central group and, simultaneously, showing their local character. However, it is worth noting that the local artist group was in an equal relationship with the central artist group, respecting individuality of the other, rather than in an unilateral relationship based on contribution and reception. For that reason, the exhibitions were not divided based on the style and simply introduced artworks of different artists, which, later on, developed into their individual artistic activities. As a result, many artists from Gyeongnam, such as Kang Gukjin, Kim Yeongwon, Kim Jongyoung, Kim Hyeonggeun, Mun Shin, Park Seokwon, Park Jongbae, Shim Munseop, Lee Seongja, Lee Jun, Jeon Hyeokrim, Jeong Mungyu, Jeong Sanghwa, and Haindu worked in both local and central artist groups.
김인아(Inah Kim),배규정(Kyujung Bae),권순찬(Soonchan Kwon),송재철(Jaechul Song) 대한인간공학회 2010 대한인간공학회지 Vol.29 No.4
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) have been the most common health problem covered by worker's accident compensation insurance for several years in Korea. Korean government has strengthened related regulations since 2003. People looked forward to decreasing the incidence and prevalence of WMSDs. At first, the expectation could be realized. However, we were bumped against to limit at present. The authors think it is due to the negligence of psychosocial factors for WMSDs. Many researchers reported that the various psychosocial factors were associated with WMSDs or symptoms. Job demand, social support, job satisfaction and decision latitude are the major risk factors in job stress aspect. Work pressure, lack of rest, qualified workload, workload variability and monotonous job are the significant risk factors in work context of work organization. Employment flexibility, downsizing, lean production, contingent work and pay for by the piece are also the risk factors in an organizational context. Furthermore, these risk factors are associated with each other across different dimensions of work organization. Suggestive possible pathways between these risks and WMSDs have been taken note of increasing muscle strain or ergonomic stress and of a cognitive aspect. The authors suggest these risk factors could explain the limitation of the regulation system for WMSDs. In conclusion, the strategy to manage psychosocial factors is the one of the essential approach to prevent WMSDs.
일부 조선업 노동자의 근골격계 증상과 스트레스 및 노동강도의 관련성
김인아(Inah Kim),고상백(Sang Baek Koh),김정수(Jeong Soo Kim),강동묵(Dong Mug Kang),손미아(Mia Son),김용규(Yongkyu Kim),송재철(Jaechul Song) 대한직업환경의학회 2004 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.16 No.4
Objectives: This study aimed to reveal the multiple factors that are related to the work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) of shipbuilding workers, and to elucidate the relationship between musculoskeletal symptoms and factors such as the change of working conditions, job stress and physical workload. Methods: The study sample comprised 1,059 shipbuilding workers. A structured-questionnaire was used to assess the general characteristics, job stress, psychosocial well-being index (PWI), physical workload, change of working conditions and information concerning musculoskeletal symptoms. We estimated the relations of job stress, physical workload and intensity of labour to musculoskeletal symptoms using univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses. Results: The symptom prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in any part of the body was 89.5% by ‘criteria 1’ in the order of back (58.6%) and shoulder (56.3%). After adjustment for sociodemographic factors, posture factor (Odds ratio [OR]=1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.00~1.12), non-posture factor (OR=1.17, CI=1.05~1.31), Borg scale (OR=1.15, CI=1.00~1.32), relative work intensity increase (OR=1.92, CI=1.08~3.41), labor flexibility increase (OR=2.04, CI=1.04~4.01), high job demand (OR=2.68, CI=1.48~4.88), and high risk stress group (OR=13.50, CI=3.15~57.97) were all found to be significantly associated with musculoskeletal disorders. Conclusion: These results suggest that WMSDs have multiple risk factors such as stress, physical workload and change of working conditions. High job demand, increased relative intensification of work and increased flexibility, especially such as subcontract, outsourcing and importing of contingent work, were very important factors associated with increasing WMSDs.
현악전공 대학 신입생들의 연주관련 근골격계 질환 유병률
고재우(Jaewoo Koh),이수진(Soo-jin Lee),김용규(Yong Kyu Kim),김인아(Inah Kim),권순찬(Soon Chan Kwon),박시복(Si-Bog Park),김미정(Mi Jung Kim),김성우(Seongwoo Kim),박경옥(Kyoungok Park),김현미(Hyunmi Kim),송재광(Jaegwang Song),송재철(Jaech 대한직업환경의학회 2006 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.18 No.3
Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of playing-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMDs) of some music college freshmen majoring in string instruments. Methods: The study subjects were 199 freshmen majoring in strings at three colleges in Seoul and sur-rounds. The symptom prevalence and related factors of PRMDs were surveyed with a self-administered questionnaire. The Southampton Protocol was used to diagnose PRMDs. Results: The freshmen had played for 9 years and 7 months on average. The symptom prevalence of PRMDs according to the modified-NIOSH surveillance criteria was 73.4%. The shoulder was the most prevalent symptom complaint site. The prevalence of PRMDs by the Southampton Protocol was 54.3% and myofascial pain syndrome was the most common. The instrument (violin or viola vs. cello or bass), regular breaks, self perceived evaluation of playing posture and regular computer use had a significant association with the symptom prevalence of PRMDs in univariate logistic regression analysis (p<0.05). The instrument, regular breaks and regular computer use were significant variables affecting the symptom prevalence of PRMDs in multivariate logistic regression analysis (p<0.05). Conclusions: This study suggests that music college freshmen playing strings are a high risk group for musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, the prevention of PRMDs requires the establishment of an ergonomic playing-environment, and the education of comfortable posture and stretching program such as musical warming up and physical stretching. It is especially important to form an effective treatment and rehabilitation system based on earlier diagnosis for musicians who are suffering from the PRMDs.
허승덕(SeungDeok Heo),이제현(JeHyun Lee),전성민(SeongMin Jeon),김인아(InAh Kim) 한국언어청각임상학회 2010 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.15 No.1
배경 및 목적: 이개는 두개골에서 돌출되어 있고, 이개강은 이개가 깔때기 모양으로 형성한공간을 말한다. 이개와 이개강은 소리를 모으는 기능을 하며, 해부학적으로 외이도와 연결되어 있다. 이 기관들은 해부학적 생리학적으로 연속되어 있어서 청각학적으로는 따로 구분하지는 않는다. 청각학적 재활에 있어서 보청기는 아주 큰 비중을 차지하고 있다. 그러나 보청기사용은 이개강과 외이도 공명의 일부를 상쇄하기도 하고, 보청기 종류에 따라 증폭기가 갖는이득보다 더 많은 이득을 제공하기도 한다. 보청기 사용으로 얻을 수 있는 추가 이득은 송화기위치 효과(microphone location effect; MLE)와 잔류 외이도 용적 등에 따라 달라진다. 이개와 이개강 공명은 MLE에 영향을 준다. 따라서 이개강 공명은 청각생리학적 측면에서 소리에대한 방향성 인지에 매우 중요한 단서를 제공하기 때문에 음원 방향 인지 연구에 중요하다.이 연구는 우리나라 성인의 이개강 공명 정상치를 구하고, 이개 크기가 이개강 공명에 영향을주는가를 알아보고자 한다. 방법: 이 연구는 정상 성인 18명 36귀(남:여=5:13)를 대상으로 하였다. 입사각 0°와 45°에서 이들의 이개강 공명을 구한 후, 이개 크기와의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 결과: 이개 크기는 상하 길이가 52.8부터 73.8 (61.7±5.5) ㎜이었으며, 너비가 16.35부터29.9 (22.4±3.3) ㎜이었다. 두 길이를 곱해 구한 면적은 458.62부터 1034.54 (706.21±165.58)㎟를 보였다. 최대 공명주파수는 음원 입사각 0˚와 45˚에서 모두 4 ㎑로 나타났으며, 최대공명이득은 0˚에서 12.2 (±2.9), 45˚에서 13.6 (±3.5) ㏈로 나타났으나 모든 주파수의 이개강공명이득은 이개 상하길이와 너비의 변화에도 불구하고 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지않았다. 논의 및 결론: 결론적으로 이개크기는 이개강공명에 영향을 미치지 않는다. Background & Objectives: The pinna is located on the side of the head and forms the visible part of the hearing system. The cavum concha, an air-filled cone-shaped cavity deep within the ear canal, is also part of the pinna. Both of these structures collect sound and are connected to the external auditory canal (EAC). The pinna, cavum concha and EAC are not separated in the audiology field because these organs are connected anatomically and physiologically. Hearing aids play an importantroll in audiological rehabilitation. However, the use of hearing aids may cancel out the resonances of the cavum concha and EAC or may result in a gain higher than that of the electroacoustic gain. These variables differ among the different types of hearing aids. The value of the gain depends on to the microphone location effect (MLE) and the volume of the residual ear canal. The pinna and cavum concha influence the MLE. Hence, cavum concha resonance may play an important role in auditory physiology because resonance provides an important clue for direction determination. The goals of this study are to measure normative data in Korean adults and todetermine whether the size of the pinna influences the concha resonance. Methods: Eighteen healthy-young-adults (36 ears, M:F=5:13) participated in the present study. The resonance of the concha cavity was evaluated at azimuth 0° and azimuth 45°, and the relationship between the size of the pinna and the resonance of the concha cavity were analyzed statistically. Results: The mean height of the pinna was 52.8 to 73.8 (61.7±5.5) mm, the mean width of the pinna was 16.35 to 29.9 (12.2±2.9) ㎜, and the mean area of the pinna was 458.62 to 1034.54 (706.21±165.58) ㎟. The maximum resonance frequency was 4 ㎑ in both directions. The maximum resonance gains were 12.2 (±2.9) ㏈ at azimuth 0° and 13.6 (±3.5) ㏈ at azimuth 45°. The mean lengthof the concha cavity was 61.7 (±5.5), and its mean width was 22.4 (±3.3) ㎜. The sizes of the pinna and concha cavity were significantly correlated (p=0.01). However, there was not statistical significance between the size of pinna and the resonance of the concha cavity. Discussion & Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that pinna size does not affect the resonance of the concha cavity.
인천지역 일부 소방공무원의 건강관련 삶의 질과의 관련 요인 및 직무스트레스요인과의 상관성
이경진(Kyungjin Lee),허현택(Hyeontaeck Heo),김동원(Dongwon Kim),김인아(Inah Kim),김수영(Sooyoung Kim),노준래(Junrae Rho),정수영(Sooyoung Jung),문제혁(Jehyeok Mun) 대한직업환경의학회 2009 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.21 No.3
Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the factors related to HRQOL, and a correlation between occupational stress and HRQOL among municipal fire officers. Methods: In November 2005, 341 male municipal fire officers submitted to the following tests: A general questionnaire, a medical questionnaire, the Korean Occupational Stress Scale Short Form(KOSSSF), and the SmithKline Beecham quality of life scale (SBQOL). Results: Back pain (OR=3.54, 95% C.I.=1.81-6.93) and occupational stress (OR=6.33, 95% C.I.=3.12-12.83) were significantly related to poor HRQOL scores among municipal fire officers, and there is negative relationship between KOSS-SF score and SBQOL score. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the medium occupational stress group (OR=2.21, 95% C.I.=1.04-4.71) and the high occupational stress group (OR=6.33, 95% C.I.=3.12-12.83) were more significantly associated with poor HRQOL than low occupational stress group. Conclusions: Among municipal fire officers, back pain and occupational stress were found to be related to their HRQOL. Based on this study, we suggest that the management of back pain and occupational stress are instrumental to improving the HRQOL among municipal fire officers.
일부 증권 노동자의 우울증상과 스트레스 및 노동 강도의 상관성
송윤희,공유정옥,김인아,최원준 大韓産業醫學會 2008 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.20 No.4
목적 본 연구는 일부 증권회사 노동자들을 대상으로 직무 스트레스와 우울 증상 그리고 전반적인 사회 심리적 스트레스의 실태를 파악하고자하였으며 노동 조건의 변화와 스트레스 및 우울증상과의 관련성을 규명하고자 하였다. 방법 증권업 소속 노동조합원 대상으로 사회 인구학적 사항과 직무 스트레스 우울 증상 사회심리 스트레스와 노동조건의 변화 그리고 주관적 노동 강도 등의 항목을 포함한 설문을 실시하였고 1,313명이 응답하여 총 조합원 수 3,340명 대비 39.3%의 응답률을 보였다 우울 증상 사회 심리적 스트레스에 노동 강도 변화의 영향을 살피기 위해 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 시행하였다. 결과 중등도 이상의 우울 증상은 18.53%에 달하는 것으로 드러났고 고위험 스트레스군은 44.2%였다 다변량 분석 결과 우울 증상에서 노동 강도의 교차비가 2.43(95% CI=1.72-3.45) 상대적 노동 강도의 교차비가 1.05(95% CI=1.00-1.09)로 직무스트레스에서는 직무 요구도의 교차비가 1.47(95% CI=1.06-2.06)로 나타났다 사회심리스트레스의 교차비를 보면 노동 강도 2.39(95% CM 84-3.10) 상대적 노동 강도 1.06(95% CI=1.02-1.09) 물리 환경 1.914(95%CI=1.45-2.51) 직무 요구도 2.01(95%CI=1.54-2.63) 직무 자율 1.80(95%CM 38-2.35) 직무 불안정 1.53(95%CI=1.02-2.29)의 교차비를 보였다. 결론 본 연구 결과 증권 노동자들 중 상당수가 우울 증상과 스트레스를 겪고 있음을 발견하였다 또한 노동 강도와 노동 조건의 변화(상대적 노동 강도)가 우울 증상 사회심리 스트레스 증상과 연관성이 있는 변수로 나타났다 이후 자본 시장 통합법으로 증권 노동자들의 스트레스와 이로 인한 우울 증상과 정신 신체적 건강 상태는 더 심해질 것으로 유추되어 이에 대한 직접적인 직무스트레스 관리와 함께 궁극적으로 사회 구조적 문제에 대한 정책적 접근이 필요할 것이다. Objectives To investigate the mental health status of security firm workers focusing on Job stress depressive symptoms and overall psychosocial stress and to determine the relationship between depressive symptoms and the level of distress with changes in labor conditions and intensity. Methods Using a cross-sectional design a formal survey including basic sociodemographic factors, job related characteristics job stress, psychosocial stress depressive symptoms and changes in labor conditions and intensity was conducted on workers employed in nine security firms A total of 1,313 workers replied to the survey We estimated the relationship between psychosocial stress and depressive symptoms with job stress and changes in labor conditions and intensity by multivariate logisitic regression analysis. Results Severe and intermediate level of depressive symptoms occurred in 18.5% (209) of the Workers, and the high risk psychosocial distress groups accounted for 44.2% or the workers. Based on multivariate analysis, the Borg scale(OR=2.43 95%, CI=1.72-3.45) relative labor intensity(OR=1.05 95% CI=1.00-1.09) high job demand (OR=1.47 95% CI=1.06-2.06) were significantly associated with depressive symptoms For psychosocial stress the Borg scale(OR=2.39 95% CI=1.84-3.10) relative labor intensity(OR=1.06 95% CI=1.02-1.09), low job control(OR=1.80 95%CI=1.38-2.35) and high job instability(OR=1.53 95%CI=1.02-2.29) were significantly associated with high risk groups. Conclusions This study showed that a large proportion of security firm workers encountered depressive symptoms and psychosocial stress. Also, labor intensity and changes in labor condition(relative work intensity) were influential factors for depressive symptoms and psychosocial stress Therefore we conclude that not only an intervention for job stress should be offered but also a policy toward the systemic problem of labor intensification should be considered..
일개 사업장 남성 노동자들에서 심혈관질환 발병위험도평가(KOSHA 모형)와 한국인 허혈성심질환 발생예측모형(Jee's 모형)의 비교
이경진,허현택,김동원,김인아,김수영,노준래,문제혁 大韓産業醫學會 2009 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.21 No.2
Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between KOSHA's cardiovascular disease risk assessment and the predicted lO-year risk of cardiovascular disease developed by Jee. Subjects and Methods: Data were obtained from a structured questionnaire survey and medical examination of 509 male workers aged 30-59 years employed at a wallpaper and floor covering workplace in May 2008. We calculated KOSHA's cardiovascular disease risk assessment and Jee's predicted l0-year risk of cardiovascular disease. A high risk of cardiovascular disease was defined as the upper 10th percentile of Jee's predicted 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease, Statistical analysis was conducted using the Wilcoxon rank sum test, Kruskal Wallis test and a logistic regression model. Results: Jee's predicted 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease significantly increased as KOSHA's cardiovascular disease risk increased. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the group with 3 or more cardiovascular disease risk factors according to KOSHA's model was more likely to experience Cardiovascular disease within 10 years(0R=34.4, 95% C.I.=4.4-267.2). Conclusions: KOSHA's cardiovascular disease risk assessment was fairly well associated with Jee's predicted lO-year risk of cardiovascular disease and was believed to be a practical and convenient method of preventing cardiovascular disease at the workplace. 목적: 이 연구는 한국산업안전보건공단의 KOSHA 모형과 Jee's 모형 사이의 관련성을 확인한 후 이를 통해 KOSHA 모형의 활용도를 평가하고자 하였다. 방법: 2008년 5월 일개 제조업 사업장에 종사하는 30-59세 남성 노동자를 대상으로 설문과 건강검진을 실시하여 총 509명을 분석하였다. KOSHA 모형과 Jee's 모형에 따라 대상자의 허혈성심질환 발생위험도를 평가하였으며, 허혈성심질환 발생위험도 점수의 상위 10%를 고위험군으로 정의하였다. 또한 K08HA 모형에 따라 정상군, 저·증등도위험군, 고위험군으로 나누었으며, 두 모형을 비교하기 위해 Wilcoxon rank sum test, Kruskal-Wallis test 및 multiple logistic regression 분석을 시행하였다. 결과: 연구 대상자들의 Jee s 모형에 따른 허혈성심질환 발생위험도는 30대는 0.67%, 40대는 2.23%, 50대는 3.78%이었다. Jee's 모형과 KOSHA 모형에 따른 위험인자의 logistic regression 분석 결과, 3개 이상의 위험인자를 갖고 있는 경우 Jee s 모형에서 10년 이내 허혈성심질환이 발생할 위험도가 크게 증가하였다 (OR=34.4, 95% C.I. =4.4-267.2). 또한 KOSHA 모형의 저·중등도위험군, 고위험군에서 Jee's 모형의 허혈정심질환 발생위험도가 정상군에 비해 통계적으로 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 결론: KOSHA 모형은 Jee's 모형과 상당한 관련성을 갖고 있었으며, 사업장에서 KOSHA 모형을 이용하여 신속하고 간편하게 심혈관질환 발병위험도를 평가하여 위험인자에 대한 적극적인 관리를 할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.