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신승호,한상준 江原大學校附設體育科學硏究所 2003 江原大學校附設體育科學硏究所論文集 Vol.- No.26
The purpose of this study was to examine how much the high school students understand the 7th physical education curriculum, to find out the better teaching method for physical training class and to give basic data needed for using selection focused curriculum. To attain this purpose, this paper dealt with the survey with the 1st-2nd grade students, 1173 students who live in cities and counties whose population is more than 200,000 and less than 100,000. The results are as follows. Most students felt positive about the structures and class aims of the 7th curriculum in high school physical education. boy students and high graded group had relatively higher regards and participation of the 7th physical education curriculum. They also had positive regards about the present physical training evaluation. In other words, boy students, high graded group and county's group had more positive thought about the evaluation process and results of the physical training class than girl students, low graded group and city's group.
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신상섭,허준,노재현 한국정원학회 2002 한국전통조경학회지 Vol.20 No.2
The purpose of this research make a counter proposal on the conservation state and policy of traditional village(Asan Woeam:牙山 外岩村, Andong Hahoe:安東 下回村, Kyeongju Yangdong:慶州 良洞村, Soonchun Nakaneupsung:順天 樂安邑城村) landscape. Up until now, it is true that the value of traditional village landscape had been buried and the conservation of those places has been measured only on the basis of their basis of their economic value. In the future, we will try to recognize the value of traditional village as the history of villagers lives and to cherish their diversity, that the current interests of people persist and also provides the opportunity to recover the beautiful landscape of traditional village. The conservation policy of traditional village landscape in the Korea must have designation as landscape cultural assets, introduction technique of landscape impact assessment, consolidation of landscape state, land use system adjustment, participation of landscape specialist, toward sustainable tradition village, introduction of new community village idea. Also, there are necessary set up of traditional landscape design criteria and master plan, operation of landscape impact evaluation.
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골반 골절 환자에 있어서 골절 위치에 따른 하부 요로 손상의 연관성
신대은,문형윤,박성운,노준 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 2008 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.33 No.3
Background and Objectives: Lower urinary tract injuries in pelvic bone fracture can lead to significant complication. We tried to find out the relationship between the fracture location and the bladder, urethra injury in patients who sustaining pelvic bone fracture. We thought that the fracture locations could serves as markers for injury. Materials and Methods: A clinical study was made on 43 patients who sustaining pelvic bone fracture with bladder or urethra injury in the Chosun University hospital during the period of 5 years from January, 2002 to December 2006. Diagnosis was done by retrograde cystography, retrograde urethragraphy, abdomenpelvic computed tomography. Results: Of the 43 patients reviewed, 27 patients had intraperitoneal type bladder rupture, and 12 patients had extra-peritoneal type bladder rupture. 9 patients had urethral rupture. Intraperitoneal type bladder rupture cases are most commonly associated with infrapubic ramus, suprapubic ramus and acetabulum. but the statistically significance is abscent (p= 0.642). Also extraperitoneal type bladder rupture cases are most commonly associated with infrapubic ramus, suprapubic ramus and acetabulum. but the statistically significance is abscent (p= 0.548). And all type bladder rupture cases are most commonly associated with infrapubic ramus, suprapubic ramus and acetabulum. but the statistically significance is abscent (p= 0.775). And urethral rupture cases are most commonly associated with infrapubic ramus, suprapubic ramus and acetabulum but the statistically significance is abscent (p= 0.528). Lastly, Combineded bladder rupture and urethral rupture cases are most commonly associated with infrapubic ramus, llium, Symphysis pubis. But the statistically significance is abscent (p= 0.462). Conclusions: In our study when there is a pelvic bone fracture, the fractured site of pelvic bone have no statistically association with lower urinary tract injury. But most common pelvic bone fracture site of all lower urinary tract injury cases is infrapubic ramus. Therefore, if infrapubic ramus fracture is found in the condition of pelvic bone fracture, it is highly likely to have lower urinary tract injury. More careful observation and diagnosis is necessary for this case.
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신상준 대구대학교 (한사대학) 사회복지연구소 1981 社會福祉硏究 Vol.10 No.-
This is an atticle, which is written as a text book for the purpose of the lecturing on the Financial Administration in Public Welfare. Ⅰ. Financial Sources in Public Welfare: Funds for public welfare services are derived from the respective government revenues through taxes, and the funds shared by the welfare beneficiaries themselves and their employers under the name of contributions and fees or charges. Sometimes, the donations from the general community also can be identified as a important financing methods especially in social services. Expenditures for social insurance programs are financed from funds contributed by the insured and their employers or government, while those for public assistance and social service programs are usually derived from government revenues and partly from receipients fees or charges as well as non-governmental organization's donations. Accordingly, public welfare receipients may be asked to participate in the financing of welfare programs in free democratic societies unlike communist societies. The joint contributions by employees and employers besides states in welfare financing is to encourage the mutual responsibility in social welfare, a kind of mutual commitment towards public welfare. The issues of government's involvement in welfare financing might be understood in terms of not only the above-mentioned welfare methods but also the govern-mental system, that is, it is prevalent tha tthe greater the sense of state's responsibility for citizen's life, the more the state assumes welfare spendings. In sharing the public welfare spendings, there could be such as types; fully funded central government's appropriations, fully-funded local government's appropriations and central/local government's matching appropriations. Public taxes affect the effect of the distribution of resources in a particular society through the taxation itself and the- reallocation of the taxes collected. The distribution through taxation itself is accomplished by a progressive tax system or tax exemptions, and the redistribution through allocations is implemented by income trasfer system, that is, the providing of social welfare benefits to the recipients in social insurance. In contradistinction to social insurance programs those are financed only in part from general revenues of government for his cost-share, public assistance and public service systems are, in principle, financed wholly through government's general revenues excepts such as medical or social services which is asked clientele to cost-share in the form of fees or charges. . The contributions by employers and employees are also the important funding sources in social insurance 'operations. The employer's participations in the case of privately administering firms are aimed at maintaining of sound labor relations as well as supplementing state's financial obligations. Under the employee's contributory system, all those who receive a benefit at the time when they face a risk have to pay insurance premiums during their working days. Accordingly, this system is able to enhance the recipient's sense of social responsibility and to make them less feel any sense of stigma about being a beneficiary. Fund provisions system, in general, may be classified as of either the cash disbursement or the acturial reserve type, that is, a funded plan. The former is the method that its revenues are provided every year sufficient to pay only the benefits due that year, while, under the latter system, all portions of the benefits payable to each recipients in the future is presumed to be accrued during the active service periods. Under the fee or charge arrangements, services are provided on a non-profit basis even though the beneficiaries' cost-sharings are required. Ⅱ. Characteristics and Financial Effects of Public Welfare Expenditures; Public welfare expenditures are kinds of transfer payments, so it does not cover any part of national income, because of the fact that the money has to be transfered from higher income tax-payers to lower income benefit recipients. As the goals of public welfare are to provide minimum welfare aid to lower income peoples who have no other means of supporting themselves, and then public welfare expenditures have to be precisely provisioned in the statutes with regard to beneficiary eligibilities and benefit amounts, the public welfare expenditures extremely could not be but rigid in the operational aspects. The public welfare expenditures exert either pressure or easing effects upon governmental public finance conditions. As the expenditures for public assistance and social services are appropriated to recipients from government revenues collected by taxes, it may create none of financial resoures as a part of revenues, only burdening to governmental finance. Nevetheless, in case of social insurance, it could be said that the rfundsJ contributed by employers and employees or government comprise of a part of state's financial resources and maintain the financial balance of government, on the other hand, even though the government's outlays for its obligations exert pressure upon its financial equilibrium. Ⅲ. Classificational Structure of Welfare Expenditures; The government budget can be classified by means of organizations, objects, functions, economic-characters, performance units and planning programs. Viewing with public welfare expenditures, it must be understood and analyzed under the condition of not classification by organized, units and objects but financial or economic-functional classifications, because the welfare functions are being undertaking by the various kinds of departmental agencies. And also, as the public welfare is rather qualitative in nature, it is difficult to applicate wholly such as the mechanism of performance budgets or PPBS. The central government's budget, in Korea, classifing according to functional basis, it is usually categorized into general administration, national defense, social development, economic development, grants-in-aids to local governments, interest on general debts and others, and then public welfare expenditures as a part of social development items are categorized into social security, medicaid and medicare, veterance relief, employees welfare, and others. Presently, the expenditures for public assistance and social services are being managed in the form of general accounts, and others of social insurance are separately administered in the form of special account in order that concerned funds be devoted to a specific purpose, such as the special accounts of civil servant pension, military pension, relief, worker's accident insurance and national welfare pension. Besides conventional budgets, that is, administrative budgets, separated trust funds are established for social insurance from the proceeds of earmarked revenues with the requirements that those funds be devoted to a specified purpose. Ⅳ. Budgeting Procedure in Public Welfare; In Korea, the budget process for the public welfare is the part of the general government budget process, basically same in government, so, all sorts of the public welfare expenditures including both general accounts and special accounts, according to the Budget and Accounting Act, are being managed in accordance with the same procedure as other general fields's expenditures unlike specil accounts in the case of government's enterprises accounts. So, the public welfare expenditures, like the general accounts of other field, are being made and accounted according to the following procedures; the budget preparation of program activities by the Executive, the budget authorization of the Executive's requests by the Legislative, budget execution by the Executive and the closing accounts and audit by the Legislative and Audit Office. In comparison with other general consumption area, the welfare expenditures are much more precisely made and rigidly managed as already mentioned. So, during the process of budget preparation and authorization, there could be less room for modificational adjustment of budget through the so-called program review. The appropriations for public welfare programs are drawn from the Ministry of Finance Treasury. In general, the appropriation schemes follow the prevailing organizational assignments of the respective programs to the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, the Ministry of Labor, Administration of Relief and others. The flow of public welfare funds from government treasuries through the welfare agencies to each beneficiaries are vary with each program.
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